Abstract
The current chapter aims to present a concise but comprehensive review of the current state of gene-by-environment interaction (GxE) research in the field of psychiatric genetics, with a special focus on research from molecular genetic studies. The chapter starts with a review of GxE studies of mental health disorders which includes both recent genome-wide GxE studies, as well as candidate gene studies, since the latter comprise the majority of such studies conducted in the field so far. Next, we critically evaluate the research conducted in the field so far, taking into account the methodological limitations of these studies, as well as recent theoretical concepts of Environmental Sensitivity, such as Differential Susceptibility, that challenge historic assumptions underlying GxE models. The chapter ends with suggestions and directions for future GxE research in mental health.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aguilera M, Arias B, Wichers M, Barrantes-Vidal N, Moya J, Villa H, et al. Early adversity and 5-HTT/BDNF genes: new evidence of gene–environment interactions on depressive symptoms in a general population. Psychol Med. 2009;39(09):1425–32.
Alemany S, Arias B, Aguilera M, Villa H, Moya J, Ibanez MI, et al. Childhood abuse, the BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism and adult psychotic-like experiences. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(1):38–42. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083808.
Almli LM, Duncan R, Feng H, Ghosh D, Binder EB, Bradley B, et al. Correcting systematic inflation in genetic association tests that consider interaction effects: application to a genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(12):1392–9.
Aron EN, Aron A. Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;73(2):345–68.
Aschard H, Lutz S, Maus B, Duell EJ, Fingerlin TE, Chatterjee N, et al. Challenges and opportunities in genome-wide environmental interaction (GWEI) studies. Hum Genet. 2012;131(10):1591–613.
Assary E, Keers R, Krapohl E, Pluess M. Polygenic score of environmental senstivity moderates the effects of psychosocial environment on psychological distress across life-span. in preparation.
Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH. Differential susceptibility to rearing environment depending on dopamine-related genes: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23(01):39–52.
Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. The hidden efficacy of interventions: gene × environment experiments from a differential susceptibility perspective. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:381–409.
Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IMH, Pijlman FT, Mesman J, Juffer F. Experimental evidence for differential susceptibility: dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism (DRD4 VNTR) moderates intervention effects on toddlers’ externalizing behavior in a randomized controlled trial. Dev Psychol. 2008;44(1):293–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.293.
Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van Ijzendoorn MH. Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(1):1–24.
Battle CL, Shea MT, Johnson DM, Yen S, Zlotnick C, Zanarini MC, et al. Childhood maltreatment associated with adult personality disorders: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. J Personal Disord. 2004;18(2):193–211. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777.
Belsky J, Pluess M. Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(6):885–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017376.
Belsky J, Pluess M. Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: phenotypic plasticity and human development. Dev Psychopathol. 2013a;25(4 Pt 2):1243–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941300059X.
Belsky J, Pluess M. Genetic moderation of early child-care effects on social functioning across childhood: a developmental analysis. Child Dev. 2013b;84(4):1209–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12058.
Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. For better and for worse: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2007a;16(6):300–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x.
Belsky J, Fearon RMP, Bell B. Parenting, attention and externalizing problems: testing mediation longitudinally, repeatedly and reciprocally. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007b;48(12):1233–42.
Berry D, Deater-Deckard K, McCartney K, Wang Z, Petrill SA. Gene-environment interaction between dopamine receptor D4 7-repeat polymorphism and early maternal sensitivity predicts inattention trajectories across middle childhood. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25(2):291–306. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457941200106x.
Bertelsen A, Harvald B, Hauge M. A Danish twin study of manic-depressive disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1977;130(4):330–51.
Bosker FJ, Hartman CA, Nolte IM, Prins BP, Terpstra P, Posthuma D, et al. Poor replication of candidate genes for major depressive disorder using genome-wide association data. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;16(5):516–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.38.
Boyce WT, Ellis BJ. Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17(02):271–301.
Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield X, Ropers H, Van Oost B. Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science. 1993;262:578–80.
Burt A. A mechanistic explanation of popularity: genes, rule breaking, and evocative gene-environment correlations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;96(4):783–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013702.
Byrd AL, Manuck SB. MAOA, childhood maltreatment, and antisocial behavior: meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(1):9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.004.
Cadoret RJ, Yates WR, Troughton E, Woodworth G, Stewart MA. Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(11):916–24.
Cannon TD, Keller MC. Endophenotypes in the genetic analyses of mental disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2006;2:267–90.
Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J, Gaspar P, Chen K, Pournin S, et al. Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science. 1995;268(5218):1763–6. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7792602.
Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 2002;297(5582):851–4.
Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science. 2003;301(5631):386–9.
Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, McClay J, Murray R, Harrington H, et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(10):1117–27.
Cervilla JA, Molina E, Rivera M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Bellon JA, Moreno B, et al. The risk for depression conferred by stressful life events is modified by variation at the serotonin transporter 5HTTLPR genotype: evidence from the Spanish PREDICT-gene cohort. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12(8):748–55.
Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Thibodeau EL. The effects of child maltreatment on early signs of antisocial behavior: genetic moderation by tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase a genes. Dev Psychopathol. 2012;24(3):907–28.
Collins PY, Patel V, Joestl SS, March D, Insel TR, Daar AS, et al. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature. 2011;475(7354):27–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/475027a.
Collins AL, Kim Y, Sklar P, O’Donovan MC, Sullivan PF. Hypothesis-driven candidate genes for schizophrenia compared to genome-wide association results. Psychol Med. 2012;42(3):607–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001607.
Collip D, van Winkel R, Peerbooms O, Lataster T, Thewissen V, Lardinois M, et al. COMT Val158Met-stress interaction in psychosis: role of background psychosis risk. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011;17(6):612–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00213.x.
Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics, C. (2013). Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat Genet, 45(9), 984–994. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2711.http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v45/n9/abs/ng.2711.html – supplementary-information.
Culverhouse RC, Saccone NL, Horton AC, Ma Y, Anstey KJ, Banaschewski T, et al. Collaborative meta-analysis finds no evidence of a strong interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype contributing to the development of depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;23:133–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.44.
DeWitt TJ, Sih A, Wilson DS. Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity. Trends Ecol Evol. 1998;13(2):77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01274-3.
Dick DM, Rose RJ, Viken RJ, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Exploring gene-environment interactions: socioregional moderation of alcohol use. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110(4):625–32.
Domingue BW, Liu H, Okbay A, Belsky DW. Genetic heterogeneity in depressive symptoms following the death of a spouse: polygenic score analysis of the US Health and Retirement Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16111209.
Donnelly P. Progress and challenges in genome-wide association studies in humans. Nature. 2008;456(7223):728–31.
Dudbridge F. Power and predictive accuracy of polygenic risk scores. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(3):e1003348. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003348.
Duncan LE, Keller MC. A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatr. 2011;168(10):1041–9. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020191.
Dunn EC, Wiste A, Radmanesh F, Almli LM, Gogarten SM, Sofer T, et al. Genome-Wide Association Study (gwas) and Genome-Wide by Environment Interaction Study (gweis) of depressive symptoms in african american and hispanic/latina women. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(4):265–80.
Eaves L, Silberg J, Erkanli A. Resolving multiple epigenetic pathways to adolescent depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003;44(7):1006–14.
Foley DL, Eaves LJ, Wormley B, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Kuhn J, Riley B. Childhood adversity, monoamine oxidase a genotype, and risk for conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(7):738–44.
Fox E, Zougkou K, Ridgewell A, Garner K. The serotonin transporter gene alters sensitivity to attention bias modification: evidence for a plasticity gene. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(11):1049–54.
Frankenhuis WE, Panchanathan K. Individual differences in developmental plasticity may result from stochastic sampling. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011;6(4):336–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611412602.
Frazzetto G, Di Lorenzo G, Carola V, Proietti L, Sokolowska E, Siracusano A, et al. Early trauma and increased risk for physical aggression during adulthood: the moderating role of MAOA genotype. PLoS One. 2007;2(5):e486.
French L, Gray C, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike GB, Richer L, et al. Early cannabis use, polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and brain maturation in adolescence. JAMA Psychiat. 2015;72(10):1002–11.
Gillespie NA, Whitfield JB, Williams B, Heath AC, Martin NG. The relationship between stressful life events, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and major depression. Psychol Med. 2005;35(01):101–11.
Gillespie CF, Phifer J, Bradley B, Ressler KJ. Risk and resilience: genetic and environmental influences on development of the stress response. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(11):984–92.
Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatr. 2003;160(4):636–45.
Grossman MH, Emanuel BS, Budarf ML. Chromosomal mapping of the human catechol-O-methyltransferase gene to 22q11.1→q11.2. Genomics. 1992;12(4):822–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(92)90316-K.
