Abstract
This introductory chapter is meant to provide a rationale for the importance of looking at trauma in the forensic arena. In this context, it introduces relevant elements that the different contributors address in their respective chapters, where they provide a systematic and comprehensive examination of the different ways trauma may be present in victims and perpetrators of various crimes and situations. We highlight the significance of this recognition of the role of trauma as an important guide when addressing the question of assessment and sentencing and what types of intervention should be considered while in prison and beyond. Our main goal, in this regard, is to provide a framework that encourages forensic professionals to consider different types of trauma when evaluating and treating individuals involved in the justice system, but particularly in cases of chronic and pervasively insidious trauma. Considering the diverse populations of clients involved in the justice system, it is also our goal to emphasize the crucial importance of considering cultural and linguistic issues in those involved in the legal system that are likely to add additional complications to the assessment and adjudication of forensic issues.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
A&E. (2018, May 14). Charles Manson. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from https://www.biography.com/people/charles-manson-9397912
Ainsworth, M. D., & Bell, S. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41, 49–67.
Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Allen, J. G., & Fonagy, P. (2017). Trauma. In P. Luyten, L. C. Mayes, P. Fonagy, M. Target, & S. Blatt (Eds.), Handbook of psychodynamic approaches to psychopathology (pp. 165–198). New York, NY/London: The Guilford Press.
Almeida, I., Ramalho, A., Fernandez, M. B., & Guarda, R. (2019). Adult attachment as a risk factor for intimate partner violence. Annals of Medicine, 51(1), 1–5.
Altman, R. (2015). Sympathy for the devil: Charles Manson’s exploitation of California’s 1960s counter-culture. Undergraduate honors theses. 907. https://scholar.colorado.edu/honr_theses/90
Alzheimer’s Risk Gene disrupts brain’s wiring 50 years before the disease hits (2011, May 16). Science Daily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com;
American Academy of Pediatrics. (1998). Committee on Environmental Health. Screening for elevated blood lead levels. Pediatrics, 101, 1072–1078.
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2005). Lead exposure in children: Prevention, detection, and management-Committee on Environment Health. Pediatrics, 116(4), 1036–1046; http://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1947.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition), Washington DC: APA.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
Arrigo, B. A., & Griffin, A. (2004). Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 375–393. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.583
Banks, M. E. (2018). Victimized and disabled: Neuropsychological issues at the intersection of gender and ethnicity. In R.A. Javier & W.G.Herron (Eds.), Understanding domestic violence: Theories, challenges, and remedies (Pp.265–285). New York/London: Rowman & Litttlefield;
Beck, A. T. (2009). Cognitive aspects of personality disorders and their relation to syndromal disorders. A psychoevolutionary approach. In C. R. Cloninger (Ed.), Personality and psychopathology (pp. 411–429). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Beck, A. T. (2019). A 60-year evolution of cognitive theory and therapy. Perspective on Psychological Science, 14(1), 16–20.
Bellak, L., & Goldsmith, L. (1984). The broad scope of ego function assessment. New York, NY: Wiley.
Bellinger, D. C., & Needleman, H. L. (2003). Intellectual impairment and blood levels [letter]. New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 500–502.
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development,and reproductive strategy: an evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Dev, 62(4), 647–70.
Belsky, J. (2019). Early-life adversity accelerates child and adolescent development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(3), 241–243.
Bifulco, A., Moran, P. M., Baines, R., Bunn, A., & Stanford, K. (2002). Exploring psychological abuse in childhood: II. Association with other abuse and adult clinical depression. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 66(3), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.66.3.241.23366
Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., … Spivak, H. R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf.
Blackman, T. (2006). Placing health: Neighbourhood renewal, health improvement and complexity. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
Blanchard, L., Gurka, M., & Blackman, J. (2006). Emotional, developmental, and behavioral health of American children and their families: A report from the 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health. Pediatrics, 11(7), e1202–e1212.
Blanco, J. I. (2017, June 4). Albert Hamilton fish. Retrieved from http://murderpedia.org/male.F/f/fish-albert.htm.
Blanco, J. I. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://murderpedia.org/male.F/f/ferguson-colin.htm
Blanck, G., & Blanck, R. (1974). Ego psychology: Theory and practice. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Blatt, S. J. (2004). Experiences of depression: Theoretical, clinical, and research perspectives. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.
