Automated Ransomware Behavior Analysis: Pattern Extraction and Early Detection

Abstract

Security operation centers (SOCs) typically use a variety of tools to collect large volumes of host logs for detection and forensic of intrusions. Our experience, supported by recent user studies on SOC operators, indicates that operators spend ample time (e.g., hundreds of man hours) on investigations into logs seeking adversarial actions. Similarly, reconfiguration of tools to adapt detectors for future similar attacks is commonplace upon gaining novel insights (e.g., through internal investigation or shared indicators). This paper presents an automated malware pattern-extraction and early detection tool, testing three machine learning approaches: TF-IDF (term frequency–inverse document frequency), Fisher’s LDA (linear discriminant analysis) and ET (extra trees/extremely randomized trees) that can (1) analyze freshly discovered malware samples in sandboxes and generate dynamic analysis reports (host logs); (2) automatically extract the sequence of events induced by malware given a large volume of ambient (un-attacked) host logs, and the relatively few logs from hosts that are infected with potentially polymorphic malware; (3) rank the most discriminating features (unique patterns) of malware and from the behavior learned detect malicious activity, and (4) allows operators to visualize the discriminating features and their correlations to facilitate malware forensic efforts. To validate the accuracy and efficiency of our tool, we design three experiments and test seven ransomware attacks (i.e., WannaCry, DBGer, Cerber, Defray, GandCrab, Locky, and nRansom). The experimental results show that TF-IDF is the best of the three methods to identify discriminating features, and ET is the most time-efficient and robust approach.

This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).”.