Haberstick BC, Lessem JM, Hopfer CJ, Smolen A, Ehringer MA, Timberlake D, Hewitt JK. Monoamine oxidase a (MAOA) and antisocial behaviors in the presence of childhood and adolescent maltreatment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005;135B(1):59–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30176.
Hakamata Y, Lissek S, Bar-Haim Y, Britton JC, Fox NA, Leibenluft E, et al. Attention bias modification treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68(11):982–90.
Hallion LS, Ruscio AM. A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression, vol. 137: American Psychological Association; 2011. p. 940–58.
Hankin BL, Nederhof E, Oppenheimer CW, Jenness J, Young JF, Abela JRZ, et al. Differential susceptibility in youth: evidence that 5-HTTLPR x positive parenting is associated with positive affect ‘for better and worse’. Transl Psychiatry. 2011;1:e44. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2011.44.
Henquet C, Rosa A, Krabbendam L, Papiol S, Fananas L, Drukker M, et al. An experimental study of catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met moderation of [Delta]-9-Tetrahy drocannabinol-induced effects on psychosis and cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(12):2748–57.
Hosang GM, Uher R, Keers R, Cohen-Woods S, Craig I, Korszun A, et al. Stressful life events and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2010;125(1–3):345–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.071.
Hosang GM, Shiles C, Tansey KE, McGuffin P, Uher R. Interaction between stress and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2014;12:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-12-7.
Ikeda M, Shimasaki A, Takahashi A, Kondo K, Saito T, Kawase K, et al. Genome-wide environment interaction between depressive state and stressful life events. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(1):e29–30.
Jaffee SR, Price TS. Gene-environment correlations: a review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12(5):432–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001950.
Joormann J, Gotlib IH. Emotion regulation in depression: relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognit Emot. 2010;24(2):281–98.
Kantrowitz JT, Nolan KA, Sen S, Simen AA, Lachman HM, Bowers MB Jr. Adolescent cannabis use, psychosis and catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype in African Americans and Caucasians. Psychiatry Q. 2009;80(4):213–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-009-9108-4.
Karg K, Sen S. Gene × environment interaction models in psychiatric genetics. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2012;12:441–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2011_184.
Karg K, Burmeister M, Shedden K, Sen S. The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: evidence of genetic moderation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(5):444–54.
Keers R, Pluess M. Childhood quality influences genetic sensitivity to environmental influences across adulthood: a life-course gene× environment interaction study. Dev Psychopathol. 2017;29(5):1921–33.
Keers R, Coleman JR, Lester KJ, Roberts S, Breen G, Thastum M, et al. A genome-wide test of the differential susceptibility hypothesis reveals a genetic predictor of differential response to psychological treatments for child anxiety disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 2016;85(3):146–58.
Kendler KS, Eaves LJ. Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;
Kendler KS, Myers J. The genetic and environmental relationship between major depression and the five-factor model of personality. Psychol Med. 2010;40(5):801–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991140.
Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, MacLean C, Neale MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(6):833–42. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.6.833.
Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8–19.
Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Taylor A, Williams B, Newcombe R, Craig IW, Moffitt TE. MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(10):903–13.
Klahr AM, Thomas KM, Hopwood CJ, Klump KL, Burt SA. Evocative gene-environment correlation in the mother-child relationship: a twin study of interpersonal processes. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25(1):105–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000934.
Knafo A, Israel S, Ebstein RP. Heritability of children’s prosocial behavior and differential susceptibility to parenting by variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene. Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23(1):53–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000647.
Lau JY, Eley TC. Disentangling gene-environment correlations and interactions on adolescent depressive symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(2):142–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01803.x.
Lemery-Chalfant K, Kao K, Swann G, Goldsmith HH. Childhood temperament: passive gene-environment correlation, gene-environment interaction, and the hidden importance of the family environment. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25(1):51–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000892.
Leve LD, Neiderhiser JM, Scaramella LV, Reiss D. The early growth and development study: using the prospective adoption design to examine genotype-environment interplay. Xin Li Xue Bao. 2008;40(10):1106–15. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2008.01106.
Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Bjork C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, Hultman CM. Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet. 2009;373(9659):234–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60072-6.
MacLeod C, Hagan R. Individual differences in the selective processing of threatening information, and emotional responses to a stressful life event. Behav Res Ther. 1992;30(2):151–61.
MacLeod C, Rutherford E, Campbell L, Ebsworthy G, Holker L. Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. J Abnorm Psychol. 2002;111(1):107–23.
