Abstract
As compared with classical strain gauges technique, the electromagnetic and optical measurements feature a high sensitivity in detecting smallest changes, resulting in very high resolution in the range of micro-, nano- and pico-newtons. Concerning the electromagnetic methods for measuring small forces, the magnetoresistors (especially GMR) detect a larger magnetic field than the Hall-effect sensors but the latter satisfy a wider range of applications related to the measurement of mechanical forces. Among the optical methods, optical interferometer and laser, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) are presented here.
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Ştefănescu, D.M. (2020). Application of Electromagnetic and Optical Methods in Small Force Sensing. In: Handbook of Force Transducers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35322-3_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35322-3_4
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