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Human Rights and Space Law

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Space in Support of Human Rights

Part of the book series: Studies in Space Policy ((STUDSPACE,volume 23))

Abstract

This chapter starts by discussing human rights in general. Information will include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Charter of the United Nations but also an analysis of the contributions of technology to supporting human rights. Further, the relationship of Space Law to Human Rights is discussed as well as the UN Principles on Remote Sensing and the importance of distinguishing between raw data and processed data is presented. An overview of the challenges for considering satellite data as evidence in courts, including questions about the authenticity of processed data is provided. The lack of consistency and standardization in processing the data is discussed and the requirement for a competent authority, international organization or national agency, with certification power is underlined. Furthermore, the capacity of satellite images to improve probatory procedures in the judicial system and prove violations of human rights and international humanitarian law is analysed. Finally, this chapter will discuss the challenges that pertain to the interpretation of satellite images necessary for the prosecution of criminals.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, Human Rights day 2004, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2004/Pages/objectives.aspx, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  2. 2.

    UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III), Preamble, https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  3. 3.

    Rousseau, J.J., The Social Contract, Book one, Chapter three, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, March 7, 2014. See also: https://www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Social-Contract/book-1-chapters-1-6-summary/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  4. 4.

    Clapham, A., Human Rights, A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 17–19, ISBN 978-0-19-920552-3.

  5. 5.

    Ibid. supra note Clapham, A., Human Rights, A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 17–19, ISBN 978-0-19-920552-3.

  6. 6.

    McClean, E., The dilemma of intervention: Human rights and the UN Security Council, in: Marco Odello and Sofia Cavandoli (Eds.), Emerging Areas of Human Rights in the 21st Century. The Role of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, New York, Routledge, 2011, pp. 25.

  7. 7.

    United Nations, The United Nations Human Rights Treaty System: An introduction to the core human rights treaties and the treaty bodies. Fact sheet No.30/ 2005 United Nations Office in Geneva. https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/factsheet30rev1.pdf, (accessed 11.05.2019). See also O.M. Enerstvedt, Aviation Security, Privacy, Data Protection and Other Human Rights, pp. 67.

  8. 8.

    Odello, M., Cavandoli, S. (Eds.), Emerging Areas of Human Rights in the 21st Century. The Role of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, New York, Routledge, pp. 1, 2011.

  9. 9.

    UN GA Resolution 2081 (xx), International Year for Human Rights, UN doc. A/RES/2081(XX), 20 December 1965.

  10. 10.

    International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April–13 May 1968, See Thomson, A.S., Teheran 1968 and the Origins of the Human Rights Council? https://acuns.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Teheran-Origin-Human-Rights-Council-Andrew-Thompson-AM-2011.pdf, (accessed 11.05.2019). See also: https://www.un.org/en/development/devagenda/humanrights.shtml.

  11. 11.

    United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/fatchr/fatchr_ph_e.pdf, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  12. 12.

    Verna, S.K., Development, Human Rights and Globalisation of Economy, in: Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol. 40, No. 1/4, Human Rights Special Issues, pp. 217–229, 1998, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953318?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  13. 13.

    Ibid. supra note Andrew Clapham, pp. 18.

  14. 14.

    United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, https://www.ohchr.org/en/aboutus/pages/viennawc.aspx, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  15. 15.

    Forsythe, D.P., Human Rights in international relations, pp. 153, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  16. 16.

    Ibid. supra note Forsythe, D.P., Human Rights in international relations, pp. 193, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  17. 17.

    Power, J., Amnesty International. The Human Rights story, pp. 21 Pergamon Press, 1981.

  18. 18.

    Clark, A.M., Diplomacy of Conscience Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms, pp. 11, Princeton University Press, 2001.

  19. 19.

    Ibid. supra note Clark, A.M., Diplomacy of Conscience Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms, pp. 16.

  20. 20.

    UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights at 70: Still Working to ensure freedom, Equality and Dignity for all, https://www.standup4humanrights.org/layout/files/30on30/UDHR70-30on30-article12-eng.pdf, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  21. 21.

    Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna on 25 June 1993, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/vienna.pdf, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  22. 22.

    A/RES/48/141, 85th plenary meeting 20 December 1993, High Commissioner for the promotion and protection of all human rights https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f29b14.html, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  23. 23.