Maher B. Personal genomes: the case of the missing heritability. Nature. 2008;456(7218):18–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/456018a.
Mathews A, MacLeod C. Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:167–95.
McClelland GH, Judd CM. Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychol Bull. 1993;114(2):376–90.
McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A. The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(5):497–502. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.497.
Miller GA, Rockstroh B. Endophenotypes in psychopathology research: where do we stand? Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:177–213.
Modinos G, Iyegbe C, Prata D, Rivera M, Kempton MJ, Valmaggia LR, et al. Molecular genetic gene–environment studies using candidate genes in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(2):356–65.
Monroe SM, Simons AD. Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: implications for the depressive disorders. Psychol Bull. 1991;110(3):406–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406.
Mullins N, Power R, Fisher H, Hanscombe K, Euesden J, Iniesta R, et al. Polygenic interactions with environmental adversity in the aetiology of major depressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46(04):759–70.
Munafo MR, Flint J. Replication and heterogeneity in gene x environment interaction studies. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12(6):727–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145709000479.
Munafò MR, Durrant C, Lewis G, Flint J. Gene × environment interactions at the serotonin transporter locus. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(3):211–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.009.
Musliner KL, Seifuddin F, Judy JA, Pirooznia M, Goes FS, Zandi PP. Polygenic risk, stressful life events and depressive symptoms in older adults: a polygenic score analysis. Psychol Med. 2015;45(08):1709–20.
Nanni V, Uher R, Danese A. Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(2):141–51. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020335.
Narusyte J, Neiderhiser JM, Andershed AK, D’Onofrio BM, Reiss D, Spotts E, et al. Parental criticism and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents: the role of environment and genotype-environment correlation. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011;120(2):365–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021815.
Nay WT, Thorpe GL, Roberson-Nay R, Hecker JE, Sigmon ST. Attentional bias to threat and emotional response to biological challenge. J Anxiety Disord. 2004;18(5):609–27.
Organization, W. H. (2008). The global burden of disease: 2004 update. (9241563710). World Health Organization.
Otowa T, Kawamura Y, Tsutsumi A, Kawakami N, Kan C, Shimada T, et al. The first pilot genome-wide gene-environment study of depression in the Japanese population. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160823.
Pe’er I, Yelensky R, Altshuler D, Daly MJ. Estimation of the multiple testing burden for genomewide association studies of nearly all common variants. Genet Epidemiol. 2008;32(4):381–5.
Peerbooms O, Rutten BPF, Collip D, Lardinois M, Lataster T, Thewissen V, et al. Evidence that interactive effects of COMT and MTHFR moderate psychotic response to environmental stress. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;125(3):247–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01806.x.
Peyrot WJ, Milaneschi Y, Abdellaoui A, Sullivan PF, Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI, Penninx BW. Effect of polygenic risk scores on depression in childhood trauma. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205(2):113–9.
Plomin R, DeFries JC, Knopik VS, Neiderhiser JM. Top 10 replicated findings from Behavioral genetics. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2016;11(1):3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615617439.
Pluess M, Belsky J. Conceptual issues in psychiatric gene-environment interaction research. Am J Psychiatr. 2012;169(2):222–3. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11111614.
Pluess M, Belsky J. Vantage sensitivity: individual differences in response to positive experiences. Psychol Bull. 2013;139(4):901–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030196.
Pluess M, Belsky J, Way BM, Taylor SE. 5-HTTLPR moderates effects of life events on neuroticism: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34:1070–4.
Purcell S. Variance components models for gene-environment interaction in twin analysis. Twin Res. 2002;5(6):554–71. https://doi.org/10.1375/136905202762342026.
Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O’donovan MC, Sullivan PF, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature. 2009;460(7256):748–52.
Pury CL. Information-processing predictors of emotional response to stress. Cognit Emot. 2002;16(5):667–83.
Rice F, Lewis G, Harold GT, Thapar A. Examining the role of passive gene-environment correlation in childhood depression using a novel genetically sensitive design. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25(1):37–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000880.
Risch N, Herrell R, Lehner T, Liang KY, Eaves L, Hoh J, et al. Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301(23):2462–71.
Rutter M, Silberg J. Gene-environment interplay in relation to emotional and behavioral disturbance. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53:463–90. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135223.
Rutter M, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(3–4):226–61.
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics, C. (2014). Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature, 511(7510), 421–427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13595http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v511/n7510/abs/nature13595.html - supplementary-information.
