Skip to main content

Aircraft Aluminum Alloys: Applications and Future Trends

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Revolutionizing Aircraft Materials and Processes

Abstract

Within the last century aluminum alloys have played a strategic role in the manufacturing and development of lightweight aircraft structures. Years of continuous research has led to significant improvement in mechanical properties in the form of advanced 2xxx and 7xxx series alloys and the opportunity to produce more lightweight materials with advanced properties such as the last-generation Al–Li alloys. An overview of the evolution of aircraft aluminum alloys from the original Al–Cu alloys to modern nanocrystalline and hybrid aluminum alloys is presented. Basic properties and processes are featured, that define the material performance and determine their main applications in aircraft industry. Finally, novel trends in the design of aluminum alloys are considered in order to meet the future challenges of modern aircraft applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abibe AB, Amancio-Filho ST, Dos Santos JF, Hage E (2013) Mechanical and failure behaviour of hybrid polymer-metal staked joints. Mater Des 46:338–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abibe AB, Sônego M, Dos Santos JF, Canto LB, Amancio-Filho ST (2016) On the feasibility of a friction-based staking joining method for polymer-metal hybrid structures. Mater Des 92:632–642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adachi T, Kimura S, Nagayama T (2004) Age forming technology for aircraft wing skin. Mater Forum 28:320–8564

    Google Scholar 

  • Aerospace aluminum AA5028 AlMgSc the strong lightweight. (2015). www.aleris.com. Accessed 30 May 2018

  • Aircraft extrusion—profiles and shapes. (2017). www.aircraftextrusion.com/aircraft_extrusion/. Accessed 30 May 2018

  • Alderliesten RC, Homan JJ (2006) Fatigue and damage tolerance issues of Glare in aircraft structures. Int J Fatigue 28(10):1116–1123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alfieri V, Cardaropoli F, Caiazzo F, Sergi V (2011) Porosity evolution n AA 2024 BOP and Butt defocused welding by YB-Yag disc laser. Eng Rev J 31:125

    Google Scholar 

  • Aluminum forged products for aircraft applications. (2018). www.uacj.co.jp/english/products/cast-forg/aerospace.htm. Accessed 30 May 2018

  • Aluminum-silicon alloys. (1999–2010). http://www.keytometals.com/Article80.htm. Accessed 30 May 2018

  • Amancio-Filho ST, Dos Santos JF (2009) Joining of polymers and polymer–metal hybrid structures: recent developments and trends. Polym Eng Sci 49(8):1461–1476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armentani E, Citarella R, Sepe R (2011) FML full scale aeronautic panel under multiaxial fatigue: experimental test and DBEM simulation. Eng Fract Mech 78:1717–1728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ASM handbook volume 2: properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special purpose materials. (1990) ASM International, Metals Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Asmatulu E, Overcash M, Twomey J (2013) Recycling of aircraft: state of the art in 2011. J Ind Eng 2013:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Bariani PF, Bruschi S, Ghiotti A, Michieletto F (2013) Hot stamping of AA5083 aluminium alloy sheets. CIRP Ann 62(1):251–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodily B, Heinimann M, Bray G, Colvin E, Witters J (2012) Advanced aluminum and aluminum–lithium solutions for derivative and next generation aerospace structures. SAE Technical Paper paper no 2012-01-1874

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonetti E, Pasquini L, Sampaolesi E (1997) The influence of grain size on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline aluminium. Nanostruct Mater 9(1–8):611–614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buffa G, Baffari D, Campanella D, Fratini L (2016) An innovative friction stir welding based technique to produce dissimilar light alloys to thermoplastic matrix composite joints. Procedia Manuf 5:319–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti DJ, Liu J, Sawtell RR, Venema GB (2004) New generation high strength high damage tolerance 7085 thick alloy product with low quench sensitivity. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on aluminium alloys. pp 969–974

    Google Scholar 

  • Charts/data/etc (2009) CES EduPack. Granta Design Limited, Cambridge. www.grantadesign.com

