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Marine Micro- and Macroalgae in the Polar Night

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POLAR NIGHT Marine Ecology

Part of the book series: Advances in Polar Ecology ((AVPE,volume 4))

Abstract

Microalgae have unique adaptions including low metabolic activity, utilization of lipid storage, and resting stage formation to survive the Polar Night. Some species are mixotrophic or heterotrophic and do survive periods that are not favorable for photosynthetic (autotrophic) growth, such as the Polar Night. In addition, the autotrophic and mixotrophic species seem to maintain the key components of the photosynthetic apparatus intact during the dark period, which allows them to resume growth rapidly once light comes back in spring. In contrast, some macroalgal species may act as “season anticipators” and utilize the winter darkness or early spring period as their major growth seasons. This chapter elucidates aspects of the ecology of micro- and macroalgae with a focus on the dark season. It is comprised of six parts and starts with an introduction (Sect. “Introduction”) about Arctic marine micro- and macroalgae. Section “The Key Abiotic Environmental Variables Related to Micro- and Macroalgae” reviews the key abiotic environmental variables related to micro- and macroalgal growth and survival. The seasonal development of the different groups of microalgae is described in Sect. “Microalgae”, comprising phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, and sea-ice algae. Section “Macroalgae” introduces the three classes of macroalgae (phaeo-, rhodo-, and chlorophytes) with information about biological variables, seasonal processes, and habitats. Section “Ecophysiology of Algae in the Polar Night” sheds light on the ecophysiology of microalgae and macroalgae in the Polar Night, using selected examples. The last Section “Conclusive Remarks” summarizes our current state of knowledge and provides some conclusions derived from it.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations & Systems (AMOS), Trondhjem Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

    Geir Johnsen

  2. The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway

    Geir Johnsen

  3. Akvaplan-niva AS, CIENS, Oslo, Norway

    Eva Leu

  4. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

    Rolf Gradinger

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  1. Geir Johnsen
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  2. Eva Leu
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  3. Rolf Gradinger
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Correspondence to Geir Johnsen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations & Systems (AMOS), Trondhjem Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

    Jørgen Berge

  2. Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations & Systems (AMOS), Trondhjem Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway

    Geir Johnsen

  3. School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA

    Jonathan H. Cohen

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Johnsen, G., Leu, E., Gradinger, R. (2020). Marine Micro- and Macroalgae in the Polar Night. In: Berge, J., Johnsen, G., Cohen, J. (eds) POLAR NIGHT Marine Ecology. Advances in Polar Ecology, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33208-2_4

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