Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sludge

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products

  • 1288 Accesses

Abstract

Water treatment residuals, sewage sludge and dredged sediments, hereinafter referred to as sludge, share common features, like inherent high moisture content, high organic and mineral pollutant load and above all a pasty consistency. Several recovery opportunities exist. However, sludge composition is closely correlated with human activity and the design of the recovery processes requires knowledge of physical, thermal or biological characteristics of the sludge that will be processed, often even before the specific sludge exists. Therefore, sludge characterization is a key challenge for the process design, control and optimization and further valorization. The present chapter is divided into four parts dedicated to the composition, the material properties, the dynamic processing properties and the environmental assessments, respectively. Standard tests methods for the characterization of solids and water distribution in sludge are introduced first. Then, the fate of organic constituents, inorganic nonmetallic and metallic constituents as well as pathogenic organism. In the second part, standard and state-of-the-art methods for the characterization of chemical, physical and thermal properties of sludge are described. Dynamic tests, required for the selection and design of conventional processes for sludge concentration and conveying, are detailed in the third part. Finally, methods for assessing the environment impacts of sludge and secondary raw materials derived from sludge are addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In this document “release” is used to indicate the transfer of an ion from one environment to another.

  2. 2.

    It should be remembered that solubility indicates the tendency of substances to be mobilised by leaching; availability is the release potential in relation to total content.

  3. 3.

    The CEAMaS project is an international project promoted and financed by the European Union aiming to encourage knowledge and a consensus to bring forward new solutions for the re-use of marine sediments to be applicable throughout Europe. (http://www.ceamas.eu/fr).

References

  1. ISO: Water Quality—Sampling—Part 13: Guidance on Sampling of Sludges. 5667-13:2011 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  2. ISO: Water Quality—Sampling—Part 15: Guidance on Preservation and Handling of Sludge and Sediment Samples. 5667-15:2009 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  3. AFNOR: Sludge, Treated Biowaste and Soil—Guidance for Sample Pretreatment. NF EN 16179 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.: Wastewater engineering. In: Treatment and Reuse, 4th edn. McGrawHill, New York (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  5. AFNOR: Characterization of Sludges—Determination of Dry Residue and Water Content. FR EN 12880:2000 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S.: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater—Method 2540.G Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids in Solid and Semisolid Samples. American Public Health Association, Washington DC (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Spellman, F.R.: Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  8. AFNOR: Water Quality—Determination of Suspended Solids. Method by Filtration Through Glass Fibre Filters. NF EN 872 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S.: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater—Method 2540.D Total Suspended solids dried at 103–105°C. American Public Health Association, Washington DC (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  10. AFNOR: Water Quality—Determination of Suspended Solids by Filtration Through Glass Filters. ISO 11923:1997 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  11. AFNOR: Water Quality—Determination of Suspended Solids. Method by Centrifugation. NF T90-105-2 (1997). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Degrémont: Water Treatment Handbook, 7th edn. Lavoisier SAS, Cachan (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vesilind, A.: The role of water in sludge dewatering. Water Environ. Res. 66(1), 4–11 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Colin, F., Gazbar, S.: Distribution of water in sludges in relation to their mechanical dewatering. Water Res. 29(8), 2000–2005 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Legrand, V.: Study of deswelling and flocculation of polyelectrolyte gel networks: application to wastewater sludge dewatering. PhD dissertation. Université Paris VI, France (1997). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Vaxelaire, J., Cezac, P.: Moisture distribution in activated sludges: a review. Water Res. 38(9), 2215–2230 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Vaxelaire, J.: Moisture sorption characteristics of waste activated sludge. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 76(4), 377–382 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Leung, H.K.: Water Activity and Other Colligate Properties of Foods. ASAE Paper No. 83–6508, Chicago (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rouquerol, F., Rouquerol, J., Sing, K.S.W., Llewellyn, P., Maurin, G.: Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids: Principles, Methodology and Applications. Academic Press, Oxford (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ritzi, S.S.H.: Thermodynamic properties of foods in dehydration. In: Dekker, Marcel (ed.) Engineering Properties of Foods, pp. 359–436. Marcel Dekker, New-York (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jowitt, R., Wagstaffe, P.J.: The Certification of Water Content of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) at 10 Water Activities: CRM 302. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rahman, S.: Food Properties Handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wolf, W., Spiess, W.E.L., Jung, G., Wiesser, H., Bizot, H., Duckworth, R.B.: The water-vapour sorption isotherms of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and of purified potato starch. Results of a collaborative study. J. Food Eng. 3(1), 51–73 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H., Teller E.: The adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J.A.C.S. 60, 309–319 (1938)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Erhardt, W., Prüeß, A.: Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Use. European Commission Joint Research Centre. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/sludge/pdf/organics_in_sludge.pdf (2001). Accessed 15 Mar 2018

