Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Behavioral Diabetes pp 227–242Cite as

Health Care, Insurance, and School Policy Affecting Diabetes in the Pediatric Population

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 961 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter considers the issues of health care, insurance, and policies that affect pediatric diabetes management. After reviewing epidemiologic trends in pediatric diabetes, we consider guidelines for treatment and goals of care. Consistent with the social ecological model, we discuss models of pediatric health care and address barriers to health insurance. Diabetes management in the school setting is discussed, along with consideration of laws that impact on how care is delivered in various settings. Finally, international perspectives on these issues are discussed. Continued advocacy including appropriate policy changes is needed to ensure that children and adolescents with diabetes achieve good glycemic control, quality of life, and a future free of health complications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Diabetes Association. (2013). Diabetes Care in the School and day Care Setting. Diabetes Care, 36(Suppl 1), S75–S79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association. (2018). 12. Children and adolescents: Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2018. Diabetes Care, 41, S126–S136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority is the national, independent statutory authority governing the National Quality Framework www.acecqa.gove.au/national-quality-framework/national-law and regulations 2017.

  • Bratina, N., Forsander, G., Annan, F., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice guidelines 2018: Management and support of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in school. Pediatric Diabbetes, 19(Suppl. 27), 287–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, F., Cotterill, A., Couper, J., et al. (2013). Short report: Care for children and adolescents with diabetes in Australia and New Zealand: Have we achieved the defined goals? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49, E258–E262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, F. J., Garvey, J., Hood, K. K., Acerini, C. L., & Codner, E. (2018). ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018. Diabetes in adolescence. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl 27), 250–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catanzariti, L., Faulks, K., Moon, L., Waters, A. M., Flack, J., & Craig, M. E. (2009). Australia’s national trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in 0-14-year-olds, 2000–2006. Diabetic Medicine, 26, 596–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charalampopoulos, D., Hermann, J. M., Svensson, J., et al. (2018). Exploring variation in glycemic control across and within eight high-income countries: A cross-sectional analysis of 64,666 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 41(6), 1180–1187.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, J. L., Kirkman, M. S., Laffel, L. M., & Peters, A. L. (2014). Type 1 diabetes through the life span: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 37, 2034–2054.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Children and Families Act.2014. Diabetes UK: Diabetes in schools – responsibilities of headteachers, school governors & responsible bodies. www.diabetes.org.UK

  • Chobot, A., Polanska, J., Brandt, A., Deja, G., Glowinska-Olszewska, B., Pilecki, O., … Jarosz-Chobot, P. (2017). Updated 24-year trend of type 1 diabetes incidence in children in Poland reveals a sinusoidal pattern and sustained increase. Diabetic Medicine, 34(9), 1252–1258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clapin, H., Phelan, H., Bruns, L., Jr., et al. (2016). Australasian diabetes data network: Building a collaborative resource. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 10, 1015–1026.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, K. C., Silverstein, J., Moore, K. R., et al. (2013). Management of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 131, 364–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corathers, S. D., Schoettker, P. J., et al. (2015). Health-system-based interventions to improve care in pediatric and adolescent type 1 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports, 15, 91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dabelea, D., Bell, R. A., D’Agostino, R. B., Jr., et al. (2007). Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297, 2716–2724.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dabelea, D., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Saydah, S., et al. (2014). Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA, 311, 1778–1786.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Danne, T., Phillip, M., Buckingham, B. A., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl. 27), 115–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiMeglio, L. A., Acerini, C. L., Codner, E., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, ado- lescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl. 27), 105–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaghue, K. C., Marcovecchio, M. L., Wadwa, R. P., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl. 27), 262–274.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D., Noyes, J., Lowes, L., Haf Spencer, L., & Gregory, J. W. (2014). An ongoing struggle: A mixed-method systematic review of interventions, barriers and facilitators to achieving optimal self-care by children and young people with type 1 diabetes in educational settings. BMC Pediatrics, 14, 228.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eibner, C. Nowak, S. A. (2018, July). The effect of eliminating the individual mandate penalty and the role of behavioral factors. Commonwealth Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everest, E., Akhtar, S., Sumego, M., et al. (2016). Effectiveness of shared medical appointments versus traditional clinic visits for adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Quality Management in Health Care, 25, 181–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazeli Farsani, S., van der Aa, M. P., van der Vorst, M. M., Knibbe, C. A., & de Boer, A. (2013). Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: A systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia, 56, 1471–1488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, S. C., Blane, A., Wardlaw, J., et al. (2005). Influence of an early-onset age of type 1 diabetes on cerebral structure and cognitive function. Diabetes Care, 28, 1431–1437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, N. C., Beck, W., Miller, K. M., Clements, M. A., Rickles, M. R., DiMeglio, L. A., … Olson, B. (2019). GARG SK, for the T1D exchange clinical network, state of type 1 diabetes management and outcomes from the T1D exchange in 2016–2018. Diabetes Technology & Theraputics, 21(2), 66–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gandica, R., & Zeitler, P. (2016). Update on youth-onset type 2 diabetes: Lessons learned from the treatment options for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth clinical trial. Advances in Pediatrics, 63, 195–209.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudieri, P. A., Chen, R., Greer, T. F., & Holmes, C. S. (2008). Cognitive function in children with type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 31, 1892–1897.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gesuita, R., Skrami, E., Bonfanti, R., et al. (2016). The role of socio-economic and clinical factors on HbA1c in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: An Italian multicentre survey. Pediatric Diabetes, 18(3), 241–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goss, P., Goss, J., Price, D., Gray, L., Paterson, M., Foskett, D., Chambers O’Shannassy, J., Harding, A.. T1D Learning Center, https://www.t1d.org.au, APS, ISPAD.

