Abstract
The rise of al Muhajiroun (ALM) in the UK took place after Omar Bakri Mohammed’s departure from Hizb ut Tahrir (HT). Free from the restraints of HT leadership, OBM clearly became more radical over time. This chapter discusses the activities of al Muhajiroun during that period and how he pushed the boundaries of social and legal acceptability in Britain. The information is reinforced with contextual reference by OBM as discussed during extended interviews with him. The discussion takes place against the backdrop of wider Islamist movements and the UK Government’s attempts to suppress what it believed to be a growing existential threat. The organizational structure of al Muhajiroun is outlined, its methods of recruitment, how contacts were made, how contacts became students, and students became members.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
See Chap. 1 page 17.
- 2.
Interview with former HT Leader, Feb 2019.
- 3.
Taji-Farouki, Suha, A Fundamental Quest: Hizb al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate (London: Grey Seal, 1996).
- 4.
Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest, 1996.
- 5.
See Kenny et al., “Organisational adaptation in an activist network: Social networks, leadership, and change in al-Muhajiroun,” for more.
- 6.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, 2012.
- 7.
Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest, 1996; Also, confirmed with anonymized interview Subject 1.15.1. (former HT leader) with author. June 2014.
- 8.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, 2012.
- 9.
Omar Bakri Mohammed, Jihad: The Method for Khilafah? (London: MNA Publications, n.d.) 26.
- 10.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, 2012.
- 11.
March 3rd is the anniversary date marking the end of the Ottoman Empire and dissolution of the caliphate system. Whether OBM actually launched ALM on that day is questionable but something Islamist groups commonly do is try to associate their activities with important historical dates or with the actions of the Prophet Muhammad.
- 12.
There is some discrepancy on this point. Others within HT say that initially he did not poach members but later provided the opportunity which some took advantage of.
- 13.
Travis, Alan, “Howard Says Britain is Prepared to Bring in New Conspiracy Law,” The Guardian, London, 11 March 1996. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/295032502?accountid=10351. [Accessed 17 November 2017].
- 14.
Travis, “Howard Says Britain is Prepared to Bring in New Conspiracy Law.”
- 15.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, 2012.
- 16.
Black, Ian, “Britain Attacked Over Islamist Rally Egypt Leads Protests Against ‘Terrorist’ Meeting,” The Guardian, London, 30 August 1996. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/294993489?accountid=10351. [Accessed 21 November 2017].
- 17.
Binyon, Michael, “Islamic Rally Organisers Warned,” The Times, London, 05 September 1996. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318637586?accountid=10351. [Accessed 20 November 2017].
- 18.
Blitz, James and Sean Evers, “Islamic Fundamentalists Call Off London Rally: Security Concerns Prompt Surprise Decision,” Financial Times, London, 07 September 1996. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/248255146?accountid=10351. [Accessed 20 November 2017].
- 19.
Kennedy, Dominick, “Police Seize Leaflets of Muslims,” The Times, London, 09 September 1996. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318640391?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 20.
Black, Ian, “Monday Sketch: Sentence: 1000 years of Sodomitical Torment Lesbian Avengers and Outrage declare a ‘Queer Fatwa’ as the Islamic Rally for Revival Struggles to Put Across its Fundamentalist Message in Hyde Park,” The Guardian, London, 09 September 1996. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/294973318?accountid=10351. [Accessed 15 October 2017].
- 21.
Kennedy, “Police Seize Leaflets of Muslims.”
- 22.
Kennedy, “Police Seize Leaflets of Muslims.”
- 23.
Black, “Monday Sketch.”
- 24.
News India. “Muslims Told to Vote Selectively.” News India, New York, 28 February 1997. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/367778813?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 25.
The no vote issue was similarly emphasized in several of the halaqah sessions leading up to the 2015 general election and often mentioned during other peripheral discussions. I never saw the issue debated; individuals simply accepted it as a core tenet of their belief.
- 26.
Ronson, Jon. “Oh What a Lovely Jihad.” The Guardian, London, 29 March 1997. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/245112916?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 27.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, 2012.
- 28.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri. Interview with author. 2012.
- 29.
Fieldnotes, August 2012.
- 30.
Bin Laden, Osama, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa’i Ahmad Taha, Mir Hamzah, and Fazlur Rahman. Jihad Against Jew and Crusaders, World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders. 23 February 1998. Available at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/368928/1998-02-23-text-of-world-islamic-fronts.pdf. [Accessed 13 February 2018].
- 31.
Thomas, Christopher. “Bin Laden Declares Start of Pitiless War.” The Times, London, 26 August 1998. Available at https://searchproquestcom.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/317985979?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2018].
- 32.
Thomas, “Bin Laden Declares Start of Pitiless War.”
- 33.
