Abstract
Rapidly advancing classroom technology now enables students to click on their cell phone, tablet, or laptop computer to answer questions that once required proprietary clicker devices. Instructors can now upload an image and ask students to respond by clicking directly on the image. Click-on-diagram (COD) questions are an open-ended response option that can reveal students’ understanding of a visual representation and/or a geologic structure or process. This tool is well suited to help students negotiate the spatially complex nature of the geosciences. We present three examples, about geologic time, erosion in streams, and Steno’s law of lateral continuity, to demonstrate how the patterns of students’ errors present an instructional opportunity to facilitate visual-spatial skills. Ongoing work suggests that CODs can be used to develop a range of students’ visualization skills in large lectures on a broad range of science topics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arthurs, L. A., & Kreager, B. Z. (2017). An integrative review of in-class activities that enable active learning in college science classroom settings. International Journal of Science Education, 39(15), 2073–2091.
Atit, K., Shipley, T. F., & Tikoff, B. (2014). What do a geologist’s hands tell you? A framework for classifying spatial gestures in science education. In Space in mind: Concepts for spatial learning and education (p. 173). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Caldwell, J. E. (2007). Clickers in the large classroom: Current research and best-practice tips. CBE Life Sciences Education, 6(1), 9–20.
Cheek, K. A. (2013). How geoscience novices reason about temporal duration: The role of spatial thinking and large numbers. Journal of Geoscience Education, 61(3), 334–348.
Cheek, K. A., LaDue, N. D., & Shipley, T. F. (2017). Learning about spatial and temporal scale: Current research, psychological processes, and classroom implications. Journal of Geoscience Education, 65(4), 455–472.
Chi, M. T. H. (2008). Handbook of research on conceptual change. New York: Routledge.
Cooper, M. M., Grove, N., Underwood, S. M., & Klymkowsky, M. W. (2010). Lost in Lewis structures: An investigation of student difficulties in developing representational competence. Journal of Chemical Education, 87(8), 869–874.
Crouch, C. H., & Mazur, E. (2001). Peer instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970–977.
Czajka, C. D., & McConnell, D. (2018). An exploratory study examining undergraduate geology students’ conceptions related to geologic time and rates. Journal of Geoscience Education, 66(3), 231–245.
diSessa, A. A. (2004). Metarepresentation: Native competence and targets for instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 22(3), 293–331. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s1532690xci2203_2
Dodick, J., & Orion, N. (2003). Cognitive factors affecting student understanding of geologic time. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 40(4), 415–442.
Gold, A. U., Pendergast, P. M., Ormand, C. J., Budd, D. A., & Mueller, K. J. (2018). Improving spatial thinking skills among undergraduate geology students through short online training exercises. International Journal of Science Education, 40(18), 2205–2225.
Herrera, J. S., & Riggs, E. M. (2013). Relating gestures and speech: An analysis of students’ conceptions about geological sedimentary processes. International Journal of Science Education, 35(12), 1979–2003.
Ishikawa, T., & Kastens, K. A. (2005). Why some students have trouble with maps and other spatial representations. Journal of Geoscience Education, 53(2), 184–197.
Kastens, K. (2009, October). Synthesis of research on thinking and learning in the geosciences: Developing representational competence. In annual meeting of the Geological Society of America. Abstract available: https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2009AM/finalprogram/abstract_165183.htm
Kastens, K., Shipley, T. F., & Storksdieck, M. (2018). Outcomes from a Workshop on “Educating Skillful Visualizers”. Retrieved from: https://serc.carleton.edu/highered/skillful_visualizers/workshop_findings.html
Kohl, P. B., & Finkelstein, N. D. (2005). Student representational competence and self-assessment when solving physics problems. Physical Review Special Topics – Physics Education Research, 1(1), 010104.
Kreager, B. Z., & LaDue, N. D. (2017, October). Predict-observe-explain: A promising active learning pedagogy for promoting conceptual understanding, self-efficacy, and interest in geoscience in introductory geology. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 49(6). https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2018AM/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/320804; https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018AM-320804
LaDue, N. D., & Shipley, T. F. (2018). Click-on-diagram questions: A new tool to study conceptions using classroom response systems. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 27(6), 492–507.
LaDue, N. D., Libarkin, J. C., & Thomas, S. R. (2015). Visual representations on high school biology, chemistry, earth science, and physics assessments. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 24(6), 818–834.
Libarkin, J. C., Kurdziel, J. P., & Anderson, S. W. (2007). College student conceptions of geological time and the disconnect between ordering and scale. Journal of Geoscience Education, 55(5), 413–422.
Liben, L. S., Christensen, A. E., & Kastens, K. A. (2010, August). Gestures in geology: The roles of spatial skills, expertise, and communicative context. In International conference on spatial cognition (pp. 95–111). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
Lukes, L. A., LaDue, N. D., Cheek, K. A., Ryker, K., & St. John, K. (2015). Creating a community of practice around geoscience education research: NAGT-GER. Journal of Geoscience Education, 63(1), 1–6.
