Abstract
Biomechanics has long been established as an area of scientific and autonomous research but not as an independent subject of study. many professional figures interested in its application among which it is possible to mention those who study locomotion, the improvement of sports performance, the study of living organisms in their complex mechanical interactions as in the aerial means, in the aquatic or the real, the studies of human-machine interaction, the realization of prostheses and orthoses, robotics, the field of employment, even theatrical teaching. Each applied sector has developed models and tools appropriate to its field of intervention, however the physical and biological principles used are common and overlapping. Thus, while in biomechanics applied to sport or control of human movement the field of study is the movement of man in its many expressions and components, in biomechanics applied to robotics we face the mechanics of the human body and the “I think it’s a good thing that we’re going to be able to do that,” he said that of the analysis of posture and movement aimed at the quantitative description of the methods of performing the task and the load that intervenes during manual work by acting on the skeletal muscle structures of humans.
This chapter was co-authored by Marco Petranelli, Nicola Mucci, (Riccardo Baldassini), Francesca Fazzini and Giulio Arcangeli.
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Notes
- 1.
Hatze (1974, pp. 89–90).
- 2.
Knudson (2007).
- 3.
Trubočkin (2011, pp. 10–15).
- 4.
Duchenne (1867).
- 5.
From the graph it can be seen that the speed is maximum at zero load and the maximum force at zero speed with the maximum power (L/Dt) between 30 and 40% of the F max.
- 6.
Bernstein (1967).
- 7.
An apparatus is defined as a set of tissues and organs different in structure, function and origin, but which cooperate with each other for the performance of the same functions (respiratory, digestive, locomotor, etc.). A system, on the other hand, is a group of organs and tissues that perform a common function, but which are not necessarily connected to each other from the anatomical point of view (nervous, muscular, skeletal, etc.).
- 8.
We can count around 320 pairs of muscles in the adult human body (depending on the type of classification), 213 bones (excluding sesamoid bones) and about 360 joints (from rigid to semi-rigid to mobile ones).
- 9.
- 10.
In physics, work is a quantity that indicates a change in energy following the change in the point of application of a force for moving it (Work = force × displacement).
- 11.
Energy, whatever the form in which it may occur—electric energy, solar energy, thermal energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, gravitational energy, etc.—represents the ability of a system to do work.
- 12.
In physics, power is defined as the work accomplished/ transferred in the unit of time, or as its temporal derivative (P = dL/dt). In the international system of units of measurement, the power is measured in watts as a ratio between units of energy or work in joules and units of time in seconds. 1 w = 1 j ∗ s—or even—1 w = 859.85 cal/h.
- 13.
Hettinger and Thurlwell (2012).
- 14.
Pheasant (1986, pp. 154–156).
- 15.
Hettinger (1961).
- 16.
Clark (1974).
- 17.
Crowley-McHattan (2013).
- 18.
Caldwell (1947).
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Tosi, F. (2020). Elements of Biomechanics of Occupational Interest. In: Design for Ergonomics. Springer Series in Design and Innovation , vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33562-5_12
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