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From the Post-Racial Question to the Post-Ferguson Reckoning

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Reporting on Race in a Digital Era

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Abstract

This chapter’s narrative analysis of more than 1600 news articles moves from past to present and across all three paradigms of journalism. It addresses questions of sourcing, the narratives used to portray racial conflicts, whether coverage shows awareness of systemic racism, and whether any of these facets of coverage changed over time. It reveals that Traditional journalism coverage shifted strongly after Ferguson to include the voices of more people experiencing racism versus voices of experts discounting it, to examine the narrative of the conflict as one of protesters with political clout rather than “dangerous” African American rioters, and to name and unpack structural racism rather than posing it as an open question. The examples are supported with rich anecdotes from coverage in each news outlet.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Analysis of Code Switch began on April 7, 2013, the day the site launched on NPR.com

  2. 2.

    Carolyn Kitch and Janice Hume, Journalism in a Culture of Grief (New York: Routledge, 2008).

  3. 3.

    Myra Marx Ferree et al., Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

  4. 4.

    Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic, and Ernesto Liendo, Critical Race Theory: An Introduction (New York, NY, USA: New York University Press (NYU Press), 2012), http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10541095; Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States (Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003).

  5. 5.

    Kitch and Hume, Journalism in a Culture of Grief.

  6. 6.

    Shanto Iyengar, Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues, American Politics and Political Economy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

  7. 7.

    Kitch and Hume, Journalism in a Culture of Grief.

  8. 8.

    Catherine R. Squires, Postracial Mystique: Media and Race in the 21st Century (New York: NYU Press, 2014).

  9. 9.

    Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, Critical Race Theory (NYU Press, 2001).

  10. 10.

    Ferree et al., Shaping Abortion Discourse.

  11. 11.

    Ferree et al.

  12. 12.

    Christopher P. Campbell, Race, Myth, and The News (Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1995); Carolyn Martindale, “Coverage of Black Americans in Four Major Newspapers, 1950–1989,” Newspaper Research Journal 11, no. 3 (Summer 1990): 96–112; Catherine R. Squires and Sarah J. Jackson, “Reducing Race: News Themes in the 2008 Primaries,” The International Journal of Press/Politics 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 375–400, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210372962

  13. 13.

    Susan Saulny, “Blacks See New Patience and High Expectations for Obama,” The New York Times, January 20, 2013, sec. Politics, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/us/politics/blacks-see-new-patience-and-high-expectations-for-obama.html

  14. 14.

    Karen Tumulty and Perry Bacon, Jr., “Other Black Mayors Grapple with Forces That Led to Fenty’s Downfall,” The Washington Post, September 23, 2010, sec. Politics, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/23/AR2010092303763.html

  15. 15.

    Analysis of Interactive Race Beat coverage was limited to articles written after 2013, when NPR’s Code Switch blog launched. Traditional journalism and Journalism 3.0 analysis began in February 2008, when the post-racial question emerged in the news cycle.

  16. 16.

    Gene Demby, “Dylann Roof And The Stubborn Myth Of The Colorblind Millennial,” NPR.Org, June 20, 2015, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/06/20/415878789/dylann-roof-and-the-stubborn-myth-of-the-colorblind-millennial

  17. 17.

    Leah Donnella, “2 Teach For America Alums Say TFA Has Big Problems When It Comes To Race,” NPR.Org, October 14, 2015, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/10/14/447217749/two-teach-for-america-alums-say-the-program-has-big-problems-when-it-comes-to-ra

  18. 18.

    David Yi, “Black Armor: Why Some American Black Men Are Dressing in Suits to Survive,” Mashable, August 8, 2015, http://mashable.com/2015/08/08/black-men-dressing-up-police/

  19. 19.

    Megan Slack, “President Obama: Trayvon Martin Could Have Been Me,” The White House: President Barack Obama, July 19, 2013, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/07/19/president-obama-trayvon-martin-could-have-been-me

  20. 20.

    Linton Weeks, “Tragedy Gives The Hoodie A Whole New Meaning,” NPR.Org, March 24, 2012, sec. Around the Nation, http://www.npr.org/2012/03/24/149245834/tragedy-gives-the-hoodie-a-whole-new-meaning

  21. 21.

    Pew Research Center, “Trayvon Martin Killing Is Public’s Top News Story” (Pew Research Center, March 27, 2012), http://www.people-press.org/2012/03/27/trayvon-martin-killing-publics-top-news-story/

  22. 22.

    Alicia Garza, “Herstory: Black Lives Matter,” BlackLivesMatter (blog), accessed March 14, 2016, http://blacklivesmatter.com/herstory/

  23. 23.

    Gene Demby, “Some Key Facts We’ve Learned About Police Shootings Over the Past Year,” NPR.Org, April 13, 2015, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/04/13/399314868/some-key-facts-weve-learned-about-police-shootings-over-the-past-year

  24. 24.

    Nicole Pasulka, “The ‘Criminal’ Black Lesbian: Where Does This Damaging Stereotype Come From?,” NPR.Org, March 17, 2016, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/03/17/456541972/the-criminal-black-lesbian-where-does-this-damaging-stereotype-come-from

  25. 25.

    Elahe Izadi, “‘I Can’t Breathe.’ Eric Garner’s Last Words Are 2014’s Most Notable Quote, According to a Yale Librarian,” The Washington Post, December 9, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/09/i-cant-breathe-eric-garners-last-words-are-2014s-most-notable-quote-according-to-yale-librarian/

  26. 26.

    Colin Daileda and Megan Specia, “How Twitter and Facebook Helped Shut Down Lower Manhattan for Eric Garner,” Mashable, December 5, 2014, http://mashable.com/2014/12/05/protests-eric-garner-grassroots/

  27. 27.

    Daileda and Specia.

  28. 28.

    Colin Daileda, “North Charleston Residents Have Little Faith in Police Despite Officer Arrest,” Mashable, April 11, 2015, http://mashable.com/2015/04/11/north-charleston-police-walter-scott/

  29. 29.

    Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message in the 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective, 1st edition (New York: Routledge, 2013).

  30. 30.

    Campbell Robertson, “Among Whites, Protests Stir a Range of Emotions and a Lot of Perplexity,” The New York Times, August 21, 2014, sec. U.S., https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/22/us/ferguson-among-whites-protests-stir-a-range-of-emotions-and-a-lot-of-perplexity.html

  31. 31.

    Robertson.

  32. 32.

    Frances Robles, “Dozens Rally for Officer in Ferguson Killing as Funds Are Raised Online,” The New York Times, August 23, 2014, sec. U.S., https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/us/dozens-rally-for-officer-in-ferguson-killing-as-dollar300000-is-raised-online.html

  33. 33.

    Molly Hennessy-Fiske, “Ferguson Police Barred From Wearing ‘I Am Darren Wilson’ Bracelets,” The Los Angeles Times, September 26, 2014, sec. Nation, https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-ferguson-police-i-am-darren-wilson-bracelets-20140926-story.html

  34. 34.

    Wesley Lowery and Arelis Hernández, “Protesters Take to St. Louis Streets as Part of ‘Weekend of Resistance,’” The Washington Post, October 11, 2014, sec. Politics, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/protesters-take-to-st-louis-streets-as-part-of-weekend-of-resistance/2014/10/11/1aab8e3a-5185-11e4-babe-e91da079cb8a_story.html

  35. 35.

    Gene Demby, “In Ferguson, Mo., a City Meets The Spotlight,” NPR.Org, August 19, 2014, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/08/19/341608860/reality-meets-celebrity-in-ferguson-mo

  36. 36.

    NPR Staff, “Behind a Twitter Campaign, a Multitude of Stories,” NPR.Org, August 19, 2014, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/08/16/340669034/behind-a-twitter-campaign-a-multitude-of-stories

  37. 37.

    Frederica Boswell, “What Policing Looks Like to a Former Officer,” NPR.Org, August 13, 2014, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/08/13/340077887/what-policing-looks-like-to-a-former-officer

  38. 38.

    Megan Specia, “Ferguson, in Their Own Words,” Mashable, August 9, 2015, http://mashable.com/2015/08/09/ferguson-in-their-own-words/

  39. 39.

    Rebecca Ruiz, “Women Who Lost Family to Police Violence Turn Grief into Justice,” Mashable, April 23, 2015, http://mashable.com/2015/04/23/women-black-lives-matter/

  40. 40.

    Kitch and Hume, Journalism in a Culture of Grief.

  41. 41.

    Evelyn Alsultany, Arabs and Muslims in the Media Race and Representation after 9/11, Critical Cultural Communication (New York: NYU Press, 2012); Derrick A. Bell, Faces at The Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism (New York, NY: BasicBooks, 1992); Campbell, Race, Myth, and The News; Delgado and Stefancic, Critical Race Theory; Martin Gilens, Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy, Studies in Communication, Media, and Public Opinion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Jane Rhodes, Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon (New York: New Press, 2007); Otto Santa Ana, Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse, 1st edition (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002).

  42. 42.

    Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists.

  43. 43.

    Peter Baker, “Court Choice Brings Issue of ‘Identity’ Back Out,” The New York Times, May 30, 2009, sec. Politics, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/31/us/politics/31identity.html

  44. 44.

    Helene Cooper, “In Church Visit, Obama Addresses Race, Struggle and Hope,” The New York Times, January 17, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/us/politics/18term.html

  45. 45.