McConnell, D. A., Steer, D. N., Owens, K. D., Knott, J. R., Van Horn, S., Borowski, W., Dick, J., Foos, A., Malone, M., McGrew, H., Greer, L., & Heaney, P. J. (2006). Using conceptests to assess and improve student conceptual understanding in introductory geoscience courses. Journal of Geoscience Education, 54(1), 61–68.
McConnell, D. A., Chapman, L., Czajka, C. D., Jones, J. P., Ryker, K. D., & Wiggen, J. (2018). Instructional utility and learning efficacy of common active learning strategies. Journal of Geoscience Education, 65(4), 604–625.
McGrew, K. S., & Wendling, B. J. (2010). Cattell–Horn–Carroll cognitive- achievement relations: What we have learned from the past 20 years of research. Psychology in the Schools, 47(7), 651–675.
McNeal, P., Ellis, T., & Petcovic, H. (2018). Investigating the foundations of spatial thinking in meteorology. Journal of Geoscience Education, 66(3), 246–257.
Newcombe, N. S., & Shipley, T. F. (2015). Thinking about spatial thinking: New typology, new assessments. In Studying visual and spatial reasoning for design creativity (pp. 179–192). Dordrecht: Springer.
Nitz, S., Ainsworth, S. E., Nerdel, C., & Prechtl, H. (2014). Do student perceptions of teaching predict the development of representational competence and biological knowledge? Learning and Instruction, 31, 13–22.
Novak, G. M., Patterson, E. T., Gavrin, A. D., Christian, W., & Forinash, K. (1999). Just in time teaching. American Journal of Physics, 67, 937–937.
Ormand, C. J., Manduca, C., Shipley, T. F., Tikoff, B., Harwood, C. L., Atit, K., & Boone, A. P. (2014). Evaluating geoscience students’ spatial thinking skills in a multi-institutional classroom study. Journal of Geoscience Education, 62(1), 146–154.
Padalkar, S., & Hegarty, M. (2015). Models as feedback: Developing representational competence in chemistry. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(2), 451.
Plummer, J. D. (2014). Spatial thinking as the dimension of progress in an astronomy learning progression. Studies in Science Education, 50(1), 1–45.
Plummer, J. D., Kocareli, A., & Slagle, C. (2014). Learning to explain astronomy across moving frames of reference: Exploring the role of classroom and planetarium-based instructional contexts. International Journal of Science Education, 36(7), 1083–1106.
Posner, G. J., Strike, K. A., Hewson, P. W., & Gertzog, W. A. (1982). Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change. Science Education, 66(2), 211–227.
Resnick, I., Davatzes, A., Newcombe, N. S., & Shipley, T. F. (2017). Using relational reasoning to learn about scientific phenomena at unfamiliar scales. Educational Psychology Review, 29(1), 11–25.
Ryker, K., Jaeger, A. J., Brande, S., Guereque, M., Libarkin, J., & Shipley, T. F. (2018). Research on cognitive domain in geoscience learning: Temporal and spatial reasoning. In K. St. John (Ed.), Community framework for geoscience education research. National Association of Geoscience Teachers. https://doi.org/10.25885/ger_framework/7.
Singer, S. R., Nielsen, N. R., & Schweingruber, H. A. (2012). Discipline-based education research. Washington, DC: The National Academies.
Stieff, M., Hegarty, M., & Dixon, B. (2010). Alternative strategies for spatial reasoning with diagrams. In Diagrammatic representation and inference (pp. 115–127). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
Stieff, M., Hegarty, M., & Deslongchamps, G. (2011). Identifying representational competence with multi-representational displays. Cognition and Instruction, 29(1), 123–145.
Trend, R. D. (2001). Deep time framework: A preliminary study of UK primary teachers’ conceptions of geological time and perceptions of geoscience. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 38(2), 191–221.
Tsui, C. Y., & Treagust, D. F. (2013). Introduction to multiple representations: Their importance in biology and biological education. In Multiple representations in biological education (pp. 3–8). Dordrecht: Springer.
Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 352.
Wai, J., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2009). Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 817.
Acknowledgments
Data presented in this chapter were gathered under exempt NIU-IRB protocol #HS17-0235. The project was funded as part of the GETSpatial (NSF-1640800) and GeoClick (NSF-1835950) projects. The authors would like to thank Glenn Dolphin and Emina Mesic for their contributions to this project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
LaDue, N.D., Shipley, T.F. (2020). Click-on-Diagram Questions: Using Clickers to Engage Students in Visual-Spatial Reasoning. In: Mintzes, J.J., Walter, E.M. (eds) Active Learning in College Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33600-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33600-4_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33599-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-33600-4
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)