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng S, Zhao YH, Zhu YT, Ma E (2007) Optimizing the strength and ductility of fine structured 2024 Al alloy by nano-precipitation. Acta Mater 55(17):5822–5832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi HJ, Lee SW, Park JS, Bae DH (2008) Tensile behavior of bulk nanocrystalline aluminum synthesized by hot extrusion of ball-milled powders. Scr Mater 59(10):1123–1126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JR (1999) Corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloys. ASM International, Metals Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis JR (2001) Aluminum and aluminum alloys, alloying: understanding the basics. ASM International, Metals Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhaliwal GS, Newaz GM (2017) Compression after impact characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminates. Compos Struct 160:1212–1224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dursun T, Soutis C (2014) Recent developments in advanced aircraft aluminium alloys. Rev Mater Design 56:862–871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckelman MJ, Ciacci L, Kavlak G, Nuss P, Reck BK, Graedel TE (2014) Life cycle carbon benefits of aerospace alloy recycling. J Clean Prod 80:38–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eswara Prasad N, Rama Rao P (2000) Low cycle fatigue resistance in Al–Li alloys. Mater Sci Technol 16:408–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eswara Prasad N, Kamat SV, Malakondaiah G (1993a) Effect of crack deflection and branching on R-curve behaviour of an Al–Li alloy 2090 sheet. Int J Fract 61:55–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eswara Prasad N, Kamat SV, Prasad KS, Malakondaiah G, Kutumbarao VV (1993b) In-plane anisotropy in fracture toughness of an Al–Li 8090 plate. Eng Fract Mech 46(2):209–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eswara Prasad N, Malakondaiah G, Kutumbarao VV, Rama Rao P (1996) In-plane anisotropy in low cycle fatigue properties of and bilinearity in Coffin–Manson plots for quaternary Al–Li–Cu–Mg 8090 alloy plate. Mater Sci Technol 12:563–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eswara Prasad N, Malakondaiah G, Kutumbarao VV (1997) On the micromechanisms responsible for bilinearity in fatigue power-law relationships in aluminium–lithium alloys. Scr Mater 37:581–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan G, Gao L, Hussain G, Wu Z (2008) Electric hot incremental forming: a novel technique. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 48(15):1688–1692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores-Campos R, Estrada-Guel I, Miki-Yoshida M, Martínez-Sánchez R, Herrera-Ramírez JM (2012) Microstructure and mechanical properties of 7075 aluminum alloy nanostructured composites processed by mechanical milling and indirect hot extrusion. Mater Charact 63:39–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flower H, Soutis C (2003) Materials for airframes. Aeronaut J (1968) 107(1072):331–341. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000013658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster A, Dean TA, Lin J (2009) European patent specification, process for forming aluminum alloy sheet components, EP 2 324 137 B1

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier WE (2014) Metal additive manufacturing: a review. JMEPEG 23:1917–1928

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner FJ (1957) The Springback of metals. Trans ASME 79(1):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghainia FM, Sheikhia M, Torkamany M, Sabbaghzadeh J (2009) The relation between liquation and solidification cracks in pulsed laser welding of 2024 aluminium alloy. J Mater Sci Eng A 519:167–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert J, Kaufman G (2000) Introduction to aluminum alloys and tempers. ASM International, Metals Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Goushegir SM (2016) Friction spot joining (FSpJ) of aluminum-CFRP hybrid structures. J Weld World 60:1073–1093

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goushegir SM, Dos Santos JF, Amancio-Filho ST (2014) Friction spot joining of aluminum AA2024/carbon-fiber reinforced poly (phenylene sulfide) composite single lap joints: microstructure and mechanical performance. Mater Des 54:196–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregson PJ, Flower HM (1985) Microstructural control of toughness in aluminium–lithium alloys. Acta Metall 33:527–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grujicic M, Arakere G, Yalavarthy HV, He T, Yen CF, Cheeseman BA (2010) Modeling of AA5083 material-macrostructure evolution during butt friction-stir welding. J Mater Eng Perform 19(5):672–684