    Peter Baker and Julie Davis, “Urging Persistence on Racial Gains, Obama Recalls Sacrifice in Selma,” The New York Times, March 6, 2015, sec. Politics, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/us/politics/obama-backs-justice-departments-decision-not-to-indict-ferguson-officer.html

  46. 46.

    Susan Saulny and Robbie Brown, “Professor’s Arrest Tests Beliefs on Racial Progress,” The New York Times, July 23, 2009, sec. U.S., http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/us/24blacks.html

  47. 47.

    Peter Baker, “After Charleston Shooting, a Sense at the White House of Horror, Loss and Resolve,” The New York Times, June 18, 2015, sec. Politics, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/us/politics/obama-charleston-shooting.html

  48. 48.

    Gene Demby, “A Battle for Fair Housing Still Raging, But Mostly Forgotten,” NPR.Org, December 2, 2013, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/01/248039354/a-battle-for-fair-housing-still-raging-but-mostly-forgotten

  49. 49.

    Karen Grigsby Bates, “Nostalgia for What’s Been Lost Since ‘Brown V. Board,’” NPR.Org, May 17, 2014, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/05/14/312555307/nostalgia-for-whats-been-lost-since-brown-v-board

  50. 50.

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  51. 51.

    Evan McMorris-Santoro, “Obama On Trayvon Martin: We’re Not Living in a Post-Racial America…Yet,” BuzzFeed, July 19, 2013, http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-on-trayvon-martin-were-not-in-a-post-racial-america-ye

  52. 52.

    John Eligon, “One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics,” The New York Times, November 18, 2015, sec. U.S., https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/19/us/one-slogan-many-methods-black-lives-matter-enters-politics.html

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  54. 54.

    Ashley Southall, “Decline in Stop-and-Frisk Tactic Drives Drop in Police Actions in New York, Study Says,” The New York Times, December 11, 2015, sec. N.Y./Region, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/nyregion/end-to-stop-and-frisk-drives-drop-in-police-actions-in-new-york-study-says.html

  55. 55.

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  56. 56.

    Adrian Florido, “In The Age Of #BlackLivesMatter, The NAACP Tries To Reach A Younger Generation,” NPR.Org, July 15, 2015, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/07/15/423188063/youth-activists-criticize-naacp-for-falling-behind-the-times

  57. 57.

    Pasulka, “The ‘Criminal’ Black Lesbian.”

  58. 58.

    Pasulka.

  59. 59.

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  60. 60.

    Colin Daileda, “Police Raid Black Lives Matter Camp in Minneapolis,” Mashable, December 3, 2015, http://mashable.com/2015/12/03/minneapolis-police-raid-black-lives-matter-camp/

  61. 61.

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  62. 62.

    Darren Sands, “Black Lives Matter Activist: Flint Water Crisis Should Be A Signature Issue,” BuzzFeed, January 22, 2016, http://www.buzzfeed.com/darrensands/black-lives-matter-activist-flint-water-crisis-should-be-a-s

  63. 63.

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  64. 64.

    Katie Dupere, “7 Racial Justice Activists Talk About the Evolution of Black History Month,” Mashable, February 15, 2016, http://mashable.com/2016/02/15/black-history-month-activists/

  65. 65.

    Jim Salter, “Police: Black Teen Shot in Missouri Was Unarmed,” The Washington Post, August 11, 2014, National edition, sec. National, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/police-black-teen-shot-in-missouri-was-unarmed/2014/08/10/72a03654-20c0-11e4-958c-268a320a60ce_story.html

  66. 66.

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  67. 67.

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  68. 68.

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    Samuels.

  70. 70.

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  78. 78.

    Gene Demby, “Scenes From The Ferguson We Didn’t See On TV,” NPR.Org, September 4, 2014, sec. Code Switch, https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/09/04/345780992/the-ferguson-we-didnt-see-on-tv

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  81. 81.

    Drankoski.

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    Apollon et al., “Moving the Race Conversation Forward: How the Media Covers Racism, and Other Barriers to Productive Racial Discourse.”

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    Baker, “After Charleston Shooting, a Sense at the White House of Horror, Loss and Resolve.”

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    Demby, “A Battle for Fair Housing Still Raging, But Mostly Forgotten.”

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    Gene Demby, “The Long, Necessary History of ‘Whiny’ Black Protesters at College,” NPR.Org, December 17, 2015, sec. Code Switch, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/12/17/459211924/the-long-necessary-history-of-whiny-black-protestors-at-college

  93. 93.

    Mashable Staff and The Associated Press, “Black Lives Matter Says ‘Totalitarian’ Mall of America Wants to Silence Protest,” Mashable, December 21, 2015, http://mashable.com/2015/12/21/mall-of-america-vs-black-lives-matter/

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  1. Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA

    Carolyn Nielsen

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Nielsen, C. (2020). From the Post-Racial Question to the Post-Ferguson Reckoning. In: Reporting on Race in a Digital Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35221-9_3

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