Abstract
Chapter 11 focuses on diplomatic negotiations between Iran and Six world powers which paved the way for the sealing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in July 2015. It describes how the face-to-face negotiations between the U.S. and Iran were initiated and how Hassan Rouhani became Iran’s President in 2013 so that he could finalize the nuclear agreement. The chapter then discusses the oppositions that flared up in Iran by some political factions against the agreement, which mandated the Iranian parliament to enact a law for preserving Iran’s nuclear rights and achievements. The chapter further explains complications that the agreement faced when it was reviewed in the U.S. Congress and also in the Iranian parliament.
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Notes
- 1.
Iran Project, http://iranprojectfcsny.org/ and http://theiranproject.com. See also How Freelance Diplomacy Bankrolled by Rockefellers Has Paved the Way for an Iran Deal, July 2, 2015, by Peter Waldman, http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-07-02/how-freelance-diplomacy-bankrolled-by-rockefellers-has-paved-the-way-for-an-iran-deal.
- 2.
David Patrikarakos, Lighting Iran’s Nuclear Fuse, 2012, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/The%20World%20Today/2012/october/WT1012Patrikarakos.pdf.
- 3.
See The Shadow Party: How George Soros, Hillary Clinton, and Sixties Radicals Seized Control of the Democratic Party, by David Horowitz and Richard Poe, 2007, pp. 231–243.
- 4.
George Soros, The Bubble of American Supremacy, Public Affairs, New York, 2004.
- 5.
Brazil, Turkey and Iran, Not Just any Deal will Do, May 22, p. 63, http://www.economist.com/node/16167540.
- 6.
Israel canceled its participation being afraid of being asked to join NPT.
- 7.
Brazil Challenges International Order by Backing Iran Fuel Swap, July 15, 2010, http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/brazil-backing-iran.
- 8.
Obama’s Letter to Lula Regarding Brazil-Iran-Turkey Nuclear Negotiations, http://www.campaigniran.org/casmii/?q=node/10195.
- 9.
IAEA Statement on Iranian Enrichment Announcement, http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2010/prn201002.html.
- 10.
The P5+1 Nuclear Proposal to Iran in Almaty: Document, by Laura Rozen, Posted on June 9, 2013, http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2013/06/5444/p51-almaty-confidence-building-proposal-to-iran/#ixzz2Vlbhay8w.
- 11.
IAEA Safeguards, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Safeguards3/safeguards0707.pdf, p. 6.
- 12.
Nader Bagherzadeh, Demanding Intrusive Inspections While Threatening, March 9, 2012, http://www.campaigniran.org/casmii/?q=node/12338.
- 13.
Peter Jenkins, Nuclear Apples and Pears, June 7, 2013, http://www.lobelog.com/nuclear-apples-and-pears/.
- 14.
Kissinger: Talks Work only if U.S. Gives Iran Something, March 16, 2012, p. 1, http://iran-times.com/kissinger-talks-work-only-if-us-gives-iran-somthing/.
- 15.
Hillary Clinton, Hard Choice, 2014, pp. 437–438. See also Hillary Clinton’s Secret Iran man, by Michael Crowley, April 3, 2015, http://www.politico.com/story/2015/04/hillary-clintons-secret-iran-man-116647.
- 16.
Secret US-Iran Talks Set Stage for Nuke Deal, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25086236, 2013 25, November.
- 17.
The Wall Street Journal, Democrats and the Ayatollahs, September 3, 2015.
- 18.
Serial 24, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlihBeBfpR0, also Persian VOA, https://www.facebook.com/348107372048510/videos/390516254474288.
- 19.
U.S. Officials Say Iran Has Agreed to Nuclear Talks, by Helene Cooper and Mark Landler, October 20, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/world/iran-said-ready-to-talk-to-us-about-nuclear-program.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
- 20.
The Unexpected Results of Presidential Elections in Iran, by Akbar Torbat, July 2, 2013, http://original.antiwar.com/akbar-e-torbat/2013/07/01/the-unexpected-results-of-presidential-elections-in-iran/.
- 21.
Hooshang Amirahmadi Responds to Ben Rhodes’s Thoughts on Nuclear Accord, May 12, 2016, http://www.us-iran.org/news/2016/5/12/amirahmadi-on-voice-to-america.
- 22.
Michele Hickford, You will NOT BELIEVE Who was Best Man at John Kerry’s Daughter’s Wedding, July 28, 2015, https://www.geopolintelligence.com/you-will-not-believe-who-was-best-man-at-john-kerrys-daughters-wedding/.
- 23.
President of Iran Hassan Rouhani: Time to Engage, by Hassan Rouhani September 19, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/president-of-iran-hassan-rouhani-time-to-engage/2013/09/19/4d2da564-213e-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html.
- 24.
Reuters, Obama, Iran’s Rouhani Hold Historic Phone Call’ by Jeff Mason and Louis Charbonneau, September 27, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-assembly-iran-idUSBRE98Q16S20130928.
- 25.
Former Iranian Nuclear Negotiator Denied Visitation in Evin Prison, April 25, 2013, http://www.iranhrc.org/?p=462.
- 26.
See page 40 of the book.
- 27.
Statement by President Obama on Nowruz, March 20, 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/03/20/statement-president-obama-nowruz.
- 28.
See, Paul Klebnikov, Millionaire Mullahs, Forbes Magazine, July 21, 2003, https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0721/056.html#7d9615671c49.
- 29.
“We Won’t Give Away a Single Dollar in Crescent Case,” May 12, 2017, http://ifpnews.com/exclusive/wont-give-away-single-dollar-crescent-case/.
- 30.
Iran to Woo Oil Companies with “Sexy” Contracts, Total CEO Says, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-24/iran-to-woo-oil-companies-with-sexy-contracts-total-ceo-says.html.
- 31.
The Iranian Parliament news website, http://www.icana.ir/Fa/News/269837. 16, Dey 1393 (January 6, 2015).
- 32.
Akbar E. Torbat, Iran Yields to the West’s Demands, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MID-01-061213.html, Asia Times, December 6, 2013.
- 33.
Press Conference, John Kerry, Secretary of State, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, April 2, 2015, http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/04/240196.htm.
- 34.
Whitehouse Press Release, April 2, 2015, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/04/02/statement-president-framework-prevent-iran-obtaining-nuclear-weapon.
- 35.
Remarks by President Obama on Nowruz, March 19, 2015, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/03/19/remarks-president-obama-nowruz, Nowruz is non-religious celebrations in the entire greater Iran.
- 36.
Iran Nuclear Deal: Negotiators Announce “Framework” Agreement, April 2, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/02/iran-nuclear-deal-negotiators-announce-framework-agreement.
- 37.
Akbar E. Torbat, Iran Is Falling into a Nuclear Agreement Trap, May 5, 2015, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article41772.htm.
- 38.
Zarif Defends Nuclear Framework Deal, by Arash Karami, April 6, 2015, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/iran-lausanne-framework-zarif-defend.html#ixzz3Y5gLXOSi.
- 39.
Ahmad Jannati Speech, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgFAN8BRNRM, translated by the author.
- 40.
Negotiator: Iran Agrees ‘Managed Access’ to Military Sites, May 24, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/05/24/world/middleeast/ap-ml-iran-nuclear.html?_r=0.
- 41.
Video Secretly Filmed Inside Iranian Parliament Exposes Divisions over Nuclear Talks, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/11632180/Washington-Post-journalist-goes-on-trial-in-secret-Iranian-court.html.
- 42.
Iran, U.S. Eye ‘Intense’ Month to Seal Historic Deal, by Nicolas Revise, AFP, May 29, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-iran-us-eye-intense-month-to-seal-historic-deal-2015-5.
- 43.
Iranians Attend Massive Funeral for 270 Soldiers Martyred in Iran-Iraq War, June 17, 2015, http://iranfrontpage.com/reports/2015/06/iranians-attend-massive-funeral-for-270-soldiers-martyred-in-iran-iraq-war/.
- 44.
Kerry Dismisses Khamenei Speech but Warns No Nuclear Deal Guaranteed, June 25, 2015, by RFE/RL http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-nuclear-talks-kerry-no-deal-possible/27092101.html.
- 45.
Resolution 2231 (2015), includes the text of JCPOA, Vienna, dated July 14, 2015, http://www.un.org/en/sc/inc/pages/pdf/pow/RES2231E.pdf.
- 46.
Resolution 2231 (2015), JCPOA, Vienna, July 14, 2015, p. 99, http://www.un.org/en/sc/inc/pages/pdf/pow/RES2231E.pdf.
- 47.
Ibid., p. 4.
- 48.
Israel Spied on U.S. Talks with Iran to Undercut Deal, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/3/24/wsj-israel-spies-on-us-iran-nuclear-talks.html, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/netanyahu-slams-iran-nuclear-deal-american-jewish-leaders-article-1.2314927.
- 49.
His wife is the sister of Iranian American Hassan Nemazee who was in jail for a giant financial fraud.
- 50.
The Final Tally: How Congress Voted on Iran, September 17, 2015, http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2015/sep/11/congress-votes-deal.
- 51.
Democrats Hand Victory to Obama on Iran Nuclear Deal, by Jennifer Steinhauer, September 10, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/us/politics/iran-nuclear-deal-senate.html.
- 52.
White House, The Iran Deal Blocks the Four Pathways to a Nuclear Weapon, https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/foreign-policy/iran-deal.
- 53.
Iran Times October 9, 2015, according to the actual text of the bill.
- 54.
Iran Times, October 23, 2015.
- 55.
The International Atomic Energy Agency and Parchin: Questions and Concerns, January 18, 2013, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, http://www.sipri.org/media/expert-comments/18jan2013_IAEA_Kelley.
- 56.
IAEA Director General’s Remarks to the Press on Visit to Iran, September 21, 2015, https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/iaea-director-generals-remarks-to-the-press-on-visit-to-iran.
- 57.
Uranium Provides New Clue on Iran’s Past Nuclear Arms Work, by Jay Solomon, June 19, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/uranium-provides-new-clue-on-irans-past-nuclear-arms-work-1466380760.
- 58.
Final Assessment on Past and Present Outstanding Issues regarding Iran’s Nuclear Program, December 2, 2015, https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gov-2015-68.pdf.
- 59.
David Samuels, The Aspiring Novelist Who Became Obama’s Foreign Policy, May 6, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/08/magazine/the-aspiring-novelist-who-became-obamas-foreign-policy-guru.html?_r=0.
- 60.
Mark Landler, Alter Egos: Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and the Twilight Struggle over American Power, Random House, 2016, pp. 235–237.
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Torbat, A.E. (2020). Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran. In: Politics of Oil and Nuclear Technology in Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33766-7_11
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