  26. Arrêté du 8 janvier 1998 fixant les prescriptions techniques applicables aux épandages de boues sur les sols agricoles pris en application du décret n°97–1133 du 8 décembre 1997 relatif à l’épandage des boues issues du traitement des eaux usées. (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wiechmann, B., Dienemann, C., Kabbe, C., Brandt S., Vogel, I., Roskosch, A.: Sewage Sludge Management in Germany. Umweltbundesamt. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/378/publikationen/sewage_sludge_management_in_germany.pdf (2013). Accessed 15 Mar 2018

  28. GB: Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. 18918-2002

    Google Scholar 

  29. Clarke, B., Porter, N., Symons, R., Blackbeard, J., Ades, P., Marriott, P.: Dioxin-like compounds in Australian sewage-sludge—review and national survey. Chemosphere 72, 1215–1228 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zuloaga, O., Navarro, P., Bizkarguenaga, E., Iparraguirre, A., Vallejo, A., Olivares, M., Prieto, A.: Overview of extraction, clean-up and detection techniques for the determination of organic pollutants in sewage sludge: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 736, 7–29 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. AFNOR: Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Waste using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. NF EN 15527:2008 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  32. US EPA: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater—Method 8275A. Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (PAHs and PCBs) in Soils/Sludge and Solid Wastes Using Thermal Extraction/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (TE/GC/MS). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/8275a.pdf (1996). Accessed 18 May 2018

  33. ISO: Soil Quality—Determination of Dioxins and Furans and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Gas Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Selective Detection (GC/HRMS). 13914:2013 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  34. ISO: Soil Quality—Determination of Nonylphenols (NP) and Nonylphenol-mono- and Diethoxylates—Method by Gas Chromatography with Mass Selective Detection (GC-MS). 13907:2012 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  35. ISO: Soil Quality—Determination of Selected Phthalates Using Capillary Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection (GC/MS). 13913:2014 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  36. ISO: Soil Quality—Determination of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS)—Method by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection (LC-FLD) and Mass Selective Detection (LC-MSD). 13896:2012 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  37. AFNOR: Sludge, Treated Biowaste and Soil—Determination of Adsorbable Organically Bound Halogens (AOX). NF EN 16166:2012 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  38. US EPA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater—Method 1650. Adsorbable organic halides by adsorption and coulometric titration. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/method_1650c_1997.pdf (1997). Accessed 18 May 2018

  39. Commission of the European Communities: Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the Protection of the Environment, and in Particular of the Soil, When Sewage Sludge is Used in Agriculture (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Us, E.P.A.: Land Application of Sewage Sludge—A Guide for Land Appliers on the Requirements of the Federal Standards for the use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  41. GB: Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge from Agricultural Use. 4284-84 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S.: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater—Method 3120.B Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Method. American Public Health Association, Washington DC (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S.: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater—Method 3030.F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric Acid Digestion. American Public Health Association, Washington DC (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S.: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater—Method 3030.K. Microwave Assisted Digestion American Public Health Association, Washington DC (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  45. AFNOR: Sludge, Treated Biowaste and Soil—Determination of Elements Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). FR EN 16170:2016 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  46. AFNOR: Sludge, Treated Biowaste and Soil—Digestion of Nitric Acid Soluble Fractions of Elements. FR EN 16173:2012 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  47. AFNOR: Sludge, Treated Biowaste and Soil—Digestion of Aqua Regia Soluble Fractions of Elements. FR EN 16174:2012 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  48. AFNOR: Determination of Elemental Composition by X-ray Fluorescence. FR EN 15309:2009 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Pathak, A., Dastidar, M.G., Sreekrishnan, T.R.: Bioleaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge: a review. J. Environ. Manage. 90, 2343–2353 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ahmad, T., Ahmad, K., Alam, M.: Sustainable management of water treatment sludge through 3‘R’ concept. J. Clean. Prod. 124(Supplement C), 1–13 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Babatunde, A.O., Zhao, Y.Q.: Constructive approaches toward water treatment works sludge management: an international review of beneficial reuses. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 129–164 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Chiang, K.-Y., Chou, P.H., Hua, C.R., Chien, K.L., Cheeseman, C.: Light weight bricks manufactured from water treatment sludge and rice husks. J. Hazard. Mater. 171, 76–82 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ippolito, J.A., Barbarick, K.A., Elliot, H.A.: Drinking water treatment residuals: a review of recent uses. J. Environ. Qual. 2, 1–12 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Razali, M., Zhao, Y.Q., Bruen, M.: Effectiveness of a drinking water treatment sludge in removing different phosphorus species from aqueous solution. Sep. Purif. Technol. 55, 300–306 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sales, A., Rodrigues de Souza, F., do Cousto Rosa Almeida, F.: Mechanical properties of concrete produced with a composite of water treatment sludge and sawdust. Constr. Build. Mater. 25(6), 2793–2798 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Sotero-Santos, R.B., Rocha, O., Povinelli, J.: Evaluation of watertreatment sludges toxicity using the Daphnia bioassay. Water Res. 39(16), 3909–3917 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Zou, J.L., Xu, G.R., Li, G.B.: Ceramsite obtained from water and wastewater sludge and its characteristics affected by Fe2O3, CaO, and MgO. J. Hazard. Mater. 165, 995–1001 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ippolito, J.A., Barbarick, K.A., Redente, E.F.: Co-application effects of water treatment residuals and biosoilds on two range grasses. J. Environ. Qual. 28, 1644–1650 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Heil, D.M., Barbarick, K.A.: Water treatment sludge influence on the growth of Sorghum-Sudangrass. J. Environ. Qual. 19, 292–298 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Elliott, H.A., Singer, L.M.: Effect of water treatment sludge on growth and element composition of tomato shoots. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19, 345–354 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Diquattro, S., Garau, G., Lauro, G.P., Silvetti, M., Deiana, S., Castaldi, P.: Municipal solid waste compost as a novel sorbent for antimony (V): adsorption and release trials at acidic pH. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25(6), 5603–5615 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Elkhatib, E., Moharem, M., Mahdy, A., Mesalem, M.: Sorption, release and forms of mercury in contaminated soils stabilized with water treatment residual nanoparticles. Land Degrad. Dev. 28, 752–761 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Tay, D.Y.Y., Fujinuma, R., Wendling, L.A.: Drinking water treatment residual use in urban soils: balancing metal immobilization and phosphorus availability. Geoderma 305, 113–121 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ociński, D., Jacukowicz-Sobala, I., Mazur, P., Raczyk, J., Kociolek-Balawejder, E.: Water treatment residuals containing iron and manganese oxides for arsenic removal from water—characterization of physicochemical properties and adsorption studies. Chem. Eng. J. 294, 210–221 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Elkhatib, E.A., Moharem, M.L.: Immobilization of copper, lead, and nickel in two arid soils amended with biosolids: effect of drinking water treatment residuals. J.S.S. 15,1937–1946 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ippolito J.A.: Aluminum-based water treatment residual use in a constructed wetland for capturing urban runoff phosphorus: column study. Water Air Soil Pollut. 226, 334 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Silvetti, M., Castaldi, P., Garau, G., Demurtas, D., Deiana, S.: Sorption of Cadmium (II) and Zinc (II) from aqueous solution by water treatment residuals at different pH values. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 226, 313 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Wang, C., Pei, Y., Zhao, Y.: Comparison of metal lability in air-dried and fresh dewatered drinking water treatment residuals. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 50, 135–143 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Elliott, H.A., Taylor, M.: Phosphorus partitioning in co-dewatering biosolids and water treatment residuals. Wat. Sci. Technol. 70, 422–430 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bhatnagar, A., Sillanpää, M.: Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and its constituents from water by adsorption—a review. Chemosphere 166, 497–510 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Schmidt, S.B., Jensen, P.E., Husted, S.: Manganese deficiency in plants: the impact on photosystem II. Trends Plant Sci. 21, 622–632 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Crop Nutrition: Manganese in Crop Production. http://www.cropnutrition.com/manganese-in-crop-production (2018). Accessed 20 Feb 2018

  73. US EPA Control of pathogens and vector attraction in sewage sludge. EPA/625/R-92/013. https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/control-pathogens-and-vector-attraction-sewage-sludge (1999). Accessed 18 May 2018

  74. WHO: Guidelines for the Safe use of Wastewater, Excreta, and Greywater, vol. 4. Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. Geneva (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Feachem, R.G., Bradley, D.J., Garelick, H., Mara, D.D.: Sanitation and Disease. Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management. Wiley, Chichester (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Carrington, E.G.: Evaluation of Sludge Treatments for Pathogen Reduction-Final Report, Report No. CO 5026/1, European Commission (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Andreoli, C.V., Von Sperling, M., Fernandes, F.: Sludge Treatment and Disposal, Biological Wastewater Treatment Series, vol. 4. IWA Publishing, London (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Lepeuple, A.S., Gaval, G., Jovic, M., de Roulin, M.R.: Literature review on levels of pathogens and their abatement in sludges, soil and treated biowaste. Horizontal Project 6 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Jillavenkatesa, A., Lum, L.H., Dapkunas, S.: Particle Size Characterization. NIST Special Publication 960-1 (2001). https://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NBS.SP.960-1