    Mandate of OHCHR:

    (a) To promote and protect the effective enjoyment by all of all civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights;

    (b) To carry out the tasks assigned to him/her by the competent bodies of the United Nations system in the field of human rights and to make recommendations to them with a view to improving the promotion and protection of all human rights;

    (c) To promote and protect the realization of the right to development and to enhance support from relevant bodies of the United Nations system for this purpose;

    (d) To provide, through the Centre for Human Rights of the Secretariat and other appropriate institutions, advisory services and technical and financial assistance, at the request of the State concerned and, where appropriate, the regional human rights organizations, with a view to supporting actions and programmes in the field of human rights;

    (e) To coordinate relevant United Nations education and public information programmes in the field of human rights;

    (f) To play an active role in removing the current obstacles and in meeting the challenges to the full realization of all human rights and in preventing the continuation of human rights violations throughout the world, as reflected in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action;

    (g) To engage in a dialogue with all Governments in the implementation of his/her mandate with a view to securing respect for all human rights;

    (h) To enhance international cooperation for the promotion and protection of all human rights;

    (i) To coordinate the human rights promotion and protection activities throughout the United Nations system;

    (j) To rationalize, adapt, strengthen and streamline the United Nations machinery in the field of human rights with a view to improving its efficiency and effectiveness;

    (k) To carry out overall supervision of the Centre for Human Rights.

  24. 24.

    Dictum during the World Summit of 2005: “There can be no peace without the development, no development without peace, and neither without respect for human rights”.

  25. 25.

    Gilmour, A., The Future of Human Rights: A view from the United Nations, 2014 in Ethics International affairs, 28, no. 2, pp. 239–250, https://www.un.org/sg/sites/www.un.org.sg/files/atoms/files/Gilmour-FutureOfHumanRights.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  26. 26.

    Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, in: Annette Froehlich (Eds.) Post 2030-Agenda and the Role of Space: The UN 2030 Goals and Their Further Evolution Beyond 2030 for Sustainable Development, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.

  27. 27.

    Ibid. supra note Martin, A.S., “Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts”.

  28. 28.

    Ibid. supra note Martin, A.S., “Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts”.

  29. 29.

    Ibid. supra note Odello, M, Cavandoli, S., (Eds.), Emerging Areas of Human Rights in the 21st Century. The Role of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Routledge, pp. 1, 2011.

  30. 30.

    UNGA Resolution 2081 (xx), International Year for Human Rights, UN doc. A/RES/2081(XX), 20 December 1965.

  31. 31.

    Ibid. supra note Forsythe, D.P., Human Rights in international relations, pp. 152, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  32. 32.

    Morsink, J., The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Origins, Drafting, and Intent, pp. xii Introduction, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

  33. 33.

    International Bill of Human Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 8 December 1948, https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/217(III), (accessed 23.09.2019).

  34. 34.

    UNGA, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, p. 137. Preamble, https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  35. 35.

    United Nations. The United Nations Human Rights Treaty System: An introduction to the core human rights treaties and the treaty bodies. Fact sheet No. 30. United Nations Office in Geneva, 2005, pp. 5.

  36. 36.

    Enerstvedt, O.M., Aviation security, Privacy, Data Protection, and Other Human Rights: Technologies and Legal Principles, Issues in Privacy and Data Protection Series Volume 37, Springer International Publishing, 2017.

  37. 37.

    Appendix E to the Report of the Global Citizenship Commission “Article 7: The Equality and Non-Discrimination Provision”.

  38. 38.

    Ibid. Appendix E to the Report of the Global Citizenship Commission “Article 7: The Equality and Non-Discrimination Provision”.

  39. 39.

    Article 7 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

  40. 40.

    Diggelmann, O., Cleis, M.N., How the Right to Privacy Became a Human Right, Human Rights Law Review, Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2014, pp. 441–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngu014, (accessed 3.09.2019).

  41. 41.

    UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights at 70: Still Working to ensure freedom, Equality and Dignity for all, https://www.standup4humanrights.org/layout/files/30on30/UDHR70-30on30-article12-eng.pdf, (accessed 11.05.2019).

  42. 42.

    Article 12 UDHR, No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

  43. 43.

    Ibid. supra note Diggelmann, O., Cleis, M.N., How the Right to Privacy Became a Human Right, Human Rights Law Review, Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2014, pp. 441–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngu014, (accessed 3.09.2019).

  44. 44.

    Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS No. 005), entered into force 3 September 1950. Rome, 4.XI.1950. Council of Europe.

  45. 45.

    Article 13 (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

  46. 46.

    McAdam, J., An intellectual History of Freedom of Movement in International Law: The Right to Leave as a Personal Liberty, pp. 4, Melbourne Journal of International Law, https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/1686926/McAdam.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  47. 47.

    In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

  48. 48.

    Masutti, A., UAV Operations: The European Union Legal Framework on Privacy and Data Protection, The Aviation and Space Journal, July–September 2018 Year XVII No. 3, http://www.aviationspacejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Aviation-Space-Journal-Year-XVII-July-September-2018.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

    Until now, UAVs have been employed predominantly by States, mainly for security purposes, however, UAV technology is becoming increasingly accessible to private undertakings and even individuals. UAVs are able to collect data much more efficiently than either satellites or manned aircraft ever could. Nevertheless, they (in particular micro drones) represent a real danger for privacy rights as they can collect high-resolution images and videos, telephone conversations, and intercept electronic communications and any other wave or signal depending on the payload installed on-board. They can also recognize faces, or even detect ‘abnormal behavior’ and identify human targets. Finally, future solar-power drones will also be able to ‘stay in the air forever’ becoming a continuous surveillance tool in the hand of public authorities. This opens a quite dangerous scenario whereby individuals must now guard themselves from intrusions by other individuals. Consequently, on many occasions the European Commission has expressed its concern about the proliferation of surveillance tools, especially in regard to UAVs.