Blatt, S. J. (2017). Depression. In P. Luyten, L. C. Mayes, P. Fonagy, M. Target, & S. Blatt (Eds.), Handbook of psychodynamic approaches to psychopathology (pp. 131–151). New York, NY/London: The Guilford Press.
Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home life. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 25(19–52), 107–127.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London, UK: Routledge.
Broomfield, N. (Director). (2014, September 18). Aileen Wuornos: The selling of a serial killer [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPD2hd6y_C8
Bullis, J. E. (1985). A social-psychological case history: The Manson incident. Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3564.
Bureau of Justice Statistics (2017). www.bing.com/search?q=2017+crime+rate+united+states&FORM=RSFD3.
Bureau of Justic Statistics (2019). http://bjs.gov/index.cfm?=pbdetail&iid=6646.
Burns, L., Breen, C., & Dunlop, A. J. (2014). Prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders must include maternal treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 200(7), 392.
Canfield, R. L., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Cox, C., Jusko, T. A., & Lanphear, B. (2003). Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10μg per deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1517–1526.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). Managing elevated blood levels among young children: Recommendations from Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Atlanta, GA: Center for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/CaseManagement/CaseManage_main.htm. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Intimate partner violence: Consequences. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/consequences.html
Charles Manson: Helter skelter and beyond. (n.d.). Place of publication not identified: Filiquarian Pub. LLC.
Charness, M. E. (2009). Functional connectivity in Wernike Encephalopathy. Journal Watch Neurology. Retrieved from http://neurology.watch.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2009/623/4?q=etoc_jwneuro;
Courtois, C. A. (2016). Complex development trauma in adults: Innovation in integrated treatment. Paper presented at the 2016 ABPP Annual Convocation-APA Annual Convention, Denver, CO, 4–7 Aug 2016.
Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. (Eds.). (2009). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. New York, NY: The Guildford Press.
Dahlkemper, T. R. (2016). Caring for older adults holistically (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Terri Wood Allen.
Daniels, J. A., Bradley, M. C., & Hays, M. (2007). The impact of school violence on school personnel: Implications for psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(6), 652–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.6.652
Death, J. (2013). Identity, forgiveness, and power in the management of child abuse by personnel in Christian institutions. International Journal of Crime and Justice, 2(1), 82–97.
Death, J. (2018). Governing child abuse, voices, and victimization. The use of public inquiry into child abuse in Christian institutions. New York, NY: Routledge.
Demos, E. V. (1998). Differentiating the repetition compulsion from trauma through the lens of Tomkins’s script theory: A response to Russell. In J. G. Teicholz & D. Kriegman (Eds.), Trauma, repetition & affect regulation: The work of Paul Russell (pp. 67–104). New York, NY: The Other Press.
Dervic, K., Brent, D., & Oquendo, M. (2008). Completed suicide in childhood. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 271–291.
Dietrich, K. N., Berger, O., & Bhattacharya, A. (2000). Symptomatic lead poisoning in infancy: A prospective case analysis. The Journal of Pediatrics, 137, 668–571.
Dietrich, K. N., Ris, M. D., Succop, P. A., Berger, O. G., & Bornschein, R. L. (2001). Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency. Neurotoxical Teratol, 23, 511–518.
Dong, X. (2017). Elder abuse: Research, practice, and policy. London/New York, NY: Springer.
Einfeld, S. L., Piccinin, A. M., Mackinnon, A., Hofer, S. M., Taffe, J., Gray, K. M., … Tonge, B. J. (2006). Psychopathology in young people with intellectual disability. JAMA, 296(16), 1981–1989.
Ellis, A., Abrams, M., & Abrams, L. (2009). Personality theories: Critical perspectives. Los Angeles, CA/London: Sage.
Erickson, M. F., & Egeland, B. (1996). Child neglect. In J. Briere, L. Berliner, J. A. Bulkley, C. Jenny, & T. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 4–20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Espelage, D., & Swearer, S. (Eds.). (2008). Bullying in American schools: Social-ecological perspectives on prevention and intervention. London/Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Essex, M. J., Kraemer, H. C., Armstrong, J. M., Boyce, W. T., Goldsmith, H. H., Klein, M. H., … Kupfer, D. J. (2006). Exploring risk factors for the emergence of children’s mental health problems. JAMA Psychiatry, 63(11), 1246–1256.