  • Hilliard, M. E., Harris, M. A., & Weissberg-Benchell, J. (2012). Diabetes resilience: A model of risk and protection in type 1 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports, 12, 739–748.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilliard, M. E., Powell, P. W., & Anderson, B. J. (2016). Evidence-based behavioral interventions to promote diabetes Management in Children, adolescents and families. The American Psychologist, 71(7), 590–601.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hood, K. K., Peterson, C. M., Rohan, J. M., & Drotar, D. (2009). Association between adherence and glycemic control in pediatric type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 124, e1171–e1179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hood, K. K., Beavers, D. P., Yi-Frazier, J., et al. (2014). Psychosocial burden and glycemic control during the first 6 years of diabetes: Results from the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 498–504.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • IDF. (2017). Diabetes atlas (8th ed.). Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imperatore, G., Boyle, J. P., Thompson, T. J., et al. (2012). Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050: Dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth. Diabetes Care, 35, 2515–2520.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Inman, M., Daneman, D., Curtis, J., et al. (2016). Social determinants of health are associated with modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and vascular function in pediatric type 1 diabetes. The Journal of Pediatrics, 177, 167–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, C. C., Albanese-O’Neill, A., Butler, K. L., et al. (2015). Diabetes care in the school setting: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 38, 1958–1963.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahkoska, A. R., Shay, C. M., Crandell, J., Dabelea, D., et al. (2018). Association of Race and Ethnicity with glycemic control and hemoglobin A1c levels in youth with type 1 diabetes. JAMA Network Open, 1(5), e181851.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, M. L., Laffel, L. M., Perrin, J. M., & Kuhlthau, K. (2012). Impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the family is reduced with the medical home, care coordination, and family-centered care. The Journal of Pediatrics, 160, 861–867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, L. L., Anderson, B. J., McKay, S. V., et al. (2016). Correlates of medication adherence in the TODAY cohort of youth with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 39(11), 1956–1962.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klingensmith, G. J., Connor, C. G., Ruedy, K. J., et al. (2016). Presentation of youth with type 2 diabetes in the pediatric diabetes consortium. Pediatric Diabetes, 17, 266–273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, S. E., Cummings, E. A., Pacaud, D., Lynk, A., & Metzger, D. L. (2015). Managing type 1 diabetes in school: Recommendations for policy and practice. Paediatrics & Child Health, 20, 35–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Limbers, C. A., Emery, K., Young, D., & Stephen, M. (2015). Cognitive functioning, metabolic control, and treatment type in youth with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 28, 353–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx, K., Seiffge-Krenke, I., Missotten, L., Rassart, J., Casteels, K., & Goethals, E. (2013). Parent-adolescent conflict, treatment adherence and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes: The importance of adolescent externalising symptoms. Psychology & Health, 28, 1082–1097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmud, F. H., Elbarbary, N. S., Fröhlich- Reiterer, E., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Other complications and associated conditions in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl. 27), 275–286.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marrero, D. G., Ard, J., Delamater, A. M., Peragallo-Dittko, V., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Nwankwo, R., & Fisher, E. B. (2013 Feb). Twenty-first century Belahioral medicine: A context for empowering clinicians and patients with diabetes: A consensus report. Diabetes Care, 36(2), 463–470.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mauras, N., Mazaika, P., Buckingham, B., et al. (2015). Longitudinal assessment of neuroanatomical and cognitive differences in young children with type 1 diabetes: Association with hyperglycemia. Diabetes, 64, 1770–1779.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Davis, E. K., Lawrence, J. M., Dabelea, D., et al. (2017). Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002–2012. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376, 1419–1429.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Davis, E. J., Kahkoska, A. R., Jefferies, C., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl. 27), 7–19.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meehan, C., & Silverstein, J. (2016). Treatment options for type 2 diabetes in youth remain limited. The Journal of Pediatrics, 170, 20–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mezquita-Raya, P., Reyes-Garcia, R., Moreno-Perez, O., et al. (2013). Position statement: Hypoglycemia management in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus working Group of the Spanish Society of endocrinology and nutrition. Endocrinología y Nutrición, 60, 517.e511–517.e518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modi, A. C., Pai, A. L., Hommel, K. A., et al. (2012). Pediatric self-management: A framework for research, practice, and policy. Pediatrics, 129, e473–e485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau, K. J., Anderson, B. J., Berg, E. G., et al. (2016). Youth-onset type 2 diabetes consensus report: Current status, challenges, and priorities. Diabetes Care, 39, 1635–1642.