  49. 49.

    Doldirina, C., What is privacy? in: Aranzamendi, M.S., Sandau, R., Schrogl, K.U. ESPI European Space Policy Institute, Current Legal Issues for Satellite Earth Observation, Report 25, August 2010, pp. 50–54.

  50. 50.

    Purdy, R., Treaty Verification and Law Enforcement Through Satellite Earth Observation. In Aranzamendi, M.S., Sandau, R., Schrogl, K.U. ESPI European Space Policy Institute, Current Legal Issues for Satellite Earth Observation, Report 25, August 2010, pp. 9–13.

  51. 51.

    Scoles, S., How the Government Controls Sensitive Satellite Data. It might just buy exclusive rights to image it doesn’t want out there, 2.08.2018, https://www.wired.com/story/how-the-government-controls-sensitive-satellite-data/, (accessed 1.09.2019).

  52. 52.

    NOAA—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, About Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs, 20 March 2019, https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/CRSRA/, (accessed 1.09.2019).

  53. 53.

    NOAA—Department of Commerce, Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Space Systems, A Proposed Rule by NOAA on 14.05.2019, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/14/2019-09320/licensing-of-private-remote-sensing-space-systems, (accessed 1.09.2019).

    Pursuant to Article VI of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty), activities of private U.S. entities in outer space require the “authorization and continuing supervision” of the United States Government. The Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992, codified at 51 U.S.C. 60101 et seq. (ACT), authorizes the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary) to fulfill this responsibility for operators of private sensing space systems, by authorizing the Secretary to issue and enforce licenses for the operation of such systems. The Secretary’s authority under the Act is currently delegated to the NOAA Assistant Administrator for Satellite and Information Services.

  54. 54.

    Department of Space Commerce, Commerce Proposes Streamlined Licensing Rules for Private Remote Sensing Satellites, 14.05.2019, https://www.space.commerce.gov/commerce-proposes-streamlined-licensing-rules-for-private-remote-sensing-satellites/, (accessed 1.09.2019).

  55. 55.

    Subpart A: General, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/14/2019-09320/licensing-of-private-remote-sensing-space-systems, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  56. 56.

    Subpart E: High Risk Category, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/14/2019-09320/licensing-of-private-remote-sensing-space-systems, (accessed 1.09.2019).

  57. 57.

    Drones and GDPR, Rules you should follow, 3 September 2018, https://www.coptrz.com/drones-gdpr-the-rules-you-should-follow/, (accessed 27.08.2019).

  58. 58.

    Ibid. supra note Masutti, A., UAV Operations: The European Union Legal Framework on Privacy and Data Protection, The Aviation and Space Journal, July–September 2018 Year XVII No. 3, http://www.aviationspacejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Aviation-Space-Journal-Year-XVII-July-September-2018.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  59. 59.

    Ibid. supra note Masutti, A., UAV Operations: The European Union Legal Framework on Privacy and Data Protection, The Aviation and Space Journal, July–September 2018 Year XVII No. 3, http://www.aviationspacejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Aviation-Space-Journal-Year-XVII-July-September-2018.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  60. 60.

    Ibid. supra note Masutti, A., UAV Operations: The European Union Legal Framework on Privacy and Data Protection, The Aviation and Space Journal, July–September 2018 Year XVII No. 3, http://www.aviationspacejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Aviation-Space-Journal-Year-XVII-July-September-2018.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  61. 61.

    Ibid. supra note Masutti, A., UAV Operations: The European Union Legal Framework on Privacy and Data Protection, The Aviation and Space Journal, July–September 2018 Year XVII No. 3, http://www.aviationspacejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Aviation-Space-Journal-Year-XVII-July-September-2018.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  62. 62.

    Ibid. supra note Masutti, A., UAV Operations: The European Union Legal Framework on Privacy and Data Protection, The Aviation and Space Journal, July–September 2018 Year XVII No. 3, http://www.aviationspacejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Aviation-Space-Journal-Year-XVII-July-September-2018.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  63. 63.

    Gesley, J., Library of Congress, Regulation of Drones: Germany, 2016, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/regulation-of-drones/germany.php#data-protection, (accessed 1.09.2019).

  64. 64.

    Ibid. supra note Gesley, J., Library of Congress, Regulation of Drones: Germany, 2016, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/regulation-of-drones/germany.php#data-protection, (accessed 1.09.2019).

  65. 65.

    ICO—Information Commissioner’s Office, Drones, https://ico.org.uk/your-data-matters/drones/, (accessed 27.08.2019).

  66. 66.

    Roth, K., Blindfold Big Brother: We need a Global Right to Privacy in Public Space, 16 June 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/16/blindfold-big-brother-we-need-global-right-privacy-public-spaces, (accessed 25.09.2019).

  67. 67.

    HRW, If You Are Afraid for Your Lives, Leave Sinai! Egyptian Security Forces and ISIS-Affiliate Abuses in North Sinai, 28 May 2019, https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/05/28/if-you-are-afraid-your-lives-leave-sinai/egyptian-security-forces-and-isis, (accessed 26.09.2019).

  68. 68.

    HRW, Russia/Syria: Flurry of Prohibited Weapons Attacks, International Norms Ignored as Civilians Suffer, 3.06.2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/03/russia/syria-flurry-prohibited-weapons-attacks, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  69. 69.

    HRW, Cameroon: Promised Investigation Should be Independent. Government Forces on Rampage in North–West Region City, 23.05.2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/23/cameroon-promised-investigation-should-be-independent, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  70. 70.

    HRW, Egypt: Serious Abuses, War Crimes in North Sinai. Army’s Conduct Crushed, Alienated Local Residents, 28.05.2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/28/egypt-serious-abuses-war-crimes-north-sinai, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  71. 71.

    HRW, Yemen: Warehouse Blast Kills Schoolchildren. Houthis Stored Volatile Material in Residential Area, 9.05.2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/09/yemen-warehouse-blast-kills-schoolchildren, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  72. 72.

    Resolution 28/16 of the Human Rights Council, April 2015, The right to privacy in the digital age, https://www.right-docs.org/doc/a-hrc-res-28-16/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  73. 73.

    Human Rights Council, A/HRC/34/60, Paragraph 4, Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development.

  74. 74.

    Ibid. supra note, A/HRC/34/60, Paragraph 10–11.

  75. 75.

    European Court of Justice, Tele 2 Sverige, C-203/15, ECLI:EU:C:2016:970, 21.12.2016, mn. 100.

  76. 76.

    Ibid. supra note European Court of Justice, Tele 2 Sverige, C-203/15, ECLI:EU:C:2016:970, 21.12.2016, mn. 103.

  77. 77.

    United Nations General Assembly, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee Fifty-eight session, Vienna, 1–12 April 2019, Doc. A/AC/105/C.2/L.310, 16 January 2019.

  78. 78.

    Mozgovoy, D., Svynarenko, D., Tsarev, R., Yamskikh, T.N., Fast satellite imagery of lengthy territories with complex configuration, November 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329328833_Fast_satellite_imagery_of_lengthy_territories_with_complex_configuration, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  79. 79.

    Gabrynowicz, J.I., A Brief Survey of Remote Sensing Law Around the World, at UN/Thailand Workshop on Space Law, Activities of States in Outer Space in Light of the New Developments: Meeting International Responsibilities and Establishing National Legal and Policy Frameworks, http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/pres/2010/SLW2010/02-13.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  80. 80.

    UNOOSA, Remote Sensing, http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/remote-sensing.html, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  81. 81.

    Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 70, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008.

  82. 82.

    Tronchetti, F., Fundamentals of Space Law and Policy, pp. 16, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Springer, 2013 Edition, 30 June 2013.

  83. 83.

    Lyall, F., Larsen, P.B., Space Law: A Treatise. pp. 411–412, Routledge, 2nd Edition, 19 December 2017.

  84. 84.

    NASA Earth Data, Remote Sensors, 3 September 2019, https://earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/remote-sensors, (accessed 26.09.2019).

  85. 85.

    Hebden K., First European satellite with AI set for launch, 16.09.2019, https://room.eu.com/news/first-european-satellite-with-ai-set-for-launch, (accessed 20.09.2019).

  86. 86.

    Ibid. supra note Lyall, F., Larsen, P.B., Space Law: A Treatise, 2nd Edition, pp. 425.

  87. 87.

    Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, pp. 3 https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  88. 88.

    Ireland T, Urwin N, Satellite Imagery and Landscape Archaeology: An Interim Report on the Environmental Component of the Vinhais Landscape Archaeology Project, North Portugal, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24667823?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  89. 89.

    Ibid. supra note Tronchetti, F., Fundamentals of Space Law and Policy, pp. 16, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Springer, 2013 Edition, 30 June 2013.

  90. 90.

    Ibid. supra note Tronchetti, F., Fundamentals of Space Law and Policy, pp. 16, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Springer, 2013 Edition, 30 June 2013.

  91. 91.

    Ibid. supra note Tronchetti, F., Fundamentals of Space Law and Policy, pp. 16, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Springer, 2013 Edition, 30 June 2013.

  92. 92.

    Ibid. supra note Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  93. 93.

    Ibid. supra note Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 71, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008.

  94. 94.

    Ibid. supra note Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 71, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008.

  95. 95.

    Ibid. supra note Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 71, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008.

  96. 96.

    Gonzalez, F.E., Ruiz, M.J., Acosta, F.M., Remote Sensing Tutorial Telecan Program for the Development of Technological Networks and Application of Remote Sensing Data in West Africa, https://www.grss-ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/EN_TUTORIAL_COMPLETO.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  97. 97.

    Ibid. supra note bid. supra note Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, pp. 3, https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  98. 98.

    Ibid. supra note Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 71, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008.

  99. 99.

    A/AC.105/2015/CRP.9, The United Nations/Germany International Conference on Earth Observation—Global Solutions for the Challenges of Sustainable Development in Societies at Risk, 2015, http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/documents/2015/aac.1052015crp/aac.1052015crp.9_0.html, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  100. 100.

    Ibid. supra note Lyall, F., Larsen, P.B., Space Law: A Treatise, 2nd Edition, pp. 413.

  101. 101.

    Ibid. supra note Lyall, F., Larsen, P.B., Space Law: A Treatise, 2nd Edition, pp. 413.

  102. 102.

    Ibid. supra note Lyall, F., Larsen, P.B., Space Law: A Treatise, 2nd Edition, pp. 414.

  103. 103.

    Ibid. supra note Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 70, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008.

  104. 104.

    UNGA RES 2222 (XXI) 1966, The UN Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, of 27 January 1967, 8 UST 2410, 610 UNTS 205, 6 ILM 38, 1967.

  105. 105.

    White, H.M. Jr., International Law and Relations, https://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/law.html, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  106. 106.

    Von der Dunk, F., United Nations Principles on Remote Sensing and the User, 2002, Digital Commons University of Nebraska, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=spacelaw, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  107. 107.

    UNGA RES 2222 (XXI) 1966, The UN Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, of 27 January 1967, 8 UST 2410, 610 UNTS 205, 6 ILM 38, 1967.

  108. 108.

    The treaty is based on three General Assembly Resolutions: UNGA A/RES/1802 (XVII) of 14 December 1962—International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space; UNGA A/RES/1962 (XVIII) of 13 December 1963—Declaration of Legal Principles Governing Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space; UNGA A/RES/1963 (XVIII) of 13 December 1963—International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. See also: A/AC.105/C.2/2019/CRP.3*, Status of International Agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2019, 1 April 2019, http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatystatus/AC105_C2_2019_CRP03E.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  109. 109.

    Schmitt, M.N., International Law and Military Operations in Space, pp. 99, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 10, 2006, pp. 89–125, https://www.mpil.de/files/pdf3/04_schmittii1.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  110. 110.

    Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 83, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008:

    “(1) The exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries.

    (2) Outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all states on a basis of equality.

    (3) Outer space shall not be subject to appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.

    (4) Activities in the exploration and use of outer space must be carried out in accordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, in the interest of maintaining international peace and security.

    (5) No nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction shall be allowed to be placed in orbit around the Earth.

    (6) The Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties to the Treaty exclusively for peaceful purposes.

    (7) International cooperation and understanding are to be promoted.

    (8) Astronauts shall be given every possible assistance.

    (9) States Parties bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space.

    (10) States Parties on whose registries the space objects are carried keep jurisdiction and control over such objects and the personnel thereof recorded in their registries.

    (11) Consultations must take place in the event of dangerous activities in space. The UN Secretary-General must be informed about space activities, information which he should disseminate.

    (12) All stations, installations etc. shall be open to representatives of other States Parties on a basis of reciprocity.”

  111. 111.

    Ibid. supra note Tronchetti, F., Fundamentals of Space Law and Policy, pp. 8, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Springer, 2013 Edition, 30 June 2013.

  112. 112.

    Cepelka, C., Gilmour, J.H.C. The application of general international law in outer space, in Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 36, Issue 1, 1970, https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2674&context=jalc, (accessed 8 May, 2019).

  113. 113.

    Ibid. supra note Schmitt, M.N., International Law and Military Operations in Space, pp. 89–90, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 10, 2006, pp. 89–125. https://www.mpil.de/files/pdf3/04_schmittii1.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  114. 114.

    Ibid. supra note Cepelka, C., Gilmour, J.H.C. The application of general international law in outer space, in Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 36, Issue 1, 1970, pp. 36.

  115. 115.

    Ibid. supra note Schmitt, M.N., International Law and Military Operations in Space, pp. 102, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 10, 2006, pp. 89–125, https://www.mpil.de/files/pdf3/04_schmittii1.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  116. 116.

    Jasentuliyana, N., Article I of the Outer Space Treaty Revisited, 17 Journal of Space Law, Hein Online, 1989, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jrlsl17&div=16&id=&page=, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  117. 117.

    ‘Principles Relating to the Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space’, 3 December 1986; UNGA Res. 41/65. cf. (1986) 25 ILM 1334–6 with note at 1331.