Sharpley CF, Palanisamy SK, Glyde NS, Dillingham PW, Agnew LL. An update on the interaction between the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress and depression, plus an exploration of non-confirming findings. Behav Brain Res. 2014;273:89–105.
Shi J, Levinson DF, Duan J, Sanders AR, Zheng Y, Pe’Er I, et al. Common variants on chromosome 6p22. 1 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature. 2009;460(7256):753–7.
Sih A. Effects of early stress on behavioral syndromes: an integrated adaptive perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(7):1452–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.015.
Silberg J, Rutter M, Neale M, Eaves L. Genetic moderation of environmental risk for depression and anxiety in adolescent girls. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:116–21.
Simons CJP, Wichers M, Derom C, Thiery E, Myin-Germeys I, Krabbendam L, Van Os J. Subtle gene–environment interactions driving paranoia in daily life. Genes Brain Behav. 2009;8(1):5–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2008.00434.x.
Smoller JW, Finn CT. Family, twin, and adoption studies of bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2003;123c(1):48–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.20013.
Stefanis NC, Henquet C, Avramopoulos D, Smyrnis N, Evdokimidis I, Myin-Germeys I, et al. COMT Val158Met moderation of stress-induced psychosis. Psychol Med. 2007;37(11):1651–6.
Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(10):1552–62.
Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(12):1187–92. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1187.
Surtees PG, Wainwright NW, Willis-Owen SA, Luben R, Day NE, Flint J. Social adversity, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism and major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(3):224–9.
Taylor A, Kim-Cohen J. Meta-analysis of gene-environment interactions in developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2007;19(4):1029–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457940700051X.
Teicher MH, Samson JA. Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: a case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(10):1114–33. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957.
Trotta A, Iyegbe C, Di Forti M, Sham PC, Campbell DD, Cherny SS, et al. Interplay between schizophrenia polygenic risk score and childhood adversity in first-presentation psychotic disorder: a pilot study. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0163319.
Uher R. Gene–environment interactions in severe mental illness. Front Psych. 2014;5:48.
Uher R, McGuffin P. The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the etiology of depression: 2009 update. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15(1):18–22.
Van Den Hout M, Tenney N, Huygens K, Merckelbach H, Kindt M. Responding to subliminal threat cues is related to trait anxiety and emotional vulnerability: a successful replication of MacLeod and Hagan (1992). Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(4):451–4.
van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Genetic differential susceptibility on trial: meta-analytic support from randomized controlled experiments. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27(01):151–62.
Van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Belsky J, Beach S, Brody G, Dodge KA, et al. Gene-by-environment experiments: a new approach to finding the missing heritability. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12(12):881.
Van IJzendoorn M, Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg M. Serotonin transporter genotype 5HTTLPR as a marker of differential susceptibility? A meta-analysis of child and adolescent gene-by-environment studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2(8):e147.
van Os J, Kenis G, Rutten BPF. The environment and schizophrenia. Nature. 2010;468(7321):203–12.
van Winkel R, Henquet C, Rosa A, Papiol S, Fananas L, De Hert M, et al. Evidence that the COMT(Val158Met) polymorphism moderates sensitivity to stress in psychosis: an experience-sampling study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008;147B(1):10–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30559.
Verhaak CM, Smeenk JM, van Minnen A, Kraaimaat FW. Neuroticism, preattentive and attentional biases towards threat, and anxiety before and after a severe stressor: a prospective study. Personal Individ Differ. 2004;36(4):767–78.
Visscher PM, Brown MA, McCarthy MI, Yang J. Five years of GWAS discovery. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(1):7–24.
Wilkinson PO, Trzaskowski M, Haworth CM, Eley TC. The role of gene-environment correlations and interactions in middle childhood depressive symptoms. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25(1):93–104. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000922.
Zammit S, Spurlock G, Williams H, Norton N, Williams N, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Genotype effects of CHRNA7, CNR1 and COMT in schizophrenia: interactions with tobacco and cannabis use. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191(5):402–7. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036129.
Zammit S, Owen MJ, Evans J, Heron J, Lewis G. Cannabis, COMT and psychotic experiences. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(5):380–5. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.091421.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Assary, E., Vincent, J., Machlitt-Northen, S., Keers, R., Pluess, M. (2020). The Role of Gene-Environment Interaction in Mental Health and Susceptibility to the Development of Psychiatric Disorders. In: Teperino, R. (eds) Beyond Our Genes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35213-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35213-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35212-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35213-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)