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnink JW, Vlot A, Alderliesten RC, Van der Hoeven W, De Boer A, Hart W, Van Hengel CG, Kuijpers PL, Van Oost RC, Roebroeks GHJJ, Sinke J, Ypma MS, De Vries TJ, Wittenberg Th. (2000) Towards technology readiness of fibre metal laminates. In: Paper presented at international congress of aeronautical sciences, 22nd. Harrogate

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatch JE (1984) Aluminum: properties and physical metallurgy. Aluminum Association, American Society for Metals, ASM International, Metals Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog D, Seyda V, Wycisk E, Emmelmann C (2016) Additive manufacturing of metals. Acta Mater 117:371–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hocheng H (2012) Machining technology for composite materials: principles and practice. Woodhead Pub, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hu M, Richardson I (2005) Autogenous laser keyhole welding of aluminum alloy 2024. J Laser Appl 17:70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim IA, Mohamed FA, Lavernia EJ, Mater J (1991) Particulate reinforced metal matrix composites—a review. J Mater Sci 26(5):1137–1156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jata KV, Starke EA (1986) Fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness behaviour of an Al–Li–Cu alloy. Metall Trans A 17:1011–1026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jata KV, Panchandeeswaran S, Vasudevan AK (1998) Evolution of texture, microstructure and mechanical property anisotropy in an Al–Li–Cu alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 257:37–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji YH, Park JJ (2008) Formability of magnesium AZ31 sheet in the incremental forming at warm temperature. J Mater Process Technol 201(1–3):354–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones R, Baker AA, Matthews N, Champagne VK (2017) Aircraft sustainment and repair. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang SG, Kim MG, Kim CG (2007) Evaluation of cryogenic performance of adhesives using composite–aluminum double-lap joints. Compos Struct 78:440–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kappes J, Liewald M (2011) Evaluation of pneumatic bulge test experiments and corresponding numerical forming simulations. J Mater Sci Eng B 1:472–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman JG (2001) Fracture resistance of aluminum alloys—notch toughness, tear resistance, and fracture toughness. ASM International, Materials Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann N, Imran M, Wischeropp TM, Emmelmann C, Siddique S, Walther F (2016) Influence of process parameters on the quality of aluminum alloy EN AW 7075 using selective laser melting (SLM). Phys Procedia 83:918–926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kermanidis AT, Pantelakis SG (2011) Prediction of crack growth following a single overload in aluminum alloy with sheet and plate microstructure. Eng Fract Mech 78(11):2325–2337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kermanidis AT, Tzamtzis A (2017) An experimental approach for estimating the effect of heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructural gradient on fatigue crack growth rate in aluminum alloy FSW. Mater Sci Eng A 691:110–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kermanidis AT, Zervaki AD, Haidemenopoulos GN, Pantelakis SG (2010) Effects of temper condition and corrosion on the fatigue performance of a laser-welded Al–Cu–Mg–Ag (2139) alloy. Mater Des 31:42–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krajewski PE, Schroth JG (2007) Overview of quick plastic forming technology. Mater Sci Forum 551–552:3–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambiase F, Ko DC (2017) Two-steps clinching of aluminum and carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets. Compos Struct 164:180–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang L, Danckert J, Nielsen KB (2004a) Investigation into the effect of pre-bulging during hydromechanical deep drawing with uniform pressure onto the blank. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 44(6):649–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang LH, Danckert J, Nielsen KB (2004b) Analysis of key parameters in sheet hydroforming combined with stretching forming and deep drawing. Proc Inst Mech Eng B J Eng Manuf 218(8):845–856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavernia EJ, Srivatsan TS, Mohammed FA (1990) Review—strength, deformation, fracture behavior and ductility of aluminium–lithium alloys. J Mater Sci 25:1137–1158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenczowski B (2002) New lightweight alloys for welded aircraft structure. In: Paper presented at ICAS congress