  80. ISO Particle Size Analysis—Laser Diffraction Methods. 13320:2009 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  81. GB/T Particle Size Analysis—Laser diffraction methods. 19077-2016 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  82. ISO Particle Size Analysis-Laser Diffraction Methods—Part 1: General Principles. 13220:1999-1 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Bieganowski, A., Lagod, G., Ryzak, M., Montusiewicz, A., Chomczynska, M., Sochan, A.: Measurement of activated sludge particle diameters using laser diffraction method. Ecol. Chem. Eng. S 19(4), 597–608 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Chaignon, V., Lartiges, B.S., El Samrani, A., Mustin, C.: Evolution of size distribution and transfer of mineral particles between flocs in activated sludges: an insight into floc exchange dynamics. Water Res. 36(3), 676–684 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Charlou, C.: Caractérisation et modéisation de l’écoulement de boues résiduaires dans un sécheur à palettes, PhD dissertation, Université de Toulouse, 200 p. (2014). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  86. ASTM Standard Test Method for Screening Apparent Specific Gravity and Bulk Density of Waste. D5057-17 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Sørensen, B.L., Wakeman, R.J.: Filtration characterization and specific surface area measurement of activated sludge by Rhodamine B adsorption. Water Res. 30(1), 115–121 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Smith, P.G., Coackley, P.: A method for determining specific surface area of activated sludge by dye adsorption. Water Res. 17(5), 595–598 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. ASTM Standard Test Methods for Screening of pH in Waste. D4980-89 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Tan, G.D.: Analysis of characteristics of sludge in Beijing wastewater treatment plant. Sci. Technol. Inf. 7, 340 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Fytili, D., Zabaniotou, A.: Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—a review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 12(1), 116–140 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. ASTM Standard Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water. D1067-16 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Sun, J.H., Zhang, S.T., Yao, Y.: On the buffering performance of activated sludge. J. Saf. Environ. 1, 199–202 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Quevauviller, P., Donard, O.F.X., Maier, E.A., Griepink, B.: Improvements of speciation analyses in environmental matrices. Microchim. Acta 109(1–4), 169–190 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Pustišek, N., Milačič, R., Veber, M.: Use of the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the study of the partitioning of Cd, Pb and Zn in various soil samples. J. Soils Sed. 1(1), 25–29 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Liang, X., Ning, X., Chen, G., Lin, M., Liu, J., Wang, Y.: Concentrations and speciation of heavy metals in sludge from nine textile dyeing plants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 98, 128–134 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. ISO Soil Quality—Parameters for Geochemical Modelling of Leaching and Speciation of Constituents in Soils and Materials. 12782:2012 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  98. Alonso, E., Villar, P., Santos, A., Aparicio, I.: Fractionation of heavy metals in sludge from anaerobic wastewater stabilization ponds in Southern Spain. Waste Manage. 26, 1270–1276 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Yang, Y., Tomlinson, D., Kennedy, S., Zhao, Y.Q.: Dewatered alum sludge: a potential adsorbent for phosphorus removal. Water Sci. Technol. 54, 207–213 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Yang, Y., Zhao, Y.Q., Babatunde, A.O., Wang, L., Ren, Y.X., Han, Y.: Characteristics and mechanisms of phosphate adsorption on dewatered alum sludge. Sep. Purif. Technol. 51, 193–200 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Yang, Y., Zhao, Y.Q., Kearney, P.: Influence of ageing on the structure and phosphate adsorption capacity of dewatered alum sludge. Chem. Eng. J. 145, 276–284 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Wang, Y., Ren, B., Zhao, Y.Q., English, A., Cannon, M.: A comparison of alum sludge with peat for aqueous glyphosate removal for maximizing their value for practical use. Water Sci. Technol. (2018). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Babatunde, A.O., Zhao, Y.Q., Yang, Y., Kearney, P.: Reuse of dewatered aluminium-coagulated water treatment residual to immobilize phosphorus: batch and column trials using a condensed phosphate. Chem. Eng. J. 136, 108–115 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Makris, K.C., Harris, W.G., O’Conno, G.A., Obreza, T.A.: Phosphorus immobilization in micropores of drinking-water treatment residuals: implications for long-term stability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 6590–6596 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Makris, K.C., Harris, W.G., O’Conno, G.A., Obreza, T.A., Helliot, H.A.: Physicochemical properties related to long-term phosphorus retention by drinking water treatment residuals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 4280–4289 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. AFNOR Solid Biofuels—Method for the Determination of Calorific Value, CEN/TS 14918:2005 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  107. AFNOR Solid recovered fuels—Determination of Calorific Value, EN 15400 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  108. Thipkhunthod, P., Meeyoo, V., Rangsunvigit, P., Kitiyanan, B., Siemanond, K., Rirksomboon, T.: Predicting the heating value of sewage sludges in Thailand from proximate and ultimate analyses. Fuel 84, 849–857 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Demirbas, A.: Calculation of higher heating values of biomass fuels. Fuel 76, 431–434 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Cordero, T., Marquez, F., Rodriguez-Mirasol, J., Rodriguez, J.J.: Predicting heating value of lignocellulosic and carbonaceous materials from proximate analysis. Fuel 80, 1567–1571 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Parikh, J., Channiwala, S.A., Ghosal, G.K.: A correlation for calculating HHV from proximate analysis of solid fuels. Fuel 84, 487–494 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. US EPA Process Design Manual Sludge Treatment and Disposal, US Environmental Protection Agency (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Calvo, L.F., Otero, M., Jenkins, B.M., Garcia, A.I., Moran, A.: Heating process characteristics and kinetics of sewage sludge in different atmospheres. Thermochim. Acta 409, 127–135 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. ASTM D5334-14 Standard Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil and Soft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe Procedure. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