White, Michael. “Labour Widens Terror Net.” The Guardian, London, 26 August 1998. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/245297291?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 34.
White, “Labour Widens Terror Net.”
- 35.
Harding, Luke, “New Terror Laws.” The Guardian, London 26 August 1998. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/245296100?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 36.
Pallister, David, “London Urged to Bar Extremists.” The Guardian, London, 25 August 1998. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/188223116?accountid=10351&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo. [Accessed 20 November 2017].
- 37.
Wilson, Jamie, “Rushdie Breakthrough: It Looks Like it’s All Over but Can He Be Sure?” The Guardian, London, 25 September 1998. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/244514672?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 38.
Wilson, “Rushdie Breakthrough.”
- 39.
Lee, Adrian, Stephen Farrell, and Dominic Kennedy. “Second Radical Group is Linked to Mosque.” The Times, London, 13 January 1999. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318056562?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 40.
Lee, Farrell, and Kennedy, “Second Radical Group is Linked to Mosque.”
- 41.
Gillian, Audrey, “Muslim Death Sentence on Playwright.” The Guardian, London, 30 October 1999. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/245459878?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 42.
Gillian, “Muslim Death Sentence on Playwright.”
- 43.
Fieldnotes April 2012.
- 44.
McGrory, Daniel, “Family in Fear as Son Joins Terrorists.” The Times, London, 22 January 2000. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318231557?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 45.
The National Union Students recommends that the following organizations be banned on UK campuses: ALM, British National Party, English Defense League, Hizb ut Tahrir, Muslim Public Affairs Committee (MPAC), and National Action; See National Union of Students, NUS’ No Platform Policy, London: National Union of Students, 2005; NUS; email to author, 27 November 2017.
- 46.
Taher, Abdul, “Call to Arms.” The Guardian, London, 16 May 2000. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/education/2000/may/16/highereducation.theguardian1. [Accessed 21 November 2017].
- 47.
It is speculative but this is likely where the belief starts that the ALM/ASWJ movement simply changes its name to avoid government suppression.
- 48.
Gledhill, Ruth. “Fifty British Synagogues are Attacked.” The Times, London, 14 October 2000. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318383560?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 49.
Tendler, Stewart. “British Jews Seek Expulsion of Cleric.” The Times, London, 20 October 2000. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318380866?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 50.
Tendler, “British Jews Seek Expulsion of Cleric.”
- 51.
United Kingdom Parliament, Terrorism Act 2000 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 2000).
- 52.
Beeston, Richard. “Rebel Groups Face British Ban Under New Laws.” The Times, London, 17 February 2001. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318442986?accountid=10351. [Accessed 24 November 2017].
- 53.
Beeston, “Rebel Groups Face British Ban Under New Laws.”
- 54.
Beeston, “Rebel Groups Face British Ban Under New Laws.”
- 55.
Guthrie, Jonathan, and Gautam Malkani. “Blair Attempts to Stem Racial Attacks on Muslims.” Financial Times, London, 19 September 2001. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/249136759?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 56.
Jones, Graham. “Muslims Targets in Terror Backlash.” CNN, London, 19 September 2001. Available at http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/19/gen.muslim.attacks/index.html. [Accessed 03 February 2018].
- 57.
The Times. “British Companies at Centre of Cash Network.” The Times, London, 30 September 2001. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/320781826?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 58.
Al Muhajiroun, “USA at War with Islam,” Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20011009044804/http://www.almuhajiroun.com/press_releases/16_09_2001.html. [Accessed 11 October 2017].
- 59.
Al Muhajiroun, “Fatwah or Divine Decree Against General Musharraf-USA,” Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20011009024656/http://www.almuhajiroun.com/mainwindow.html. [Accessed 17 November 2017].
- 60.
Brown, David, “British Muslims Divided by Attack,” The Times, London, 08 October 2001. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318564964?accountid=10351. [Accessed 23 November 2017].
- 61.
Webster, Philip, Richard Ford, and Tim Reid, “Muslim Leader Calls for Blair’s Assassination,” The Times, London, 10 October 2001. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318562788?accountid=10351. Accessed 18 November 2017.
- 62.
Leeman, Sue, “Police Investigate Threat to Assassinate Blair,” Cape Cod Times, Hyannis, MA, 10 October 2001. Available at https://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20011010/NEWS01/310109989. [Accessed 07 February 2017].
- 63.
Ward, Olivia, “Britain’s Terror Network; UK Crackdown on Radical Islamists is Driving Network Further Underground,” Toronto Star, Toronto, CA, 18 November 2001. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/438362763?accountid=10351. [Accessed 17 November 2017].
- 64.
Ward, “Britain’s Terror Network,” 2001.
- 65.
Bright, Martin and Gaby Hinsliff, “Battle for Afghanistan,” The Observer, London, 21 November 2001. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/478290298?accountid=10351&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo. [Accessed 21 November 2017].
- 66.
Al Muhajiroun, “Rally for Islam,” Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20020926111151/http://almuhajiroun.com/lnews/misc/rally.php?d=July2002&img=r4i-big.jpg. [Accessed 11 October 2017].
- 67.
Browne, Anthony, “Islamic Group to Defy Ban on Rally,” The Times, London, 13 August 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318734503?accountid=10351. [Accessed 25 November 2017].
- 68.
Pyke, Nicholas, “Four Arrested After Clashes at Muslim Rally,” The Guardian, London, 26 August 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/245865928?accountid=10351. [Accessed 17 November 2017].
- 69.
Pyke, “Four Arrested After Clashes at Muslim Rally.” This was also confirmed by a leading HT member who was at the event that I later interviewed.
- 70.
Champion, Mark, “Two Worlds Clash Over Fatwah; Islamist Extremists Press Conference Ends with a Melee,” The Wall Street Journal, Brussels, 16 August 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/308536765?accountid=10351. [Accessed 25 November 2017].
- 71.
Champion, “Two Worlds Clash Over Fatwah.”
- 72.
Champion, “Two Worlds Clash Over Fatwah.”
- 73.
Bowcott, Owen. “One Year On: Radicals Meet at North London Mosque to Mark ‘Towering Day.’” The Guardian, London, 12 September 2002; Also see Leppard, David, and Nicholas Rufford. “London Rally to Celebrate Terror Attacks.” The Times, London, 08 September 2002.
- 74.
Kennedy, Dominick, “Muslims in Britain to Hold Jihad Rally,” The Times, London, 04 October 2002; Leppard, David, and Nicholas Rufford, “London Rally to Celebrate Terror Attacks,” The Times, London, 08 September 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/245871868?accountid=10351. [Accessed 25 November 2017]; Burns, Jimmy, and Mark Huband, “Radicals Claim al Qaeda is Gaining Ground,” Financial Times, London, 12 September 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/249334554?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 75.
Bowcott, “One Year On.”
- 76.
Contenta, Sandro. “Islamic Radicals Debate Benefits of Towering Day.” Toronto Star, Toronto, 12 September 2012. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/438508809?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 77.
Burns, Jimmy, “Muslim Protest at Clerics Arrest,” Financial Times, London, 30 October 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/249412552?accountid=10351. [Accessed 25 November 2017].
- 78.
Burns, “Muslim Protest at Clerics Arrest.”
- 79.
Kennedy, Dominick. “Bailed Suspect to Address Muslims.” The Times, London, 09 Sept 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318737045?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 80.
Kennedy, “Bailed Suspect to Address Muslims.”; Also see Kennedy, Dominick. “Muslims in Britain to Hold Jihad Rally.” The Times, London, 04 October 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318764658?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 81.
Georgy, Michael, “Muslim Cleric Warns US, Britain Against Attack,” National Post, Toronto, ONT, CA, 22 November 2002. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/330143990?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 82.
Georgy, “Muslim Cleric Warns US, Britain Against Attack.”
- 83.
See Lambert, Robert, Countering Al Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership (London: Hurst and Company, 2011).
- 84.
Dodd, Vikram, “National Round Up: Policing Raid on Islamist Group Office,” The Guardian, London, 31 July 2003. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/245980686?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=10351. [Accessed 03 March 2018].
- 85.
Dodd, “National Round Up: Policing Raid on Islamist Group Office.”
- 86.
Kennedy, Dominick, “Police Raid on Muslim Group Leads to Threats,” The Times, London, 31 July 2003, Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318906728?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 87.
O’Neill, Sean, “Magnificent 19 Praised by Muslim Extremists,” The Telegraph, London, 12 September 2003. Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1441270/Magnificent-19-praised-by-Muslim-extremists.html. [Accessed 12 June 2017].
- 88.
Bird, Steve, “Group Praises Attack as Good Deed,” The Times, London, 12 September 2003. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/318938816?accountid=10351. [Accessed 25 November 2017].
- 89.
Millar, Scott. “Islamic Extremists Claim Irish Convert.” The Times, London, 19 October 2003. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/316759360?accountid=10351. [Accessed 17 November 2018].
- 90.
Wiktorowicz noted the same and references Agence France press release that OBM made following the attacks.
- 91.
Interview with ASWJ leader, July 2016.
- 92.
Interview with ASWJ leader, July 2016.
- 93.
Bird, “Group Praises Attack as Good Deed.”
- 94.
Millar, “Islamic Extremists Claim Irish Convert.”
- 95.
Leppard, David, and Uzi Mahnaimi. “Islamists in Britain Plot Israeli Attacks.” The Times, London, 08 February 2004. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/316688186?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 96.