Ewing, C. P., & McCann, J. T. (2006). Minds on trial: Great cases in law and psychology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Fan, J., Gu, X., Guise, K. G., Liu, X., Fossella, J., Wang, H., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Testing the behavioral interaction and integration of attentional networks. Brain and Cognition, 70(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.02.002
Fergusson, D., & Woodward, L. (2002). Mental health, educational and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(3), 225–231.
Fink, K. (2015, Jan 21). The 8 scariest psychopaths in history. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@JeriFink/the-8-scariest-psychopaths-in-history-b5f13b9d9aa2.
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2013). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(3), 614–621.
Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2009). Defining and understanding complex trauma and complex traumatic stress disorders. In C. A. Courtois & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp. 13–30). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Freud, S. (1894). Neuropsychosis of defense. Standard Edition. London: Hogarth Press.
Freud, S. (1896). Further remarks on the neuropsychosis of defense. Standard edition. London: Hogarth Press.
Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., & Keane, T. M. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Garbarino, J. (2015). Listening to killers: Lessons learned from my twenty years as a psychological expert in murder cases. Los Angeles, CA: University California Press.
Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., Soler-Baillo, J. M., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 687–698.
Greenberg, J. R., & Mitchell, S. A. (1983). Object relations in psychoanalytic theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grier, W. H., & Cobbs, P. M. (2000). Black rage.
Guinn, J. (2014). Manson the life and times of Charles Manson. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Harrell, E. (2019, January 8). Victims of identity theft, 2016. Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6467. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
Hartmann, H. (1939/1958). Ego psychology and the problem of adaptation. New York, NY: International University Press.
Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–391.
Herman, J. L. (1993). Sequalae of prolonged and repeated trauma: Evidence for a complex post-traumatic syndrome (DESNOS). In J. R. T. Davidson & E. B. Foa (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond (pp. 213–228). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2012). School climate 2.0. Preventing cyberbullying and sexting one classroom at a time. London, UK: Sage Publications.
Hou, S., Yuan, L., Jin, P., Ding, B., Qin, N., Li, L., … Deng, Y. (2013). A clinical study of the effects of lead poisoning on the intelligence and neurobehavioral abilities of children. Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling, 10, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-10-13
Huss, M. T. (2014). Forensic psychology. Research, clinical practice, and applications (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Indellicati, A. (2019). Effects of childhood and adolescent peer victimization on academic, social, and emotional adjustment in college students. Doctoral dissertation, St. John’s University.
Javier, R. A., Dillon, J., DaBreo, C., & Mucci, D. (2013). Bullying and its consequences: In search of solutions – Part II. Journal of Social Distress and Homeless, 22(2), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1179/1053078913Z.0000000008
Javier, R. A. & Herron, W.G. (2018). Understanding Domestic Violence: Theories, challenges, and remedies. New York/London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Kemeny, M. E. (2003). The psychobiology of stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(4), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01246
Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 692–700.
Koch, W. J., Douglas, K. S., Nicholls, T. L., & O’Neill, M. L. (2006). Psychological injuries: Forensic assessment, treatment, and law. New York, NY/London: Oxford University Press.
Landrigan, P. J., Schecter, C. B., Lipton, J. M., Fahs, M. C., & Schwartz, J. (2002). Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: Estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities. Environ Health Perspective, 110, 721–728.
Lereya, S. T., Copeland, W. E., Costello, E. J., & Wolke, D. (2015). Adult mental health consequences of peer bullying and maltreatment in childhood: Two cohorts in two countries. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00165-0
Linder, D. (2007). The Charles Manson (Tate-Labianca Murder) trial. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1029399 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1029399
Luria, A. (1973). The working brain: An introduction. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Fonagy, P., Target, M., & Blatt, S. (Eds.). (2017). Handbook of psychodynamic approaches to psychopathology. New York, NY/London: The Guilford Press.
Mahler, M., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Malaktaris, A. L., & Lynn, S. J. (2019). The phenomenology and correlates of flashbacks in individuals with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(2), 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618805081
Manson, C. [Interview by D. Sawyer]. (1995). ABC News.
