Abstract
Due to advancements in treatment and survival, solid organ transplantation is a common intervention for pediatric patients with end-stage organ disease. Despite improved medical outcomes overall, pediatric solid organ transplantation is accompanied by risks of morbidity and mortality, along with daily medication and treatment demands. As such, a subset of patients and families experience significant psychological stressors throughout the transplant process, from transplant evaluation and listing to years post surgery. Pediatric transplant psychologists play a critical role in the care of these young people and their families. This chapter provides a review of psychological consultation in pediatric solid organ transplantation and includes both medical and psychosocial overviews, a review of evidence-based assessments and interventions for common referrals, and tips and tools, including handouts and resources, for working in pediatric solid organ transplantation.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Sample Pretransplant Psychology Evaluation Template
PRE-TRANSPLANT PSYCHOLOGY EVALUATION
MEDICAL HISTORY:
MEDICAL COPING, ADHERENCE, KNOWLEDGE.
Patient Regimen Knowledge/Adherence:
Name Medical Condition:
Name Medications, Dosing, Timing, Function:
System for Remembering Medications:
Adherence Rating (Self):
Adherence Rating (Parent):
Diet:
Appointments:
Patient Transplant-Specific Knowledge:
Why transplant?
Process?
Post-transplant treatment demands?
Risks?
Not cure?
Allocation of Responsibility for Health Management Tasks:
Remembering medications?
Filling/organizing pillbox?
Refilling prescriptions?
Noticing health changes?
Contacting medical team, making appointments?
Providing medical updates during medical visits?
Patient Coping with Illness, Procedures, Hospitalizations and Transplant:
Patient Motivation For/Desire to be Listed:
Problems Taking Medications:
Patient Communication/Decision-Making Preferences:
Patient Coping Strategies that are Helpful:
DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY:
Complications of pregnancy or delivery:
Developmental milestones:
PATIENT AND FAMILY MENTAL HEALTH HISTORY :
Patient Mental Health History (Previous Diagnoses, Treatment, Hospitalizations):
Family Mental Health Diagnoses:
PATIENT CURRENT PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING :
-
MOOD: Mood (___/10), Concentration, Energy, Anhedonia, Worthlessness, Hopelessness, Fatigue, Appetite, Sleep, Mania, SI
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ANXIETY: Worries (___/10), Phobias, Habits/Tics, Panic Attack, O/C, Separation.
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PSYCHOSIS: A/V H, Delusions, Paranoia
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SUBSTANCE: Alcohol, Cigarettes, Drugs, OTC, Rx, Etoh, Marijuana, Crack/Cocaine, Sedatives, Inhalents – Abuse/Depend
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BEHAVIOR/ATTENTION: ADHD, PICA, Behavior Problems, Developmental Disabilities
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TRAUMA: Physical, sexual, neglect, PTSD, CPS involvement
-
SI/RISK BEHAVIORS: SI Thoughts, SIB, Sexually Active (Y/N), Dangerous Behaviors, Aggression, Stealing, Truancy
RISK ASSESSMENT :
ACADEMIC FUNCTIONING:
Current Grade:
School:
School grades:
School concerns/support:
Special education services:
School support specific to transplant:
FAMILY AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING :
Lives with:
Family relations/stressors:
Hobbies/activities:
Peers:
Peers aware of/response to transplant:
MENTAL STATUS EXAM.
SUMMARY/IMPRESSIONS.
DSM-5 DIAGNOSES (IF APPLICABLE).
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Online Appendix 2: Sample of Assessment Measures Commonly Used in Pediatric SOT
Abbreviation | Measure name | Reference | Construct | # of items | Who completes? | Validated SOT? | Brief description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screening measures | |||||||
PAT2.0 | Psychosocial Assessment Tool | Pai et al. (2008) | Psychosocial functioning | 57 items, 7 subscales | Parent | Yes | Screener for psychosocial risk for families of children with a variety of chronic illnesses |
PedsQL 3.0 Transplant Module | Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory | Weissberg-Benchell et al. (2010) | Health-related QoL | 46 items, 8 subscales, | Child and parent | Yes | Child self-report and/or parent-proxy report of children’s SOT specific health-related QoL |
CHQ-PF-50/CF-87 | Child Health Questionnaire Parent/Child Form | Landgraf, Abetz, and Ware (1996) and Landgraf and Abetz (1997) | Health-related QoL | 50 items/87 items | Child & parent | Yes | Child self-report and/or parent-proxy report of children’s health-related QoL |
CBCL | Child behavior checklist | Achenbach and Edlebrock (1993) | Psychological functioning | 8 subscales, 118 items | Parent | Standardized parent report of behavioral problems and social competencies in children | |
PIP | Pediatric inventory for parents | Streisand, Braniecki, Tercyak, and Kazak (2001) | Psychological functioning | 42 items, 4 subscales | Parent | Yes | Parent report of parenting stress related to caring for a child with a chronic illness |
FAD | Family assessment device | Miller, Epstein, Bishop, and Keitner (1985) | Family functioning | 60 items, 6 subscales | Parent | Parent report regarding the organization of the family, communication, and problem-solving | |
Adherence/barriers | |||||||
AMBS | Adolescent Medication Barriers Scale | Simons and Blount (2007) | Barriers to adherence | 17 items, 3 subscales | Child | Yes | Child self-report of perceived barriers to medication adherence |
PMBS | Parent Medication Barriers Scale | Simons and Blount (2007) | Barriers to adherence | 16 items, 4 subscales | Parent | Yes | Parent-proxy reported of child’s barriers to medication adherence |
MAM | Medical Adherence Measure | Zelikovsky and Schast (2008) | Medication adherence | Interview, 4 domains | Child and parent | Yes | Semi-structured interview assessing medication knowledge and regimen adherence |
Transition readiness | |||||||
RTQ | Readiness for Transition Questionnaire | Gilleland, Amaral, Mee, and Blount (2012) | Readiness for transition | 22 items, 3 subscales | Child and parent | Yes | Child and parent-reported transition readiness, responsibility/involvement in healthcare tasks |
TRAQ | Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire | Sawicki et al. (2011) | Readiness for transition | 29 items, 2 subscales | Child | Skill-focused tool to assess readiness for transition to adult healthcare | |
TRS:A/YA | Transition Readiness Scale | Fredericks et al. (2010) | Readiness for transition | 38 items, 4 subscales | Child | Yes | Adolescent perceived and demonstrated self-management skills and transition readiness |
TRS:P | Transition Readiness Scale | Fredericks et al. (2010) | Readiness for transition | 36 items, 5 subscales | Parent | Yes | Parent perception of their adolescent’s skills and transition readiness |
ATR-PF/CF | Allocation of Treatment Responsibility Scale | Pai et al. (2010) | Allocation of responsibility | 18 items, 3 subscales | Child and parent | Yes | Child and parent-reported distribution of treatment tasks across family members |
Online Appendix 3: Sample Procedural Plan (PICC Dressing Change)
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Cousino, M.K., Rea, K.E., Fredericks, E.M. (2020). Psychological Consultation in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation. In: Carter, B.D., Kullgren, K.A. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Psychological Consultation in Pediatric Medical Settings. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35598-2_27
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