    Google Scholar 

  115. Ladevie, B., Fudym, O., Batsale, J.C.: A new simple device to estimate the thermophysical properties of insulating materials. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 27(4), 473–484 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Ferrasse, J.H.: Développement d’outils expérimentaux pour le dimensionnement de procédés de séchage conductif avec agitation: application à des boues de stations d’épuration urbaines. PhD Dissertation, Université de Toulouse, p. 207 (2000). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  117. Spinosa, L., Wichmann, K.: Sludge characterization: the role of physical consistency. Water Sci. Technol. 49(10), 59–65 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. AFNOR Usefulness of Rheological Characterization in Sludge Management. CEN/TC308 Report CEN/TC308/WG2-N25 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  119. Spinosa, L., Lotito, V.: Rheological Measurements and Their Application in Biosolids Management. Water 21, 28–29 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  120. AFNOR: Sols: reconnaissance et essais - Détermination des limites d’Atterberg - Limite de liquidité à la coupelle - Limite de plasticité au rouleau, NF P94-051 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  121. AFNOR: Geotechnical Investigation and Testing—Laboratory Testing of Soil—Part 12: Determination of Atterberg limits, XP CEN ISO/TS 17892-12 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  122. ASTM: Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, D4318 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  123. AFNOR: Characterization of Sludges—Physical Consistency—Thixotropic Behaviour and Piling Behavior, CEN/TR 15463 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  124. AFNOR, Glossary of Wastewater Engineering Terms, EN 16323 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  125. Eshtiaghi, N., Markis, F., Yap, S.D., Baudez, J.C., Slatter, P.: Rheological characterisation of municipal sludge: a review. Water Res. 47(15), 5493–5510 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Seyssiecq, I., Ferrasse, J.H., Roche, N.: State-of-the-art: rheological characterisation of wastewater treatment sludge. Biochem. Eng. J. 16(1), 41–56 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Coussot, P.: Steady, laminar, flow of concentrated mud suspensions in open-channel. J. Hydraul. Res. 32(4), 535–559 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Baudez, J.C., Chabot, F., Coussot, P.: Rheological interpretation of the slump test. Appl. Rheol. 12(3), 133–141 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. ASTM: Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity of Emulsified Asphalts Using a Rotational Paddle Viscometer, D7226-13 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  130. AFNOR: Determination of Dynamic Viscosity of Bituminous Binder Using a Rotating Spindle Apparatus, NF EN 13302 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  131. AFNOR: Bitumen and Bituminous Binders Determination of Dynamic Viscosity of Modified Bitumen by Cone and Plate Method, NF EN 13702 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  132. ASTM: Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer, D4287 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  133. AFNOR: Determination of Viscosity Using Rotary Viscometers. Part 1: Cone-and-Plate Viscometer Operated at a High Rate of Shear, NF EN ISO 2884-1 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  134. ASTM: Standard Test Method for Yield Stress of Heterogeneous Propellants by Cone Penetration Method, D2884-93 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  135. AFNOR: Characterization of Sludges—Physical Consistency—Part 1: Determination of Flowability—Method by Extrusion Tube Apparatus, NF EN 16720-1 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  136. Ratkovich, N., Horn, W., Helmus, F.P., Rosenberger, S., Naessens, W., Nopens, I., Bentzen, T.R.: Activated sludge rheology: a critical review on data collection and modelling. Water Res. 47(2), 463–482 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Spinosa, L., Wichmann, K.: Physical consistency: a useful tool for sludge characterization to the implementation of European standards. Ingénieries Eau-Agriculture-Territoires, Numéro spécial “Les boues résiduaires: quelle caractérisation et quels impacts environnementaux pour l’épandage agricole?”, pp. 9-22 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  138. Spinosa, L., Lotito, V.: A simple method for evaluating sludge yield stress. Adv. Environ. Res. 7(3), 655–659 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. ASTM: Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Miniature Vane Shear Test for Saturated Fine-Grained Clayey Soil, D 4648 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  140. AFNOR: Sols: reconnaissance et essais - Essai scissométrique en laboratoire, NF P94-072 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  141. ASTM: Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease, D217-17 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  142. AFNOR: Petroleum Products and Lubricants—Determination of Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease and Petrolatum, NF ISO 2137 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  143. AFNOR: Adjuvants pour béton, mortier et coulis—Méthodes d’essai—Partie 2: détermination du temps de prise, NF EN 480-2 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  144. ASTM: Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle, C191 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  145. AFNOR: Plastiques - Matières thermoplastiques - Détermination de la température de ramollissement Vicat, NF EN ISO 306 (1014)