  118. 118.

    Ibid. supra note Lyall, F., Larsen, P.B., Space Law: A Treatise 2nd Edition, pp. 421.

  119. 119.

    Ibid. supra note Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 83, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February, 2008. See also: Hoskova, M., Legal Aspects of Using Remote Sensing Systems as National Technical Means of Verification, Proceedings 41st Colloquium (Melbourne, 1998), pp. 89–96.

  120. 120.

    Ibid. supra note Von der Dunk, F., United Nations Principles on Remote Sensing and the User, 2002, Digital Commons University of Nebraska, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=spacelaw, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  121. 121.

    Ibid. supra note Von der Dunk, F., United Nations Principles on Remote Sensing and the User, 2002, Digital Commons University of Nebraska, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=spacelaw, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  122. 122.

    Ibid. supra note Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 80, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008.

  123. 123.

    Ibid. supra note Von der Dunk, F., United Nations Principles on Remote Sensing and the User, 2002, Digital Commons University of Nebraska, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=spacelaw, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  124. 124.

    Amnesty International, Use of Satellite Imagery to document human rights abuses and humanitarian disasters. Possibilities, potentials, and putting it into action, A report conducted for Amnesty International Danish Section, http://www.prinsengineering.com/Remote%20sensing%20draft2_2005.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  125. 125.

    Ibid. supra note Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph., Kopal, V, An Introduction to Space Law, pp. 81, Kluwer Law International, 3rd Edition, 19 February 2008.

  126. 126.

    Tavernier, P., Kuskuvelis, I.I., Space Law and Human Rights: A Complementary Relationship Through the Right to Development, Published by the AIAA, first version in 11–12 May, 1990, http://www.kouskouvelis.gr/site/files/Space_Law_and_Human_Rights_A_Complementary_Relationship_Through_the_Right_to_Development.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  127. 127.

    Ibid. supra note Tronchetti, F., Fundamentals of Space Law and Policy, pp. 8, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Springer, 2013 Edition, 30 June, 2013.

  128. 128.

    International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, Key development on the Responsibility to Protect at the United Nations from 2005–2017, http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/about-rtop/the-un-and-rtop, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  129. 129.

    Gilmour, A., The Future of Human Rights: A View from the United Nations, pp. 247 in: Cambridge University Press, pp. 239–250, 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679414000240, https://www.un.org/sg/sites/www.un.org.sg/files/atoms/files/Gilmour-FutureOfHumanRights.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  130. 130.

    AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science, Remote Sensing for Human Rights, https://www.aaas.org/programs/scientific-responsibility-human-rights-law/past-projects/remote-sensing-human-rights, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  131. 131.

    United Nations Committee in the Peaceful Uses of Outer space, General Assembly A/AC.105/765/ 14 August 2001, Report on the United Nations/European Space Agency/Committee on Space Research Workshop on Data Analysis and Image-Processing Techniques, Paragraph 24, pp. 6, http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_765E.pdf, (accessed 22.09.2019).

  132. 132.

    United Nations Committee in the Peaceful Uses of Outer space, General Assembly, A/AC.105/746, 15 January 2001, Report on the United Nations/ European Space Agency/Committee on Space research Workshop on Satellite Data Reduction and Analysis Techniques, para. 28, pp. 8, http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_746E.pdf, (accessed 22.09.2019).

  133. 133.

    Ibid. supra note General Assembly, A/AC.105/746, http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_746E.pdf, para 4, pp. 10.

  134. 134.

    Remote Sensing Professional Certificate https://remote-sensing-portal.com/certificates/rsp/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  135. 135.

    ASPRS The imaging and Geospatial Information Society, ASPRS Certification Program, https://www.asprs.org/Certification, (accessed 22.09.2019).

  136. 136.

    Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, in: Annette Froehlich (Eds.) Post 2030-Agenda and the Role of Space: The UN 2030 Goals and Their Further Evolution Beyond 2030 for Sustainable Development, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.

  137. 137.

    Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, pp. 4, https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  138. 138.

    Article 12 UDHR: “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks”.

  139. 139.

    Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, pp. 4, https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  140. 140.

    Ibid. supra note Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, pp. 4, https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  141. 141.

    Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, pp. 6, https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  142. 142.

    Ibid. supra note Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, pp. 6, https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  143. 143.

    Ibid. supra note Schoenmaker, A., Community Remote Sensing Legal Issues, April 2011, pp. 6, https://swfound.org/media/62081/schoenmaker_paper_community_remote_sensing_legal_issues_final.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  144. 144.

    Chen, N., Drones are responding to 911 calls in this California city, 12 April 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/12/us/california-drones-emergency-response/index.html, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  145. 145.

    Federal Aviation Administration, Integration Pilot Program Lead Participants, 23 April 2019, https://www.faa.gov/uas/programs_partnerships/integration_pilot_program/lead_participants/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  146. 146.

    Zazulia, N., DOT Selects 10 Participants for Nationwide Drone Integration Pilot Program, 11 May 2018, https://www.aviationtoday.com/2018/05/11/dot-selects-10-participants-nation-wide-drone-integration-pilot-program/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  147. 147.

    Federal Aviation Administration, UAS Integration Pilot Program, 7 November 2019, https://www.faa.gov/uas/programs_partnerships/integration_pilot_program/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  148. 148.

    Ibid. supra note, Federal Aviation Administration, UAS Integration Pilot Program, 7 November 2019, https://www.faa.gov/uas/programs_partnerships/integration_pilot_program/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  149. 149.

    Federal Aviation Administration, Public Safety and Law Enforcement Toolkit, 4 September 2019, https://www.faa.gov/uas/public_safety_gov/public_safety_toolkit/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  150. 150.

    Ibid. supra note Zazulia, N., DOT Selects 10 Participants for Nationwide Drone Integration Pilot Program, 11 May 2018, https://www.aviationtoday.com/2018/05/11/dot-selects-10-participants-nation-wide-drone-integration-pilot-program/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  151. 151.

    Zazulia, N., IPP Drones Aid in Arrests for California Police Department, 12 February 2019, https://www.rotorandwing.com/2019/02/12/ipp-drones-aid-arrests-california-police-department/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  152. 152.

    Chula Vista Police, UAS Drone Program, https://www.chulavistaca.gov/departments/police-department/programs/uas-drone-program, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  153. 153.

    The Local Newspaper, Drones and UV spray: French police to get new high-tech weapons against the rioters, 19 March 2019, https://www.thelocal.fr/20190319/drones-and-uv-spray-frances-new-high-tech-weapons-against-rioters, (accessed 09.06.2019).

  154. 154.

    Monks, K., Spy satellites fighting crime from space, 12 August 2014, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/11/tech/innovation/spy-satellites-fighting-crime-from-space/index.html, (accessed 9.06.2019).

  155. 155.

    Ibid. supra note Monks, K., Spy satellites fighting crime from space, 12 August 2014, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/11/tech/innovation/spy-satellites-fighting-crime-from-space/index.html, (accessed 9.06.2019).

  156. 156.

    Purdy, R., Using Earth Observation Technology for Better Regulatory Compliance and Enforcement of Environmental Laws, In: J. of Environmental Law, 22(1), February 2009, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqp027, (accessed 26.09.2019).

  157. 157.

    Ibid. supra note Monks, K., Spy satellites fighting crime from space, 12 August 2014, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/11/tech/innovation/spy-satellites-fighting-crime-from-space/index.html, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  158. 158.

    Notley, T., Webb-Gannon, C., Visual Evidence from Above: Assessing the Value of Earth Observation Satellites for Supporting Human Rights, 2016, http://twentyseven.fibreculturejournal.org/2016/03/21/fcj-201-visual-evidence-from-above-assessing-the-value-of-earth-observation-satellites-for-supporting-human-rights/, (accessed 5.06.2019).

  159. 159.

    Kotz, S., What is the Difference Between Satellite Imagery & Aerial Photography, 13 March 2018, https://sciencing.com/difference-satellite-imagery-aerial-photography-8621214.html, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  160. 160.

    Ibid. supra note Notley, T., Webb-Gannon, C., Visual Evidence from Above: Assessing the Value of Earth Observation Satellites for Supporting Human Rights, 2016.

  161. 161.

    Nunez, M.A.C., Admissibility of remote sensing evidence before international and regional tribunals: Innovations in Human Rights Monitoring Working Paper, August 2012, pp. 3, https://www.amnestyusa.org/pdfs/RemoteSensingAsEvidencePaper.pdf, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  162. 162.

    Ibid. supra note Nunez, M.A.C., Admissibility of remote sensing evidence before international and regional tribunals: Innovations in Human Rights Monitoring Working Paper, August 2012, See also Johnson 2013.

  163. 163.

    Mostert, S., Witt L., “Technical Capabilities of Remote Sensing Satellites: The Potential for Human Scale Development or Abuse” in Proceedings of the International Institute of Space Law 2014.

  164. 164.

    Airbus, Oil, Gas, Mining and Energy. Earth Observation for Exploration, Development and Production, http://www.airbusds-ogm.com/news/supporting-exploration-with-satellite-imaging-technology/, (accessed 23.09.2019).

  165. 165.

    Document ESA-ISPL/EO 76/final, London Institute of Space Policy and Law, (2012) Evidence from Space. Study for the European Space Agency on Use of Space-Derived Earth Observation Information as Evidence in Judicial and Administrative Proceedings, pp. 9, https://www.space-institute.org/app/uploads/1342722048_Evidence_from_Space_25_June_2012_-_No_Cover_zip.pdf, (accessed 20 September 2019).

  166. 166.

    Common law and civil law jurisdictions differ as to the admission of evidence. Broadly, civil law countries have a more inclusive approach, while common law jurisdictions may take a more exclusionary approach. This is to some extent due to the role of the judge in the respective systems. In the inquisitorial model associated with civil law systems, judges have a major role in uncovering the facts. This tendency is exemplified by the role of the juge d’instruction in France, who examines witnesses before pronouncing whether or not the evidential basis exists for a case to go to trial. The judge has wide discretion to admit or reject evidence, and concentrates more on the relevance of evidence than on rules of admissibility. By contrast, the common law applies stricter rules on admissibility. In the adversarial model associated with common law systems, advocates for the parties take the lead in presenting and testing evidence. The role of the judge is more limited than in civil law jurisdictions. Rules of evidence have evolved within common law systems to ensure that only relevant and probative evidence is admitted.

  167. 167.

    Ibid. supra note Document ESA-ISPL/EO 76/final, London Institute of Space Policy and Law, (2012) Evidence from Space. Study for the European Space Agency on Use of Space-Derived Earth Observation Information as Evidence in Judicial and Administrative Proceedings, pp. 18.

  168. 168.

    Ibid:

    (1) Spatial information infrastructures;

    (2) Arms control and verification;

    (3) Nuclear proliferation;

    (4) Natural disasters and humanitarian relief;

    (5) Restrictions on the resolution of imagery;

    (6) Marine pollution;

    (7) Claims for agricultural subsidies; and

    (8) Cadastral mapping and support of agricultural development.

  169. 169.

    Ibid. supra note Document ESA-ISPL/EO 76/final, London Institute of Space Policy and Law, (2012) Evidence from Space. Study for the European Space Agency on Use of Space-Derived Earth Observation Information as Evidence in Judicial and Administrative Proceedings, pp. 21.

  170. 170.

    Ibid. supra note Herring, J., Criminal Law. Text, Cases and Materials, in: Chap. 1 An Introduction to Criminal Law, pp. 46 Reference to Lord Sankey LC in Woolmington v DPPI [1935] AC 462, 481 (HL), Oxford University Press, 5th Edition, 18 June, 2012.

  171. 171.

    Ibid. supra note Herring, J., Criminal Law. Text, Cases and Materials, in: Chap. 1 An Introduction to Criminal Law, pp. 47, Oxford University Press, 5th Edition, 18 June, 2012.

  172. 172.

    (1988) 13 EHRR 379.

  173. 173.

    [2001] Crim LR 217.

  174. 174.

    Ibid. supra note Herring, J., Criminal Law. Text, Cases and Materials, in: Chap. 1 An Introduction to Criminal Law, pp. 47, Oxford University Press, 5th Edition, 18 June, 2012.

  175. 175.

    Compare DPP v Barker [2006] Crim LR 140 and R v Makuwa [2006] Crim LR 911.

  176. 176.

    Froehlich, A. (Eds.) Post 2030-Agenda and the Role of Space: The UN 2030 Goals and Their Further Evolution Beyond 2030 for Sustainable Development, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.

  177. 177.

    Ibid. supra note Froehlich, A. (Eds.) Post 2030-Agenda and the Role of Space: The UN 2030 Goals and Their Further Evolution Beyond 2030 for Sustainable Development.

  178. 178.

    Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space A/AC.105/C.2/2019/CRP.10, Zero draft, The “Space2030 Agenda: Space as a driver of sustainable development”, 29 March 2019, http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2019/aac_105c_22019crp/aac_105c_22019crp_10_0_html/AC105_C2_2019_CRP10E.pdf, (accessed 20.09.2019).

  179. 179.

    Ibid. supra note Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, in: Annette Froehlich (Eds.), Post 2030-Agenda and the Role of Space: The UN 2030 Goals and Their Further Evolution Beyond 2030 for Sustainable Development, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.

  180. 180.

    Ibid. supra note Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, pp. 98.

  181. 181.

    Ibid. supra note Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, pp. 98.

  182. 182.

    Ibid. supra note Document ESA-ISPL/EO 76/final, London Institute of Space Policy and Law, (2012) Evidence from Space. Study for the European Space Agency on Use of Space-Derived Earth Observation Information as Evidence in Judicial and Administrative Proceedings, pp. 28. See also: Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, pp. 98.

  183. 183.

    Ibid. supra note Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, pp. 98.

  184. 184.

    Ibid. supra note Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, pp. 98.

  185. 185.

    Ibid. supra note Martin, A.S., Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanism of International Courts, pp. 98.

  186. 186.

    Herring, J., Criminal Law. Text, Cases and Materials, in: Chap. 1 An Introduction to Criminal Law, pp. 39, Oxford University Press, 5th Edition, 18 June 2012.

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    Annette Froehlich

  2. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Claudiu Mihai Tăiatu

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Froehlich, A., Tăiatu, C.M. (2020). Human Rights and Space Law. In: Space in Support of Human Rights. Studies in Space Policy, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35426-8_1

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