    Google Scholar 

  • Lequeu PH, Smith K, Danielou A (2010) Aluminium–copper–lithium alloy 2050 developed for medium to thick plate. J Mater Eng Perform 19(6):841–847

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewandowski JJ, Seifi M (2016) Metal additive manufacturing: a review of mechanical properties. Annu Rev Mater Res 46:151–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Zhao YH, Ortalan V, Liu W, Zhang ZH, Vogt RG, Browning ND, Lavernia EJ, Schoenung JM (2009) Investigation of aluminum-based nanocomposites with ultra-high strength. Mater Sci Eng A 527(1–2):305–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin FS, Chakravorty SB, Starke EA (1982) Microstructure-property relationships of two Al-3Li–2Cu–0_2XCd alloys. Metall Trans A 13:401–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lionetto F, Balle F, Maffezzoli A (2017) Hybrid ultrasonic spot welding of aluminum to carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. J Mater Process Technol 247:289–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Ma Z (2008) Influence of tool dimension and welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction-stir-welded 6061-T651 aluminium alloy. Metall Mater Trans A 39(10):2378–2388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Zhang H, Yu L (2011) Effect of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welded 2219 aluminum alloy. Mater Des 32(3):1548–1553

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludovico A, Daurelio G, De Filippis L, Scialpi A Squeo F (2005) In: Proceedings of XV international symposium on gas flow, chemical lasers, and high-power lasers, Bellingham. p 887

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch SP (1991) Fracture of 8090 Al–Li plate–I. Short transverse fracture toughness. Mater Sci Eng A 136:25–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maeno T, Mori K, Yachi R (2017) Hot stamping of high-strength aluminium alloy aircraft parts using quick heating. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 66:269–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malekjani S, Hodgson PD, Cizek P, Sabirov I, Hilditch TB (2011) Cyclic deformation response of UFG 2024 Al alloy. Int J Fatigue 33(5):700–709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JH, Yahata BD, Hundley JM, Mayer JA, Schaedler TA Pollock TM (2017) 3D printing of high strength aluminum alloys. Nature 549:365–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mativenga PT, Hon KKB (2005) An experimental study of cutting force in high speed end milling and implications for dynamic force modeling. J Manuf Sci Eng 127(2):251–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merica PD, Waltenberg RG, Scott H (1919) Heat treatment of Duralumin. Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards, vol. 15. pp 271–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreto JA, Gamboni O, Ruchert COFT, Romagnoli F, Moreira MF, Beneduce F, Bose Filho WW (2011) Corrosion and fatigue behavior of new Al alloys. Procedia Eng 10:1521–1526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nandan R, DebRoy T, Bhadeshia H (2008) Recent advances in friction-stir welding—Process, weldment structure and properties. Prog Mater Sci 53(6):980–1023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palumbo G, Piglionico V, Piccininni A, Guglielmi P, Tricarico L (2016) Evaluation of the optimal working conditions for the warm sheet hydroforming taking into account the yielding condition. Mater Des 91(5):411–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PAMELA—Process for Advanced Management of End of Life of Aircraft LIFE05 ENV/F/000059 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peel CJ, McDarmaid D, Evans B (1988) Considerations of critical factors for the design of aerospace structures using current and future aluminium–lithium alloys. In: Kar RJ, Agrawal SP, Quist WE (eds) Aluminium–lithium alloys—design, development and applications update. ASM International, Metals Park, pp 315–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira DA, Batalha MHF, Carunchio AF, Resende HB (2016) Analysis of superplastic forming process applied to aerospace industry: case study of Al 5083 alloy. In: Full paper, Aerospace technology congress, Solna, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez Ι, Madariaga Α, Cuesta Μ, Garay Α, Arrazola PJ, Ruiz JJ, Rubio FJ, Sanchez R (2018) Effect of cutting speed on the surface integrity of face milled 7050-T7451 aluminium workpieces. Procedia CIRP 71:460–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pingwei X, Hongyun L (2016) Improving the ductility of nanostructured Al alloy using strongly textured nano-laminated structure combined with nano-precipitates. Mater Sci Eng A 675:323–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pora J (2001) Composite materials in the airbus A380–from history to future. In: Proceedings of ICCM13. Plenary lecture. CD-ROM