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 491–495. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000222
McCluskey, U. (2000). Abuse in religious institutions: An exploration of the psychosocial dynamics in the Irish context. In U. McCluskey & C. A. Hooper (Eds.), Psychodynamic perspectives on abuse: The cost of fear. London/Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
McCrea, M., Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Barr, W., Randolph, C., Cantu, R. C., … Kelly, J. P. (2003). Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: The NCAA concussion study. JAMA, 290(19), 2556–2563.
McGillivray, J. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2006). Early detection of depression and associated risk factors in adults with mild/moderate intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(1), 59–70.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2017). Attachment-related contributions to the study of psychopathology. In P. Luyten, L. C. Mayes, P. Fonagy, M. Target, & S. Blatt (Eds.), Handbook of psychodynamic approaches to psychopathology (pp. 27–46). New York, NY/London: The Guilford Press.
Montaldo, C. (2018, August 23). Biography of serial killer Albert Fish. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/serial-killer-albert-fish-973157.
Morgan, R. E., & Truman, J. (2018, December 21). Criminal victimization, 2017. Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6466. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
Morris, D. O., Javier, R. A., & Herron, W. G. (2015). Specialty competencies in professional psychology. Specialty competencies in psychoanalysis in psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Moylan, C., Herrenkohl, T., Sousa, C., Tajima, E., Herrenkohl, R., & Russo, M. (2010). The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 25(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9269-9
Myers, W. C., Gooch, E., & Meloy, J. R. (2005). The role of psychopathy and sexuality in a female serial killer. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs2004324
National Center for Mental Health Promotion and Youth Violence Prevention. (2012). http://www.promoteprevent.org/sites/www.promoteprevent.org/files/resources/childhood%20trauma_brief_in_final.pdf. Retrieved 8/12/19
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2017). http://ncadv.org/learn-more/statistics. Retrieved 8/9/2017
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (2003). Suicide facts. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/suifact.cfm;
Needleman, H. L., McFarland, C., Ness, R. B., Fienberg, S. E., & Tobin, M. J. (2002). Bone lead levels in adjudicated delinquents: A case control study. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 24, 711–717.
Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S.A., & Greene, B. (2018). Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World. N.Y.: Pearson.
O’Reilly, J., & Chalmers, M. P. (2014). The clergy sex abuse crisis and the legal responses. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Oudekerk, B.A., Musu, L., Zhang, A., Wang, K., & Zhang, J. (2019). Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6526. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
Patel, N. B., Xu, Y., McCandless, L. C., Chen, A., Yolton, K., Braun, J., … Lanphear, B. P. (2019). Very low-level prenatal mercury exposure and behaviors in children: The Home Study. Environmental Health, 18(4). https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-018-0443-5. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
Paulus, D. J., Tran, N., Gallagher, M. W., Viana, A. G., Bakhshaie, J., Garza, M., … Zvolensky, M. J. (2019). Examining the indirect effect of posttraumatic stress symptoms via emotion dysregulation on alcohol misuse among trauma-exposed Latinx in primary care. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000226
Pelkonen, M., & Marttunen, M. (2003). Child and adolescent suicide epidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention. Pediatric Drugs, 5(4), 243–265.
Pesta, A. (2019, July 29). Time, 194(4), 48–52. www.time.com
Peters, L. (2017, July 13). Eight suspected psychopaths from history whose stories are still chilling in 2017. Retrieved from https://www.bustle.com/p/8-suspected-psychopaths-from-history-whose-stories-are-still-chilling-in-2017-70014.
Pocock, S. J., Smith, M., & Baghurst, P. (1994). Environmental lead and children’s intelligence: A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. BMJ, 309, 1189–1197.
Ramsland, K. M. (2005). Inside the minds of mass murderers: Why they kill. Westport (Conn.): Praeger.
Rasmussen, A., Verkuilen, J., Jayawickreme, N., Wu, Z., & McCluskey, S. T. (2019). When did posttraumatic stress disorder get so many factors? Confirmatory factor models since DSM-5. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(2), 234–248.
Recognizetrauma. (2019). http://recognizetrauma.org/index.php. Retrieved 1/26/2019.
Richardson, L., Freeh, B. C., & Acierno. (2010). Prevalence estimates of combat-related PTSD: A critical review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(1), 4–19.
