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The Evolution of Climate Change in Portugal

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Climate Change Impact on Environmental Variability in the Forest

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science ((BRIEFSENVIRONMENTAL))

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Abstract

As a phenomenon affecting countries around the entire world, those located in regions with a predominantly Mediterranean climate have continuously suffered the effects of climate change. Portugal, being a country that is located in the area of influence of Mediterranean climate, has also felt these variations, which highlight the periods of drought even during winter. This chapter presents a characterization of the climate in mainland Portugal. Also, noteworthy is the analysis of the evolution of average monthly air temperatures from 2000 to 2017, using the same procedure for precipitation over the same period of time. Thus, it was possible to determine the existence of a trend for the occurrence of climate anomalies, which influence, for example, the increased risk for the occurrence of more rural fires.

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References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Leonel Jorge Ribeiro Nunes & Catarina Isabel Rodrigues Meireles

  2. Departamento de Paisagem Ambiente e Ordenamento and ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Carlos José Pinto Gomes

  3. Departamento de Fitotecnia and ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Nuno Manuel Cabral de Almeida Ribeiro

Authors
  1. Leonel Jorge Ribeiro Nunes
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  2. Catarina Isabel Rodrigues Meireles
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  3. Carlos José Pinto Gomes
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  4. Nuno Manuel Cabral de Almeida Ribeiro
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leonel Jorge Ribeiro Nunes .

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Figs. 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24 and 3.25.

Fig. 3.9
figure 9

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2001 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.10
figure 10

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2002 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.11
figure 11

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2003 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.12
figure 12

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2004 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.13
figure 13

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2005 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.14
figure 14

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2006 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.15
figure 15

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2007 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.16
figure 16

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2008 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.17
figure 17

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2009 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.18
figure 18

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2010 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.19
figure 19

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2011 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.20
figure 20

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2012 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.21
figure 21

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2013 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.22
figure 22

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2014 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.23
figure 23

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2015 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.24
figure 24

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2016 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.25
figure 25

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Air temperature anomalies in the year 2017 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with average air temperature above, below or equal to the normal climate from 1971 to 2000. The color blue represents the region with average lower air temperature, the color red represents the region where the average air temperature was higher, and the green color represents the region where the average air temperature was equal to the corresponding climate normal period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image

Appendix 2

See Figs. 3.26, 3.27, 3.28, 3.29, 3.30, 3.31, 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40, 3.41 and 3.42.

Fig. 3.26
figure 26

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2001 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.27
figure 27

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2002 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.28
figure 28

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2003 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.29
figure 29

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2004 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.30
figure 30

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2005 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.31
figure 31

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2006 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.32
figure 32

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2007 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.33
figure 33

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2008 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.34
figure 34

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2009 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.35
figure 35

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2010 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.36
figure 36

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2011 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.37
figure 37

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2012 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.38
figure 38

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2013 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.39
figure 39

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2014 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.40
figure 40

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2015 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.41
figure 41

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2016 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image
Fig. 3.42
figure 42

Source Own elaboration and IPMA (2018)

a Precipitation anomalies in the year 2017 (IPMA 2018). b Representation of regions with less than normal rainfall from 1971 to 2000. Beige represents the region with the lowest rainfall and lilac represents the region where the rainfall was equal to or greater than the corresponding period from 1971 to 2000.

Full size image

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Nunes, L.J.R., Meireles, C.I.R., Pinto Gomes, C.J., de Almeida Ribeiro, N.M.C. (2020). The Evolution of Climate Change in Portugal. In: Climate Change Impact on Environmental Variability in the Forest. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34417-7_3

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