This was confirmed with my interviews with OBM and further substantiated by Lambert, Countering Al Qaeda in London, 149.
- 97.
BBC News, “Bomb Britons Appear on HAMAS Tape,” BBC News, London, 08 March 2004. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3543269.stm [Accessed 05 May 2017].
- 98.
See endnote 76 from Chap. 1.
- 99.
Section 44 stop and search was a provision of TA 2000 that allowed the police to stop and search people based on intuition that they might be involved in terrorist activity rather than probable cause. At its peak there were hundreds of thousands of stop and searches occurring each year without ever producing a single terrorism conviction. It was finally repealed on 18 March 2011.
- 100.
Khan, Mo, “From Schoolboy to the Mujahidin: Inside the Mind of a British Muslim,” The Times, London, 02 April 2004. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/319074286?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2018].
- 101.
BBC News, “UK Al Muhajiroun Group Meets Under “White House is Burning” Theme,” BBC News, London, 07 March 2004. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/459237221?accountid=10351. [Accessed 27 November 2017].
- 102.
BBC News, “UK Al Muhajiroun Group Meets Under “White House is Burning” Theme.”
- 103.
BBC News, “UK Al Muhajiroun Group Meets Under “White House is Burning” Theme.”
- 104.
Tyler, Patrick and Don Van Natta Jr. “Militants in Europe Openly Call for Jihad and the Rise of Islam.” The New York Times, New York, 26 April 2004. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/26/world/militants-in-europe-openly-call-for-jihad-and-the-rule-of-islam.html. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 105.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, interview with author, April 2012.
- 106.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, interview with author, April 2012.
- 107.
Muir, Hugh. “Islamist to Defy Livingstone and Police with Rally.” The Guardian, London, 24 July 2004. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/246197480?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 108.
Muir, “Islamist to Defy Livingstone and Police with Rally.”
- 109.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri interview, with author, April 2012.
- 110.
Muir, “Islamist to Defy Livingstone and Police with Rally.”
- 111.
Al Yafi, Faisal, “Monitored Islamist Group Shuts Down.” The Guardian, London, 13 October 2004. Available at https://search-proquest-com.csulb.idm.oclc.org/docview/246213169?accountid=10351. [Accessed 18 November 2017].
- 112.
Al Yafi, “Monitored Islamist Group Shuts Down.”
- 113.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri. Interview with author, 2012; Choudary, Anjem. Interview with author, February 2014.
- 114.
It is acknowledged that the majority of Salafis would argue that ALM belief was not based on Salafiyyah. However, during the interviews with both Choudary and Mohammed, and with sizable numbers of their followers, their interpretation was that from 2004 onwards, ALM ideology was Salafiyyah.
- 115.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri. Interview with author, 2012.
- 116.
Al Wala’a wal bara’a is an Islamic principle that means to hold fast to what is pleasing to God and withdraw from things that are displeasing to God.
- 117.
Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest, 25.
- 118.
Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest. 25.
- 119.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, 2012.
- 120.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, 2012.
- 121.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, 2012.
- 122.
Zald, Mayer N. and John D McCarthy, “Introduction,” In Social Movements in an Organizational Society. Mayer N. Zald and John D McCarthy (eds.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1987.
- 123.
Field notes from protests 06 May 2011, 20 July 2011, 30 July 2011, 11 September 2011, 01 October 2011, 11 October 2011, 02 December 2011, 20 January 2012, 01 June 2012, 12 August 2012. 18 August 2012, 14 September 2012, 21 September 2012, 03 May 2013, 24 January 2014, 31 January 2014, 14 February 2014, 04 April 2014, 11 April 2014, 18 April 2014, 25 April 2014, 09 May 2014, 18 June 2014, 14 September 2014, 24 January 2015, 27 February 2015, 03 April 2015, 29 May 2016; Also see Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising, 23, 48, and 85; Kenney, The Islamic State in Britain, 66.
- 124.
Same as noted above.
- 125.
Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising, 45–78; Baxter, British Muslims and the Call for Global Jihad, 90–91, and Kenney, The Islamic State in Britain, 171–206.
- 126.
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, Interview with author, April 2012.
- 127.
McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, “Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilising Structures and Framing Processes – Towards a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements,” in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities Mobilising Structures and Cultural Framings, Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
- 128.
Tarrow, Power in Movement, p. 6.
- 129.
Drury, John, and Steve Reicher. “Collective Action and Psychological Change: The Emergence of New Social Identities.” British Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 39 No. 4 (2000): 581.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Weeks, D. (2020). Al Muhajiroun: The Early Days (1996–2004). In: Al Muhajiroun. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35840-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35840-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35839-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35840-2
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)