Rojas-Flores, L., Clements, M. L., Hwang Koo, J., & London, J. (2017). Trauma and psychological distress in Latino citizen children following parental detention and deportation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(3), 352–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000177
Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical evaluation of core assumptions. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 837–868.
Russell, P. L. (1998). The role of paradox in repetition compulsion. In J. G. Teicholz & D. Kriegman (Eds.), Trauma, repetition compulsion, and affect regulation: The work of Paul Russell (pp. 1–22). New York, NY: The Other Press.
Schwarz, L., Penna, S., & Novack, T. (2009). Factors contributing to performance on the Rey Complex Figure Test in individuals with traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(2), 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040802220034
Sciarillo, W. G., Alexander, G., & Farrell, K. P. (1992). Lead exposure and child behavior. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1356–1360.
Serena, K. (2018, Jan 30). The gruesome crimes of Albert Fish, the Brooklyn Vampire. Retrieved from https://allthatsinteresting.com/albert-fish.
Small, G. W., Kepe, V., Siddarth, P., Ercoli, L. M., Merrill, D. A., Donoghue, N., … Barrio, J. R. (2013). PET scanning of brain tau in retired National Football League players: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(2), 138–144.
Smith, L. S., & Stover, C. S. (2016). The moderating role of attachment on the relationship between history of trauma and intimate violence victimization. Violence Against Women, 22(6), 745–764.
Solms, M., & Turnbull, O. (2002). The brain and the inner world: An introduction to the neuroscience of subjective experience. New York, NY: Karnac Books.
Spitz, R. A. (1946). Anaclitic depression: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 2, 313–342.
Steele, M., & Steele, H. (2017). Attachment disorders. In P. Luyten, L. C. Mayes, P. Fonagy, M. Target, & S. Blatt (Eds.), Handbook of psychodynamic approaches to psychopathology (pp. 426–444). New York, NY/London: The Guilford Press.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggression in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286.
Suk, J. (2010). The trajectory of trauma: Bodies and minds of abortion discourse. Columbia Law Review, 110(5), 1193–1252. Downloaded from 149.68.240.133 on Fri, 23, March 2018 16:57:57 UTC http://about.jstor.org/terms.
Sullivan, H. S. (1955). Interpersonal theories of psychiatry. New York, NY: Tavistock Publications.
Sumner, J. A., Colich, N. L., Uddin, M., Armstrong, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Early experiences, of threat, but not deprivation, are associated with accelerated biological aging in children and adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 85, 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.008
Teasdale, T. W., & Engberg, A. W. (2003). Cognitive dysfunction in young men following head injury in childhood and adolescence: A population study. Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 4(7), 933–936.
Tomkins, S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness (vol. 1): The positive affects. New York, NY: Springer.
Tomkins, S. (1978). Script theory: Differential magnification of affects. In H. E. Howe Jr. & R. A. Dunstbier (Eds.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 201–236). Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.
Trothen, T. J. (2012). Shattering the illusion. In Child sexual abuse in Canadian religious institutions. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2012). Child maltreatment, 2011. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm11.pdf. Retrieved 8/12/19
Ungar, M. (2013). Resilience, trauma, context, and culture. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(3), 255–266.
Walters, M., L. Chen, & Breiding, M. J. (2013). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_sofings.pdf
Warburton, W. & Anderson, C. A. (2018). On the clinical applications of the General Aggression Model to understanding domestic violence. In R. A. Javier & W.G. Herron (Eds.). Understanding domestic violence: Thories, challlenges, and remedies. (Pp. 71–106). New York/London:Rowman & Littlefield.
Waterman, E. H., Pruett, D., & Caughey, A. B. (2013). Reducing fetal alcohol exposure in the United States. Obstet Gynecol Survey, 68(5), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0b013e31828736d5
Weissman, M. M., Wickramarante, P., Nomura, Y., Warner, V., Pilowsky, D., & Verdeli, H. (2006). Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 1001–1008.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Javier, R.A., Owen, E.A. (2020). Trauma and its Vicissitudes in Forensic Contexts: An Introduction. In: Javier, R., Owen, E., Maddux, J. (eds) Assessing Trauma in Forensic Contexts. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33106-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33106-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33105-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-33106-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)