    Google Scholar 

  146. ASTM: Standard Test Method for Vicat Softening Temperature of Plastics, D1525 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  147. Hansbo, S.: A new approach to the determination of the shear strength of clays by the fall-cone test. Proc. Roy. SGI 14, 7–48 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  148. Mouzaoui, M., Baudez, J.C., Sauceau, M., Arlabosse, P.: Experimental rheological procedure adapted to dewatered sludge up to 45% dry matter. Water Res. 133, 1–7 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Liang, F., Sauceau, M., Dusserre, G., Arlabosse, P.: A uniaxial cyclic compression method for characterizing the rheological and textural behaviors of mechanically dewatered sewage sludge. Water Res. 113, 171–180 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Ruiz, T., Wisniewski, C., Kaosol, T., Persin, F.: Influence of organic content in dewatering and shrinkage of urban residual sludge under controlled atmospheric drying. Process Saf. Environ. 85(B1), 104–110 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Ruiz, T., Wisniewski, C.: Correlation between dewatering and hydro-textural characteristics of sewage sludge during drying. Sep. Purif. Technol. 61(2), 204–210 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Ruiz, T., Kaosol, T., Wisniewski, C.: Dewatering of urban residual sludges: filterability and hydro-textural characteristics of conditioned sludge. Sep. Purif. Technol. 72(3), 275–281 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Liang, F.: Caractérisation et modélisation du comportement rhéologique des boues résiduaires. PhD Dissertation, Ecole des Mines d’Albi-Carmaux (2016). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  154. Kudra, T.: Sticky region in drying—definition and identification. Drying Technol. 21(8), 1457–1469 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Peeters, B., Dewil, R., Van Impe, J.F., Vernimmen, L., Smets, I.Y.: Using a shear test-based lab protocol to map the sticky phase of activated sludge. Environ. Eng. Sci. 28(1), 81–85 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. ASTM: Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Tester, ASTM D 6128 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  157. Li, B., Wang, F., Chi, Y., Yan, J.H.: Adhesion and cohesion characteristics of sewage sludge during drying. Drying Technol. 32(13), 1598–1607 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Liang, F., Chen, X., Mao, H., Sauceau, M., Arlabosse, P., Wang, F., Chi, Y.: The microstructure: a critical factor in characterising the sticky properties of highly concentrated sewage sludge. In: 6th International Conference on Engineering for Waste and Biomass Valorisation, Albi (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  159. Arlabosse, P., Chavez, S., Lecomte, D.: Method for thermal design of paddle dryers: application to municipal sewage sludge. Drying Technol. 22(10), 2375–2393 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Loi n° 2016-816 du 20 juin 2016 pour l’économie bleue. Journal Officiel de la République Française n°0143 du 21 Juin 2016. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/afichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000032728685&categorie (2016). Accessed 20 May 2018

  161. Ministère de l’écologie, du développement durable, des transports et du logement: Sédiments – Trois mode de gestion – Mode d’emploi. DREAL Nord Pas de Calais. https://www.hauts-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/troisvolets_pageparpage_les_sediments_2011.pdf (2011). Accessed 20 May 2018

  162. AFNOR: Characterization of Waste. Methodology for the Determination of the Leaching Behaviour of Waste Under Specified Conditions, NF EN 12920 + A1 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  163. Crest, M.: Etude multi-échelle de percolations instationnaires à travers un résidu minéral réactif et modélisations hydrodynamiques associées – Applicabilité de la norme NF EN 12920, PhD thesis, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (2007). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  164. Colombel, L.: Caractérisation du comportement à la lixiviation: quels essais pour quels objectifs? BRGM. http://infoterre.brgm.fr/rapports/RP-60088-FR.pdf (2011). Accessed 20 May 2018

  165. van der Sloot, H.A., Dijkstra, J.J.: Development of horizontally standardized leaching test for construction materials: a material based or release based approach? In: Identical Leaching Mechanisms for Different Materials. ECN. https://www.ecn.nl/docs/society/leaching/C04060.pdf (2004). Accessed 20 May 2018

  166. Council of the European Union: Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. Official Journal L 182 published on 16/07/1999, 1-19 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  167. Council of the European Union: Council Decision DC 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC. Official Journal L 011 published on 16/01/2003, 27-49 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  168. EA NEN: Leaching Characteristics—Determination of the Availability of Inorganic Components for Leaching—Solid Earthy and Stony Materials. NEN 7371 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  169. EA NEN: Leaching Characteristics of Moulded or Monolithic Building and Waste Materials—Determination of Leaching of Inorganic Components with the Diffusion Test—Tank Leaching Test. NEN 7375 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  170. AFNOR: Characterization of Waste—Leaching Behaviour Test—Up-Flow Percolation Test (under specified conditions). NF EN 14405 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  171. AFNOR: Characterization of Waste—Leaching Behaviour Test—Influence of pH on Leaching with Initial Acid/Base Addition. NF EN 14429 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  172. AFNOR: Characterization of Waste—Leaching Behaviour Test—Influence of pH on Leaching with Continuous pH Control. NF EN 14997 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  173. AFNOR: Characterization of Waste—Leaching Behaviour Test for Basic Characterization—Dynamic Monolithic Leaching Test with Periodic Leachant Renewal, Under Fixed Conditions. NF EN 15863 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  174. Nordtest: Solid Waste, Granular Inorganic Material: Availability Test (NT ENVIR 003). Nordtest. http://www.nordtest.info/index.php/methods/item/solid-waste-granular-inorganic-material-availability-test-nt-envir-003.html (1995)

