Abstract
This chapter sets out the volume’s rationale and structure. The book examines the mismatch between the EU’s supply of policy in its Southern Neighbourhood and the demand for change by citizens in four countries—Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia—which have been at the forefront of the EU’s Southern Neighbourhood policies and of the 2010–11 Arab Uprisings. The book presents an innovative pairing of EU policy and practice, matching Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) on the one hand and quantitative public opinion data from surveys on the other. This approach allows the volume to map the mismatch between what citizens of Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs) want and what the EU is willing to give. Amongst other things, this mapping reveals how it has been possible for EU policy to remain entrenched in a failing framework and how such policy efforts contribute to the retrenchment rather than to resolution of the structural causes of the Arab Uprisings.
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Notes
- 1.
The EU was established by the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, in which foreign policy was introduced alongside economic cooperation. The precursor to the EU was the European Economic Community (EEC) founded by the Treaty of Rome in 1959. In referring to pre-1992 policy we use both ‘EU’ and ‘EEC’, depending on context. The two treaties (the Treaty on the European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community) were merged in the Lisbon Treaty of 2007.
- 2.
We use the term ‘Southern Mediterranean’ as this is the term most frequently used in EU policy documents, while acknowledging that Jordan, Syria and Lebanon are more correctly referred to as Middle Eastern countries. Also, the term brings into sharp focus the shared geographical space the EU’s Northern Mediterranean countries share with the Southern ENP countries. Where it fits the point/argument we are making, it is better we use ‘Arab’. This is usually when we are referring to the region—that is, the countries that are partners in the ENP as well as the Gulf States.
- 3.
Various labels have been commonly deployed to describe the protests which began in Tunisia in December 2010, quickly followed by Egypt, Bahrain, Libya and other Arab states. The labels include ‘Arab Spring’, ‘Arab Awakening’ and ‘Arab Uprisings’. Of these, this book adopts ‘Arab Uprisings’ in recognition of their ongoing/incomplete nature and in an attempt to avoid the Orientalist connotations of ‘Spring’ and ‘Awakening’.
- 4.
The UfM was implemented in 2009. From 1999 to 2008 the regional agreement was the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP).
- 5.
- 6.
Policy documents before the Uprisings generally refer to shared values; from 2011 they generally refer to universal values. In both cases reference is made to international human rights declarations and conventions to which the EU and the SMCs have acceded.
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Teti, A., Abbott, P., Talbot, V., Maggiolini, P. (2020). Introduction. In: Democratisation against Democracy. The European Union in International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33883-1_1
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