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nambam, B., Silverstein, J., Cheng, P., et al. (2016). A cross-sectional view of the current state of treatment of youth with type 2 diabetes in the USA: Enrollment data from the pediatric diabetes consortium type 2 diabetes registry. Pediatric Diabetes, 18(3), 222–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naughton, M. J., Yi-Frazier, J. P., Morgan, T. M., et al. (2014). Longitudinal associations between sex, diabetes self-care, and health-related quality of life among youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Pediatrics, 164, 1376–1383.e1371.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Noser, A. E., Patton, S. R., Van Allen, J., Nelson, M. B., & Clements, M. A. (2016). Evaluating Parents’ self-efficacy for diabetes Management in Pediatric Type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 42(3), 296–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oester, I. M., Kloppenborg, J. T., Olsen, B. S., & Johannesen, J. (2016). Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Danish children and adolescents in 2014. Pediatric Diabetes, 17, 368–373.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onge, E. S., Miller, S. A., & Motycka, C. (2015). DeBerry A. A review of the treatment of type 2 diabetes in children. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 20, 4–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papanicolas, I., Woskie, L. R., & Jha, A. K. (2018, Mar 13). Health care spending in the United States and other high-income countries. Journal of the American Medical Association, 319(10), 1024–1039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parish, S. L., Shattuck, P. T., & Rose, R. A. (2009). Financial burden of raising CSHCN: Association with state policy choices. Pediatrics, 124(Suppl 4), S435–S442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. C., Dahlquist, G. G., Gyurus, E., Green, A., & Soltesz, G. (2009). Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989–2003 and predicted new cases 2005–20: A multicentre prospective registration study. Lancet, 373, 2027–2033.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. C., Gyurus, E., Rosenbauer, J., et al. (2012). Trends in childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Europe during 1989–2008: Evidence of non-uniformity over time in rates of increase. Diabetologia, 55, 2142–2147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perantie, D. C., Lim, A., Wu, J., et al. (2008). Effects of prior hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia on cognition in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatric Diabetes, 9, 87–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, S., Dahlquist, G., Gerdtham, U. G., & Steen Carlsson, K. (2013). Impact of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes on schooling: A population-based register study. Diabetologia, 56, 1254–1262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pettitt, D. J., Talton, J., Dabelea, D., et al. (2014). Prevalence of diabetes in U.S. youth in 2009: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care, 37, 402–408.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Phelan, H., Lange, K., Cengiz, E., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl. 27), 75–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, J. S., & Wysocki, T. (2015). Topical review: Advancing research on the transition to adult Care for Type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40, 1041–1047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pihoker, C., Forsander, G., Fantahun, B., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018. The delivery of ambulatory diabetes care to children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl 27), 84–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasanna Kumar, K. M., Dev, N. P., Raman, K. V., et al. (2014). Consensus statement on diabetes in children. Indian Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism, 18, 264–273.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, et al. (2018). BMC Health Services Research, 18, 371.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sarnblad, S., Akesson, K., Fernstrom, L., Ilvered, R., & Forsander, G. (2016). Improved diabetes management in Swedish schools: Results from two national surveys. Pediatric Diabetes, 18, 463–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarnblad, S., Berg, L., Detlofsson, I., Jonsson, A., & Forsander, G. (2014). Diabetes management in Swedish schools: A national survey of attitudes of parents, children, and diabetes teams. Pediatric Diabetes, 15, 550–556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, B., Cox, C. (2018). How does health spending in the U.S. compare to other countries? Kaiser Family Foundation. Peterson-Kaiser Health Tracker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaramuzza, A., Cherubini, V., Tumini, S., et al. (2014). Recommendations for self-monitoring in pediatric diabetes: A consensus statement by the ISPED. Acta Diabetologica, 51, 173–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnell, O., Alawi, H., Battelino, T., et al. (2011). Addressing schemes of self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: A European perspective and expert recommendation. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 13, 959–965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semenkovich, K., Patel, P. P., Pollock, A. B., et al. (2016). Academic abilities and glycaemic control in children and young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 33, 668–673.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, M., Nazareth, I., & Petersen, I. (2016). Trends in incidence, prevalence and prescribing in type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2000 and 2013 in primary care: A retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 6, e010210.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smart, C. E., Annan, F., Higgins, L. A., Jelleryd, E., Lopez, M., & Acerini, C. L. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice con- sensus guidelines 2018: Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl 27), 136–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, J., Cheng, P., Ruedy, K. J., et al. (2015). Depressive symptoms in youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: Results of the pediatric diabetes consortium screening assessment of depression in diabetes study. Diabetes Care, 38, 2341–2343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, T. C., Lange, K. S., Hoey, H., et al. (2018 May). The Hvidoere study GroupTargets and teamwork: Understanding differences in paediatric diabetes centers treatment outcomes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(3), 559–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, F., Barnard, K., Cato, A., de Beaufort, C., DiMeglio, L. A., Dooley, G., Hershey, T., Hitchcock, J., Jain, V., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Rami-Merhar, B., Smart, C. E., & Hanas, R. (2017). Managing diabetes in preschool children. Pediatr Diabetes, 0, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamborlane, W. V., Haymond, M. W., Dunger, D., et al. (2016). Expanding treatment options for youth with type 2 diabetes: Current problems and proposed solutions: A white paper from the NICHD diabetes working group. Diabetes Care, 39, 323–329.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tran, F., Stone, M., Huang, C. Y., et al. (2014). Population-based incidence of diabetes in Australian youth aged 10-18 yr: Increase in type 1 diabetes but not type 2 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 15, 585–590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock, R. S., Drews, K. L., Caprio, S., Leibel, N. I., McKay, S. V., & Zeitler, P. S. (2015). Metabolic syndrome is common and persistent in youth-onset type 2 diabetes: Results from the TODAY clinical trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 23, 1357–1361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock, R. S., Trief, P. M., El Ghormli, L., et al. (2015). Parental characteristics associated with outcomes in youth with type 2 diabetes: Results from the TODAY clinical trial. Diabetes Care, 38, 784–792.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfgram, P. M., Sarrault, J., Clark, S., & Lee, J. M. (2013). State-to-state variability in title V coverage for children with diabetes. The Journal of Pediatrics, 162, 873–875.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. R., Miller, K. M., Maahs, D. M., et al. (2013). Most youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D exchange clinic registry do not meet American Diabetes Association or International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes clinical guidelines. Diabetes Care, 36, 2035–2037.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zeitler, P., Hirst, K., Pyle, L., et al. (2012). A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 2247–2256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeitler, P., Arslanian, S., Fu, J., et al. (2018). ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl 27), 28–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeraatkar, D., Nahari, A., Wang, P. W., et al. (2016). Appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for management of paediatric type 2 diabetes mellitus using the AGREE II instrument: A systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 5, 111.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Ellis, D. A., Naar-King, S., Moltz, K., Carcone, A. I., & Dekelbab, B. (2016). Effects of socio-demographic factors on parental monitoring, and regimen adherence among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A moderation analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 176–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Lynda K. Fisher & Alaina P. Vidmar

Authors
  1. Lynda K. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alaina P. Vidmar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lynda K. Fisher .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Alan M. Delamater

  2. Center for Border Health Disparities, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA

    David G. Marrero

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fisher, L.K., Vidmar, A.P. (2020). Health Care, Insurance, and School Policy Affecting Diabetes in the Pediatric Population. In: Delamater, A., Marrero, D. (eds) Behavioral Diabetes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33286-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation