Introduction

Abstract

Increasing urbanization and mobility demand lead to a large volume of traffic in urban areas. As the traffic infrastructure is limited, too much traffic results in traffic jams, noise, and air pollution. City administrations focus on a reduction of the individual traffic to tackle these discomforts. Therefore, collective traffic modes, i.e., public transport systems (PTSs), are launched or expanded. Conventional modes are buses and trams. On the one hand side, PTSs may be able to reduce urban traffic. But on the other hand side, the comfort is reduced. First, the users’ actual origins and destinations are not necessarily in walking distance to a bus or tram station. Second, buses and trams are often delayed or crowded.