  175. AFNOR: Characterization of Waste—Leaching Behaviour Test for Basic Characterization—Dynamic Monolithic Leaching Test with Continuous Leachant Renewal Under Conditions Relevant for Specified Scenario(s). XP CEN/TS 15864 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  176. AFNOR: Caractérisation des déchets - Lixiviation - Essai de conformité pour lixiviation des déchets fragmentés et des boues - Partie 1: essai en bâchée unique avec un rapport liquide-solide de 2 l/kg et une granularité inférieure à 4 mm (sans ou avec réduction de la granularité). NF EN 12457-1 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  177. AFNOR: Caractérisation des déchets - Lixiviation - essai de conformité pour lixiviation des déchets fragmentés et des boues - Partie 2: Essai en bâchée unique avec un rapport L/S de 10L/kg et une granularité inférieure à 4 mm (sans ou avec réduction de la granularité). NF EN 12457-2 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  178. AFNOR: Caractérisation des déchets - Lixiviation - Essai de conformité pour lixiviation des déchets fragmentés et des boues - Partie 3: essai en bâchée double avec un rapport liquide-solide de 2 l/kg et de 8 l/kg pour des matériaux à forte teneur en solides et une granularité inférieure à 4 mm (sans ou avec réduction de la granularité). NF EN 12457-3 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  179. AFNOR: Caractérisation des déchets - Lixiviation - Essai de conformité pour lixiviation des déchets fragmentés et des boues - Partie 4: essai en bâchée unique avec un rapport liquide/solide de 10 l/kg et une granularité inférieure à 10 mm (sans ou avec réduction de la granularité). NF EN 12457-4 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  180. AFNOR: Déchets – Essai de lixiviation d’un déchet solide initialement massif ou généré par un procédé de solidification. NF X 31-211 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  181. US EPA: Method 1311. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, SW-846: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste—Physical/Chemical Methods (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  182. AFNOR: Caractérisation des déchets - Essai de lixiviation de conformité - Essai de lixiviation en bâchée unique pour des monolithes avec un rapport liquide/ surface (L/A) fixe, pour des prises d’essai de dimensions minimales fixes. XP CEN/TS 15862 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  183. van der Sloot, H.A.: European Activities on Harmonisation of Leaching/Extraction Tests and Standardisation in Relation to the Use of Alternative Materials in Construction. ECN. ftp://ecn.nl/pub/www/library/report/2001/rx01045.pdf (2001)

  184. van der Sloot, H.A., Heasman, L., Quevauviller, Ph.: Harmonization of leaching/extraction tests. Stud. Environ. Sci. 70 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  185. Lassin, A., Bodénan, F., Piantone, P., Blanc, P.: Essais de comportement des déchets à la lixiviation et modélisation des processus hydro-physico-chimiques associés, Etude bibliographique. BRGM. http://infoterre.brgm.fr/rapports/RP-51518-FR.pdf (2002). Accessed 20 May 2018

  186. Tiwari, M.K., Bajpai, S., Dewangan, U.K., Tamrakar, R.K.: Suitability of leaching test methods for fly ash ans slag: a review. J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci. 8, 523–537 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. van der Sloot, H.A., Comans, R.N.J., Meeussen, J.C.L., Dijkstra, J.J.: Leaching Methods for Soil, Sludge and Treated Biowaste. ECN. https://www.ecn.nl/docs/society/horizontal/hor_desk_23_leaching2.pdf (2003) Accessed 20 May 2018

  188. Waste Extraction Test, California Code Regulations, Sections 208 and 25141, Health and Safety Code

    Google Scholar 

  189. AFNOR: Qualité du sol - Modes opératoires de lixiviation en vue d’essais chimiques et écotoxicologiques ultérieurs des sols et matériaux du sol - Partie 4: essai de dépendance au pH avec ajout initial d’acide/base. XP CEN ISO/TS 21268-4 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  190. US EPA: Method 1313. Liquid-solid partitioning as a function of extract pH using parallel batch extraction procedure, revision (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  191. AFNOR: Qualité du sol - Modes opératoires de lixiviation en vue d’essais chimiques et écotoxicologiques ultérieurs des sols et matériaux du sol - Partie 3: Essai de percolation à écoulement ascendant. XP CEN ISO/TS 21268-3 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  192. ASTM: Standard test method for leaching solid material in a column apparatus. ASTM D4874-95 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  193. van der Sloot, H.A.: Harmonisation of leaching/extraction procedures for sludge, compost, soil and sediment analyses. In: Quevauviller, P. (ed) Methodologies for Soil and Sediment Fractionation Studies, pp. 142–170. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  194. Commission, European: Technical Work in Support of the Network “Harmonisation of Leaching/Extraction Tests”, Contract SMT4-CT96-2066. European Commission, Brussels (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  195. Gupta, S.K., Vollmer, M.K., Krebs, R.: The importance of mobile, mobilisable and pseudo total heavy metal fractions in soil for three-level risk assessment ans risk management. Sci. Total Environ. 178, 11–20 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. BRGM: Guide sur le comportement des pollutants dans les sols et les nappes – Application dans un contexte d’Evaluation Détaillée des Risques pour les resources en eau. BRGM. http://infoterre.brgm.fr/rapports/RP-50662-FR.pdf (2001). Accessed 20 May 2018