    Google Scholar 

  • Pourboghrat F, Chandorkar K (1992) Springback calculation for plane strain sheet forming using finite element membrane solution. In: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Computer Engineering Division, CED, vol. 5. pp 85–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Prater T (2014) Friction stir welding of metal matrix composites for use in aerospace structures. Acta Astronaut 93:366–373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preston RV, Shercliff HR, Withers PJ, Smith S (2004) Physically based constitutive modelling of residual stress development in welding of aluminium alloy 2024. Acta Mater 52(17):4973–4983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan R, Kah P, Mvola B, Martikainen J (2016) Trends in aluminum alloy development and their joining methods. Rev Adv Mater Sci 44:383–397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rambabu P, Eswara Prasad N, Kutumbarao VV, Wanhill RJH (2017) Aluminium alloys for aerospace applications. In: Prasad NE, Wanhill RJH (eds) Aerospace materials and material technologies, Aerospace materials, vol 1. Springer, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts CE, Bourell D, Watt T, Cohen J (2016) A novel processing approach for additive manufacturing of commercial aluminum alloys. Phys Procedia 83:909–917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolling aluminum: from the mine through the mill. (2008). www.aluminum.org. Accessed 30 May 2018

  • Sabirov I, Murashkin MY, Valiev RZ (2013) Nanostructured aluminium alloys produced by severe plastic deformation: new horizons in development. Mater Sci Eng A 560:1–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha PK (2017) Overview of global aerospace parts manufacturing. In: Boeing Research & Technology the Boeing Company Technologies, symposium on auto parts tech day (auto parts and the future industries: aerospace, electric vehicle, and intelligent system) Bangkok, Thailand

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders TH, Starke EA (1982) The effect of slip distribution on the monotonic and cyclic ductility of Al–Li binary alloys. Acta Metall 30:927–939

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schijve J (2009) Fatigue of structures and materials. Springer, Amsterdam

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Seong MS, Kim TH, Nguyen KH, Kweon JH, Choi JH (2008) A parametric study on the failure of bonded single-lap joints of carbon composite and aluminum. Compos Struct 86(1–3):135–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sercombe TB, Li X (2016) Selective laser melting of aluminium and aluminium metal matrix composites: review. Mater Technol 31(2):77–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starke EA Jr, Staley JT (1996) Application of modern aluminum alloys to aircraft. Prog Aerosp Sci 32(2–3):131–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starke EA Jr, Sanders TH Jr, Palmer IG (1981) New approaches to alloy development in the Al-Li, system. JOM 33:24–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starke EA, Lin FS (1982) The influence of grain structure on the ductility of the Al–Cu–Li–Mn–Cd alloy 2020. Metall Trans A 13(12):2259–2269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun J, Liu X, Tong Y, Deng D (2014) A comparative study on welding temperature fields, residual stress distributions and deformations induced by laser beam welding and CO2 gas arc welding. Mater Des 63:519–530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suresh S, Vasudevan AK, Tosten M, Howell PR (1987) Microscopic and macroscopic aspects of fracture in lithium containing aluminium alloys. Acta Metall 35:25–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira de Freitas S, Sinke J (2017) Failure analysis of adhesively-bonded metal-skinto-composite-stiffener: effect of temperature and cyclic loading. Compos Struct 166:27–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Aluminum Design Manual (2015). http://www.aluminum.org/aluminum-design-manual-2015. Accessed 30 May 2018

