Abstract
Postmodern cognitive sciences have identified many historical examples of social downfalls, or even the collapse of entire civilizations, and there has been one common cause: a crisis of perception. A crisis of perception has its origin in a cognitive disconnection of one specific culture with the socio-environmental context from which it arose. Partially this disconnection is possible due to the characteristics of the nervous system, as a system with organizational closure, and consequently the nature of language, as an autonomous cognitive process, developed and performed by human beings. It is the language that gives “sense” to our process of living, but it confuses us too, as ideas are never concrete realities. The cultural context defines “meanings”, bringing this way forth to worldviews that define social coexistence, specific understandings that define disciplines and specific values that define what is valuable. However, language as a behavioral process taking place in human beings, is not about a “universal truth” but a “human truth” that emerges in the process of human living, and consequently it is determined by the human experience. In short, under this prospect, we humans cannot refer to a non-human reality, as we are only capable to perceive and think the reality that our cognitive system is structurally able to perform. Therefore, a so-called “objective” knowing is simply not possible, which in turn leaves a set of strong implications regarding any discipline, including economics. Disciplines are networks of conversations that coordinate themselves setting linguistic (and symbolic) boundaries to the “outside” in the course of internal interactions among the members of each discipline. In this manner, every discipline develops a way to understand (a “disciplinary story”) that sets the framework of rationality within, together with an internal “specialized” technical language. Both the disciplinary understanding and language are not objective realities, but ever-changing cultural phenomena determined by the nature of social phenomena as linguistic processes, even in the so-called “hard” or “natural” sciences. As any disciplinary knowledge, economic thinking has been developed under a certain set of foundational concepts that are implicitly believed. Beliefs arise in the interplay of the different human domains of existence, such as experiences (evidences), cultural background, preferences and the internal drift that the collectivity of a discipline have performed. Disciplinary (scientific) knowledge is never only about facts or truths but involves all the aspects of human living. Neoclassical economics have received critics from the scientific world since decades. Therefore, it is extremely interesting to study the existing incoherencies between neoclassical economics and other scientific disciplines, like natural sciences, in order to discover what set of beliefs are guiding current mainstream economics, and why such incoherencies have been kept for so long.
an extractive economy is a terminal economy.
Thomas Berry
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Notes
- 1.
Malthus stated one of the first scientific critics to growth as a way of progress, with a simple mathematical demonstration of the demographic limits. After 220 years of its publication, his critic remains valid.
- 2.
Although there are many previous scientific works giving the same framework, “The Limits to Growth” (Meadows et al. 1972) of the Club of Rome addressed many problems that we are facing today.
- 3.
Etymology (https://www.etymonline.com/): from Medieval Latin objectum “thing put before” (literally “thrown against”). Late 14c., “tangible thing, something perceived or presented to the senses”.
- 4.
With parenthesis is meant: Objectivity under question.
- 5.
Reality is a word, and therefore it is a linguistic construct and not an objective reality.
- 6.
In the logic and validity codes created by the language “mathematics” 1 + 1 = 2 may be defined as a “reality”.
- 7.
- 8.
It is therefore very difficult to find a universal definition of science, and there is no universal consensus about a definition of science among the scientific world.
- 9.
In this context it is noteworthy that the former German health minister Ulla Schmidt in an official statement wrote that it was an “international consensus” that HIV caused AIDS (Schmidt 2004).
- 10.
It has not been proven yet that the Universe behaves always in the same manner, an assumption that is implicit in the concept of natural law.
- 11.
- 12.
This assumption is especially relevant, as it implies that economists understand what is at stake with such environmental impacts.
- 13.
In brief, it states that energy (and matter) cannot be created nor destroyed, but only transformed. Related to the production of goods and services this means that they cannot be produced out of nothing. If real GDP increases, so has to increase the use of energy and material input, unless a purely qualitative transformation takes place. Obviously, that is not the case of a quantitatively driven science, like neo-classical economics.
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Erlwein, A., Oliva, I., Fuders, F., Donoso, P.J. (2020). Towards a Transdisciplinary Ecological Economics: A Cognitive Approach. In: Fuders, F., Donoso, P. (eds) Ecological Economic and Socio Ecological Strategies for Forest Conservation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35379-7_1
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