Abstract
The disagreement referred to in the previous chapter about whether Islamophobia is wholly contemporary is evident among scholars as well. While the majority view is that Islamophobia is contemporary, there is some divergence (Allen, 2010a). Sardar (1995), for instance, suggests Islamophobia today is a mere contemporary incarnation of a much older and longer historical phenomenon. For him, Islamophobia can be retrospectively applied to name, conceive and define all historical manifestations of bigotry and hate—as also hostility and conflict—between Muslims and Islam and its Western and Christian counterparts. Milton-Edwards (2002) alludes to something similar: contemporary manifestations being part of a historical continuum. Accordingly, contemporary and historical forms are one and the same. Hussain (2004) offers more nuance, arguing that throughout history a type of Islamophobia has been manifested that is specific to certain times and locations. Describing a ‘plurality of Islamophobias’, he states that each manifestation has characteristics derived from the prevailing religious, cultural, social and political circumstances relevant to the time. While there might then have been shared characteristics of Islamophobia evident throughout history, each of the pluralities are also different and thereby specific as well.
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Allen, C. (2020). Akin to Racism: Islamophobia in Scholarly Context. In: Reconfiguring Islamophobia. Palgrave Hate Studies. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33047-7_3
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