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Light Harvesting by Long-Wavelength Chlorophyll Forms (Red Forms) in Algae: Focus on their Presence, Distribution and Function

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Photosynthesis in Algae: Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 45))

Abstract

The efficiency by which oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, and particularly microalgae, utilise near infrared radiation for sustaining metabolic processes has attracted attention since the pioneering studies of Emerson and coworkers. In the vast majority of photosynthetic organisms, which use Chlorophyll (Chl) a as their main light harvesting as well as photochemically active pigment, the capacity of absorbing incident photons at wavelengths longer than 700 nm is associated with the presence of specific Chl a spectral forms, known as “red forms”. These have been considered to be almost exclusively, and rather ubiquitously, associated to either the core or the external light harvesting apparatus of Photosystem I (PSI). Therefore a large body of information has been gathered, concerning red forms associated with either the core antenna of cyanobacteria or the external light harvesting complexes of green algae as well as those of higher plants which share a common structural architecture. On the other hand, recent ecophysiological in field measurements, together with studies performed in the laboratory on model red clade organisms, challenged this general consensus. In field measurements put in evidence that the presence of PSI red forms, particularly in oceanic waters, is probably less diffused than generally assumed on the basis of model organisms analysis. Moreover, the study of red clade algae demonstrated the presence of red spectral forms associated also to Photosystem II (PSII), particularly under conditions of culture self-shading or growth under far-red illumination. Therefore, in this review chapter the nature and photophysical/photophysiological role of red forms associated to both PSI and PSII will be surveyed and discussed. Moreover a general discussion of the impact of antenna forms absorbing at lower energies than the respective reaction centres, therefore being in competition for excited state localisation with photochemical processes and productive photon energy utilisation, will be discussed in a simplified, although generalised, framework.

*Author for correspondence, e-mail: stefano.santabarbara@cnr.it

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Fundamental Research in Photosynthesis, Vergiate, Varese, Italy

    Stefano Santabarbara

  2. Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Milan, Italy

    Stefano Santabarbara

  3. Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy

    Anna Paola Casazza

  4. Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Třeboň, Czech Republic

    Erica Belgio, Radek Kaňa & Ondřej Prášil

  5. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Ondřej Prášil

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  1. Stefano Santabarbara
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  2. Anna Paola Casazza
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  3. Erica Belgio
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  4. Radek Kaňa
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  5. Ondřej Prášil
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Correspondence to Stefano Santabarbara .

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  1. Global Climate Custer, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia

    Anthony W.D. Larkum

  2. Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Arthur R. Grossman

  3. Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the JHI, Dundee, UK

    John A. Raven

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Santabarbara, S., Casazza, A.P., Belgio, E., Kaňa, R., Prášil, O. (2020). Light Harvesting by Long-Wavelength Chlorophyll Forms (Red Forms) in Algae: Focus on their Presence, Distribution and Function. In: Larkum, A., Grossman, A., Raven, J. (eds) Photosynthesis in Algae: Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 45. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33397-3_11

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