  • The Aluminum-Scandium Alloy Advantage (2017). http://www.scandiummining.com/s/Home.asp. Accessed 30 May 2018

  • Thomas W, Nicholas E, Needham J, Church M, Emplesmith P, Dawes C (1991) Friction stir welding, England Patent PCT/GB92102203

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas WM, Nicholas ED, Needham JC, Murch MG, Temple-Smith P, Dawes CJ (n.d.) Improvements relating to friction welding. European Patent Specification EP0615480B1

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzamtzis A, Kermanidis AT (2014) Improvement of fatigue crack growth resistance by controlled overaging in 2024-T3 aluminium alloy. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 00:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkateswara Rao KT, Ritchie RO (1989) Mechanical properties of aluminium–lithium alloys: part– I. Fracture toughness and microstructure. Mater Sci Technol 5:882–895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venkateswara Rao KT, Ritchie RO (1992) Fatigue in aluminium–lithium alloys. Int Mater Rev 37:153–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vlot A, Gunnink JW (2001) Fibre metal laminates: an introduction. Springer, Amsterdam

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vlot A, Vogelesang L, De Vries T (1999) Towards application of fibre metal laminates in large aircraft. Aircr Eng Aerosp Technol 71(6):558–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanhill RJH (1994) Status and prospects for aluminium–lithium alloys in aircraft structures. Int J Fatigue 16:3–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster D (1987) The effect of low melting point impurities on the properties of aluminium–lithium alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 18:2187–2193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welpmann K, Peters M, Sanders TH (1984) Aluminium–lithium alloys. Aluminium 60:641–646

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu G, Yang JM (2005) The mechanical behavior of GLARE laminates for aircraft structures. JOM 57(1):72–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xin X, Zhiqiang L, Zhang D, Chen Z (2010) In situ synthesis of nanostructured carbon reinforcement in aluminum powders. Mater Lett 64(10):1154–1156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu N, Ueji R, Fujii H (2015) Enhanced mechanical properties of 70/30 brass joint by multi-pass friction stir welding with rapid cooling. Sci Technol Weld Join 20(2):91–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ye JC, Han BQ, Lee ZH, Anh B, Nutt SR, Schoenung JM (2005) A tri-modal aluminum based composite with super-high strength. Scr Mater 53(5):481–486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeomans SR (1990) Successful welding of aluminium and its alloys. Australian Welding J 35:20–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorulmaz B, Demir B, Ulus A (2016) Aluminum sheet production: general principles of cold rolling. In: Paper presented at 18th international metallurgy & materials congress, Instanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu GC, Wu LZ, Ma L, Xiong J (2015) Low velocity impact of carbon fiber aluminum laminates. Compos Struct 119:757–766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zampaloni M, Abedrabbo N, Pourboghrat F (2003) Experimental and numerical study of stamp hydroforming of sheet metals. Int J Mech Sci 45(11):1815–1848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZH, Topping T, Li Y, Vogt R, Zhou YZ, Haines C, Paras J, Kapoor D, Schoenung JM, Lavernia EJ (2011) Mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained Al composites reinforced with B4C nanoparticles. Scripta Mater 65(8):652–655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Zhu H, Qi T, Hu Z, Zeng X (2016) Selective laser melting of high strength Al-Cu-Mg alloys: processing, microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 656:47–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao YH, Liao XZ, Cheng S, Ma E, Zhu YT (2006) Simultaneously increasing the ductility and strength of nanostructured Alloys. Adv Mater 18(17):2280–2283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng K, Politis DJ, Wang L, Lin J (2018) A review on forming techniques for manufacturing lightweight complex-shaped aluminium panel components. Int J Lightweight Mater Manuf 1(2):55–80

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexis T. Kermanidis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kermanidis, A.T. (2020). Aircraft Aluminum Alloys: Applications and Future Trends. In: Pantelakis, S., Tserpes, K. (eds) Revolutionizing Aircraft Materials and Processes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35346-9_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics