Abstract
This chapter discusses the major events that have occurred after signing the nuclear agreement, covering the rivalry of major powers to benefit from commercial relations with Iran despite the continuations of the U.S. sanctions. It describes how the U.S. policies toward Iran changed under President Donald Trump and the fallout of the U.S. exit from the agreement. It also discusses the reaction of the European states to the extraterritorial sanctions that the U.S. has imposed on their companies and banks that deal with Iran.
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After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy, Remarks by Mike Pompeo, Secretary of State, May 21, 2018, https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2018/05/282301.htm.
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Remarks on the Creation of the Iran Action Group, August 16, 2018, https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2018/08/285183.htm.
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Letter dated June 4, 2018, posted at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/714262/Joint_E3_letter_on_JCPoA.pdf.
- 34.
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- 35.
Updated Blocking Statute in Support of Iran Nuclear Deal Enters into Force, Brussels, 6 August 2018, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4805_en.htm.
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- 38.
Sadeq Larijani belongs to a family whose members hold some key political positions in the regime.
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Russia’s UN Ambassador Vassily Nebenzya said point attention to the danger of geopolitical engineering such Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen.
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- 43.
Iran Tries to Unify Exchange Rates To Halt Currency Decline, April 10, 2018, https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-looks-to-unify-exchange-rates-to-halt-currency-fall/29156130.html.
- 44.
The author estimated this in a paper presented at ISA, September 2018. Based on estimates of Iran’s GDP in 2017 of about $460 billion and its export of $98 billion and import of $63 billion, a rough estimate of how much Iran’s economy may suffer from the sanctions can be computed. Assuming an average price of Brent oil at about $55, Iran’s oil exports reduction for a year will be about ($55 × 1.2 × 365) or $ 24,090, which is about 5.2% of the $460 billion GDP.
- 45.
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Wall Street Journal, U.S. to End Iran Oil Waivers to Drive Tehran’s Exports to Zero, https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-end-iran-oil-waivers-to-drive-tehrans-exports-to-zero-11555898664.
- 47.
Currently about one-fourth of Iran’s oil is exported to China, which is about 7% of China’s oil import.
- 48.
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- 49.
President Rouhani Signs off on U.S. CENTCOM Terrorist Designation Law, April 30, 2019, https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2019/04/30/594766/Iran-United-States-CENTCOM-terrorist-organization-law-Rouhani.
- 50.
Iran’s Khordad 3 SAM System Shoots down U.S. Drone, June 20, 2019, https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2019/06/20/599007/US-drone-Khordad-3-air-defense-missile-IRGC.
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- 52.
Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Standing with Saudi Arabia, Issued on November 20, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-trump-standing-saudi-arabia/.
- 53.
Noam Chomsky, Failed States, p. 75.
- 54.
Adam Tarock, p. 1409. The Iran Nuclear Deal: Winning a Little, Losing a Lot, May 2016, pp. 1408–1424.
- 55.
The estimate was indicated by President Ahmadinejad.
- 56.
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/.
- 57.
Pompeo Condemns Iran Missile Test, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-pompeo/pompeo-condemns-iran-missile-test-idUSKCN1O03OI.
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Non-Proliferation Debate Exposes Rift as Secretary of State, Permanent Representative Exchange Several Accusations, December 12, 2018, https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/sc13615.doc.htm
- 59.
U.S. Warns Iran on Space Iaunches, Tehran Rejects Concerns Doina Chiac, January 3, 2019, https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN1OX114-OCATP.
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Torbat, A.E. (2020). The Nuclear Agreement’s Aftermath. In: Politics of Oil and Nuclear Technology in Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33766-7_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33766-7_12
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