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Duty Cycling

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Real-time Communication Protocols for Multi-hop Ad-hoc Networks

Part of the book series: Computer Communications and Networks ((CCN))

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Abstract

When using battery-powered nodes, energy consumption is a major concern. Duty cycling is a functionality to save energy and thereby extend network lifetime. In this chapter, we explain foundations of duty cycling in wireless ad hoc networks, present our duty cycling approach in ProNet 4.0 (Gotzhein in ProNet 4.0—a wireless real-time communication system for Industry 4.0. White Paper, Networked Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern, 2014 [1]) that has been originally developed for MacZ (Christmann et al. in J Concurr Comput Pract Exp 25(2):218–233, 2013 [2]), survey and compare related work, and draw conclusions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In B-MAC [11], a preamble scheme is used instead. Before sending, a node transmits a long preamble. The other nodes wake up in regular intervals and check for the preamble. If they detect the preamble, they wait for the message, otherwise, they change to sleep mode.

  2. 2.

    The assisted bicycle trainer can also be used for road training.

  3. 3.

    For simplicity, we omit exclusive slot assignments (once per super slot) for the trainer, to communicate commands to cyclists. During these slots, cyclist nodes act as receivers and therefore perform idle-listening, too.

  4. 4.

    For a simplified presentation, we abstract from clock offsets.

Literature

Chair for Networked Systems

  1. Gotzhein R (2014) ProNet 4.0—A wireless real-time communication system for industry 4.0. White Paper, Networked Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern. http://vs.informatik.uni-kl.de/publications/2014/Go14/whitePaperEN-ProNet4.0.pdf. Last accessed 27 Aug 2019

  2. Christmann D, Gotzhein R, Krämer M, Winkler M (2013) Flexible and energy-efficient duty cycling in wireless networks with MacZ. In: Proceedings 10th annual international conference on new technologies of distributed systems (NOTERE 2010), Tozeur, Tunisia, May 31–June 2, pp 121–128; J Concurr Comput Pract Exp 25(2):218–233

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  3. Fliege I, Geraldy A, Gotzhein R, Jaitner T, Kuhn T, Webel C (2006) An ambient intelligence system to assist team training and competition in cycling. In: Moritz EF, Haake S (eds) Developments in sports. The engineering of sports 6, vol 1. Springer Science and Business Media, New York, pp 103–108

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  4. Sefati H, Gotzhein R, Kramer C, Schloesser S, Weiss M (2018) Dynamic overlay line topology establishment and repair in wireless networks. In: IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC 2018), Barcelona, Spain, 15–18 Apr 2018

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Further References

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  2. Chipcon AS, CC2420 ZigBee-ready RF transceiver. http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs150/Documents/CC2420.pdf. Last accessed 27 Aug 2019

  3. Du S, Saha AK, Johnson DB (2007) RMAC: a routing-enhanced duty cycle MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: 26th IEEE international conference on computer communications (INFOCOM 2007), Anchorage, Alaska, 6–12 May 2007, pp 1478–1486

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  4. Elson J, Girod L, Estrin D (2002) Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts. In: Proceedings of the fifth symposium on operating systems design and implementation (OSDI 2002), Boston, MA, Dec 2002

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  5. Ferrari F, Zimmerling M, Mottola L, Thiele L (2012) Low-power wireless bus. In: 10th ACM conference on embedded network sensor systems (SenSys’12), Toronto, Canada, 6–9 Nov 2012, pp 1–14

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  8. PermaSense (2018) University of Zürich (UZH) and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH). http://www.permasense.ch/en.html. Last accessed 27 Aug 2019

  9. Ye W, Heidemann JS, Estrin D (2002) An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: 21st IEEE conference on computer communications (INFOCOM 2002), New York, 23–27 June 2002, pp 1567–1576

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  10. Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D (2004) Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 12(3):493–506

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  11. ZigBee™ Alliance (2005) ZigBee specification, version 1.0. www.zigbee.org. Last accessed 27 Aug 2019, p 378

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chair for Networked Systems, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Reinhard Gotzhein

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Reinhard Gotzhein
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Correspondence to Reinhard Gotzhein .

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Gotzhein, R. (2020). Duty Cycling. In: Real-time Communication Protocols for Multi-hop Ad-hoc Networks. Computer Communications and Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33319-5_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33319-5_7

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33318-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-33319-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

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