  197. Kosson, D.S., van der Sloot, H.A., Sanchez, F., Garrabrants, A.C.: An integrated framework for evaluating leaching in waste management and utilization of secondary materials. Environ. Eng. Sci. 19, 159–204 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Hjelmar, O.: Leachate from land disposal of coal fly-ash. Waste Manage. Res. 8, 429–449 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Tribout, C.: Valorisation de sédiments traités en techniques routières: contribution à la mise en place d’un protocole d’acceptabilité, PhD Thesis, Université de Toulouse (2010). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  200. AFNOR: Soil Quality—Guidance on Leaching Procedures for Subsequent Chemical and Ecotoxicological Testing of Soils and Soil Materials. NF EN ISO 18772 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  201. Garrabrants A.C.: Development and Application of Fundamental Leaching Property Protocols for Evaluating Inorganic Release from Wastes and Soil, Master Thesis, The State University of New Jersey (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  202. Meza, S.L., Kalbe, U., Berger, W., Simon, F.-G.: Effect of contact time on the release of contaminants from granular waste materials during column leaching experiments. Waste Manage. 30, 565–571 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. van der Sloot, H.A.: Developments in evaluating environmental impact from utilization of bulk inert wastes using laboratory leaching tests and field verification. Waste Manage. 16(1–3), 65–81 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  204. van der Sloot, H.A., Hoede, D., Cresswell, D.J.F., Barton, J.R.: Leaching behaviour of synthetic aggregates. Waste Manage. 21, 221–228 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. van der SLoot, H.A.: Horizontal Standardization and Harmonization of Leaching Test Methods for Waste, Secondary Raw Materials, Construction Materials and (contaminated) soil. ECN. https://www.ecn.nl/docs/society/leaching/wascon_005.pdf (2003)

  206. Quevauviller, P., van der Sloot, H.A., Urec, A., Muntaud, H., Gomeze, A., Rauret, G.: Conclusions of the workshop: harmonization of leaching/extraction tests for environmental risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 178, 133–139 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Tribout, C., Husson, B., Nzihou, A.: Use of treated dredged sediments as road base materials: environmental assessment. Waste Biomass Valorization 2(3), 337–346 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Fang, W., Wei, Y., Liu, J.: Comparative characterization of sewage sludge compost and soil: heavy metal leaching characteristics. J. Hazard. Mater. 310, 1–10 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Kribi, S.: Décomposition des matières organiques et stabilisation des métaux lourds dans les sédiments de dragage, PhD Thesis, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Lyon (2005). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  210. Dia, M.: Traitement et valorisation de sédiments de dragage phosphatés en technique routière, PhD Thesis, Ecole des Mines de Douai & Université d’Artois (2013). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  211. Theodoratos, P., Papassiopi, N., Xenidis, A.: Evaluation of monobasic calcium phosphate for the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils from Lavrion. J. Hazard. Mater. 94(2), 135–146 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. RECORD: Impacts écologiques de sédiments pollués extraits et déposés en milieux terrestres. Etat des connaissances et évaluation des risques pour les écosystèmes. RECORD, n°14-1023/1A (2017). (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  213. Ministère de l’écologie, du développement durable et de l’énergie: Arrêté du 12 décembre 2014. Journal Officiel de la République Française n° 0289 du 14 décembre 2014 page 21032, texte n°11. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000029893828&categorieLien=id (2014). Accessed 20 May 2018

  214. van der Sloot, H.A., van Zomeren, A., Meeussen, J.C.L., Seignette, P., Bleijerveld, R.: Test method selection, validation against field data, and predictive modelling for impact evaluation of stabilised waste disposal. J. Hazard. Mater. 141(2), 354–369 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. van der Sloot, H.A., Kosson, D.S.: Use of characterisation leaching tests and associated modelling tools in assessing the hazardous nature of wastes. J. Hazard. Mater. 207, 36–43 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. RAPSODEE CNRS, UMR-5302, Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, Campus Jarlard, 81013, Albi Cedex, 09, France

    Patricia Arlabosse, Ange Nzihou & Martial Sauceau

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Chico, CA, 95929-0930, USA

    Stewart Oakley

  3. UPS, INSA, LMDC, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    Christelle Tribout

  4. College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuquan Campus, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China

    Fei Wang

  5. School of Civil Engineering, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resource Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

    Yaqian Zhao

  6. State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, People’s Republic of China

    Yaqian Zhao

Authors
  1. Patricia Arlabosse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ange Nzihou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stewart Oakley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Martial Sauceau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Christelle Tribout
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Fei Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yaqian Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia Arlabosse .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. RAPSODEE CNRS, UMR-5302, Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, Albi Cedex, 09, France

    Ange Nzihou

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Arlabosse, P. et al. (2020). Sludge. In: Nzihou, A. (eds) Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35020-8_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation