Abstract
In the last decade we have seen increasing experimental evidence that people make important inferences from emotion expressions about others’ intentions in situations of interdependent decision making. Reverse appraisal has been proposed as one mechanism whereby people retrieve, from emotion displays, information about how others are appraising the ongoing interaction (e.g., does my counterpart find the current outcome to be goal conducive? Does s/he blame me for it?); in turn, from these appraisal attributions, people make inferences about the others’ goals (e.g., is my counterpart likely to cooperate?) that shape their decision making. Here we review experimental evidence and progress that has been done in understanding this inferential mechanism and its relationship to other mechanisms for the interpersonal effects of emotion (e.g., emotional contagion and social appraisal). We discuss theoretical implications for our understanding of the role of emotion expression on human decision making, but also practical implications for the growing industry of socially intelligent machines (e.g., personal digital assistants and social robots).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Yet another related mechanism is social referencing , where others’ emotional expressions are used to calibrate one’s appraisals against a target object - for instance, when a toddler uses the mother’s expression to decide whether to cross a fake visual cliff (Sorce et al. 1985). However, for details on this mechanism and how it relates to social appraisal see Parkinson’s chapter, in this volume.
References
Alfonso, B., Pynadath, D., Lhommet, M., & Marsella, S. (2013). Emotional perception for updating agents’ beliefs. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII). https://doi.org/10.1016/2Fj.tics.2012.07.009.
Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communication Surveys & Tutorials, 17, 2347–2376. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095.
Algoe, S. B., Buswell, B. N., & DeLamater, J. D. (2000). Gender and job status as contextual cues for the interpretation of facial expression of emotion. Sex Roles, 42, 183–208.
Amodio, D., & Frith, C. (2006). Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1884.
Andrade, E., & Ho, T.-H. (2009). Gaming emotions in social interactions. Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1086/599221.
Aviezer, H., Hassin, R., Ryan, J., Grady, C., Susskind, J., Anderson, A., et al. (2008). Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Studies on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychological Science, 19, 724–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02148.x.
Baltrušaitis, T., Ahuja, C., & Morency, L. P. (2018). Multimodal machine learning: A survey and taxonomy. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2018.2798607.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 241–251.
Boone, R., & Buck, R. (2003). Emotional expressivity and trustworthiness: The role of nonverbal behavior in the evolution of cooperation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27, 163–182.
Breazeal, C. (2003). Toward sociable robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 42, 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8890(02)00373-1.
Brown, W., Palameta, B., & Moore, C. (2003). Are there nonverbal cues to commitment? An exploratory study using the zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm. Evolutionary Psychology, 1, 42–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F147470490300100104.
Calvo, R., & D’Mello, S. (2010). Affect detection: An interdisciplinary review of models, methods, and their applications. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 1, 16–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AFFC.2010.1.
Camerer, C. (2003). Psychology and economics. Strategizing in the brain. Science, 300, 1673–1675. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1086215.
Côté, S., Hideg, I., & van Kleef, G. (2013). The consequences of faking anger in negotiations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.015.
D’Mello, S., & Kory, J. (2015). A review and meta-analysis of multimodal affect detection systems. ACM Computing Surveys, 47. https://doi.org/10.1145/2682899.
Dally, M., Medasani, S., Behringer, R., & Trivedl, M. (2017). Self-driving cars. IEEE Computer, 50, 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2017.4451204.
Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York: Putnam.
Dawes, R. (1980). Social dilemmas. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 169–193. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.31.020180.001125.
de Melo, C., Carnevale, P., Read, S., Antos, D., & Gratch, J. (2012). Bayesian model of the social effects of emotion in decision-making in multiagent systems. In: Proceedings of Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 12).
de Melo, C., Carnevale, P., & Gratch, J. (2014a). Using virtual confederates to research intergroup bias and conflict. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1).
de Melo, C., Carnevale, P., Read, S., & Gratch, J. (2014b). Reading people’s minds from emotion expressions in interdependent decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034251.
de Melo, C., Marsella, S., & Gratch, J. (2019). Human cooperation when acting through autonomous machines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 116, 3482–3487. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817656116.
DeSteno, D., Breazeal, C., Frank, R., Pizarro, D., Baumann, J., Dickens, L., et al. (2012). Detecting the trustworthiness of novel partners in economic exchange. Psychological Science, 23, 1549–1556. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0956797612448793.
Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48, 384–392. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124–129. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0030377.
Ellsworth, P., & Scherer, K. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. Davidson, K. Scherer, & H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572–595). New York: Oxford University Press.
Farrell, J., & Rabin, M. (1996). Cheap talk. Journal of Economics Perspectives, 10, 103–118.
Fischer, A., Rotteveel, M., Evers, C., & Manstead, A. (2004). Emotional assimilation: How we are influenced by others’ emotions. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 22, 223–245.
Fitness, J. (2000). Anger in the workplace: An emotion script approach to anger episodes between workers and their superiors, co-workers and subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200003)21:2%3C147::AID-JOB35%3E3.0.CO;2-T.
Floreano, D., & Wood, R. (2015). Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones. Nature, 521, 460–466.
Frank, R. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. New York: Norton.
Frank, R. (2004). Introducing moral emotions into models of rational choice. In A. Manstead, N. Frijda, & A. Fischer (Eds.), Feelings and emotions (pp. 422–440). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511806582.024.
Frijda, N. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Frijda, N., & Mesquita, B. (1994). The social roles and functions of emotions. In S. Kitayama & H. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 51–87). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10152-002.
Frijda, N., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212.
Gallese, V. (2007). Before and below ‘theory of mind’: Embodied simulation and the neural correlates of social cognition. Philosophical Transactions Royal Social London B Biological Science, 362, 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1098/2Frstb.2006.2002.
Gratch, J., Rickel, J., Andre, E., Badler, N., Cassell, J., & Petajan, E. (2002). Creating interactive virtual humans: Some assembly required. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 17, 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2002.1024753.
Gunnery, S., Hall, J., & Ruben, M. (2013). The deliberate Duchenne smile: Individual differences in expressive control. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 37, 29–41.
Haidt, J. (2003). Autonomic specificity and emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852–870). New York: Oxford University Press.
Hareli, S. (2014). Making sense of the social world and influencing it by using a naïve attribution theory of emotions. Emotion Review, 6, 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914534501.
Hareli, S., & Hess, U. (2010). What emotional reactions can tell us about the nature of others: An appraisal perspective on person perception. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802613828.
Hareli, S., Elkabetz, S., & Hess, U. (2019). Drawing inferences from emotion expressions: The role of situative informativeness and context. Emotion. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000368.
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R. (1994). Emotional contagion. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1997.10403399.
Hess, U., & Hareli, S. (2016). The impact of context on the perception of emotions. In C. Abell & J. Smith (Eds.), The expression of emotion: Philosophical, psychological, and legal perspectives (pp. 199–218). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.79.
Hess, U., & Hareli, S. (2018). On the malleability of the meaning of contexts: The influence of another person’s emotion expressions on situation perception. Cognition and Emotion, 32, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1269725.
Hess, U., Blaison, C., & Kafetsios, K. (2016). Judging facial emotion expressions in context: The influence of culture and self-construal orientation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 40, 50–64.
Ickes, W., & Simpson, J. A. (2004). Motivational aspects of empathic accuracy. In M. B. Brewer & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Emotion and motivation. Perspectives on social psychology (pp. 225–246). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Kachouie, R., Sedighadeli, S., Khosla, R., & Chu, M.-T. (2014). Socially assistive robots in elderly care: A mixed-method systematic literature review. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 30, 369–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2013.873278.
Keltner, D., & Ekman, P. (2000). Facial expression of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotion (pp. 236–249). New York: Guilford Press.
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 505–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379168.
Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (1998). Emotion, social function, and psychopathology. Review of General Psychology, 2, 320–342. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320.
Kott, A., Swami, A., & West, B. (2016). The internet of battle things. IEEE Computer, 49, 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2016.355.
Kreibig, S. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84, 394–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010.
Krumhuber, E. G., & Manstead, A. S. (2009). Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion, 9(6), 807. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017844.
Krumhuber, E., Manstead, A., & Kappas, A. (2007). Facial dynamics as indicators of trustworthiness and cooperative behavior. Emotion, 7, 730–735. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.730.
Krumhuber, E., Kappas, A., & Manstead, A. (2013). Effects of dynamic aspects of facial expressions: A review. Emotion Review, 5, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1754073912451349.
Lanzetta, J., & Englis, B. (1989). Expectations of cooperation and competition and their effects on observer’s vicarious emotional responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 543–554. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.4.543.
Lazarus, R. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819–834.
Lerner, J., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. (2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 799–823. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043.
Levenson, R. (2003). Autonomic specificity and emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 212–224). New York: Oxford University Press.
Leventhal, H., & Scherer, K. (1987). The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408361.
Lewis, M. (2001). Personal pathways in the development of appraisal: A complex systems/stage theory perspective. In K. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 205–220). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lin, R., & Kraus, S. (2010). Can automated agents proficiently negotiate with humans? Communications of the ACM, 53, 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1145/1629175.1629199.
Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. In R. Davidson, K. Scherer, & H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 619–642). New York: Oxford University Press.
López, G., Quesada, L., & Guerrero, L. (2017). Alexa vs. Siri vs. Cortana vs. Google Assistant: A comparison of speech-based natural user interfaces. In Proceedings of International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2017).
Manstead, A., & Fischer, A. (2001). Social appraisal: The social world as object of and influence on appraisal processes. In K. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 221–232). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010.
Mesquita, B., & Ellsworth, P. (2001). The role of culture in appraisal. In K. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 233–248). New York: Oxford University Press.
Morris, M., & Keltner, D. (2000). How emotions work: An analysis of the social functions of emotional expression in negotiations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 1–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22002-9.
Niedenthal, P., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M., & Hess, U. (2010). The simulation of smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 417–480. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10000865.
Ortony, A., Clore, G., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Parkinson, B. (2019). Calibrating emotional orientations: Social appraisal and other kinds of relation alignment. In D. Dukes & F. Clément (Eds.), Foundations of affective social learning: Conceptualising the transmission of social value. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Parkinson, B., & Simons, G. (2009). Affecting others: Social appraisal and emotion contagion in everyday decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1071–1084. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0146167209336611.
Petta, P., Marsella, S., & Gratch, J. (2010). Computational models of emotion. In K. Scherer, T. Bänziger, & E. Roesch (Eds.), A blueprint for affective computing: A sourcebook and manual (pp. 21–40). New York: Oxford University Press.
Picard, R. (1997). Affective computing. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Poletti, M., Enrici, I., & Adenzato, M. (2012). Cognitive and affective theory of mind in neurodegenerative diseases: Neuropsychological, neuroanatomical and neurochemical levels. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 2147–2164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.004.
Preacher, K., & Hayes, A. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.
Reisenzein, R. (2009). Emotions as metarepresentational states of mind: Naturalizing the belief–desire theory of emotion. Cognitive Systems Research, 10, 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2008.03.001.
Rens, H., Stratou, G., & Gratch, J. (2017). Incorporating emotion perception into opponent modeling for social dilemmas. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS).
Rilling, J., & Sanfey, A. (2011). The neuroscience of social decision-making. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131647.
Roseman, I. (2001). A model of appraisal in the emotion system: Integrating theory, research, and applications. In K. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 68–91). New York: Oxford University Press.
Sariyanidi, E., Gunes, H., & Cavallaro, A. (2015). Automatic analysis of facial affect: A survey of registration, representation, and recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 37, 1113–1133. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2014.2366127.
Scharlemann, J., Eckel, C., Kacelnik, A., & Wilson, R. (2001). The value of a smile: Game theory with a human face. Journal of Economic Psychology, 22, 617–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00059-9.
Scherer, K. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multi-level sequential checking. In K. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 92–120). New York: Oxford University Press.
Scherer, K. (2010). The component process model: Architecture for a comprehensive computational model of emergent emotion. In K. Scherer, T. Bänziger, & E. Roesch (Eds.), A blueprint for affective computing: A sourcebook and manual (pp. 47–70). Oxford University Press.
Scherer, K., & Grandjean, D. (2008). Facial expressions allow inference of both emotions and their components. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701516791.
Scherer, K., & Moors, A. (2019). The emotion process: Event appraisal and component differentiation. Annual Review of Psychology, 70. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011854.
Scherer, K., Johnstone, T., & Klasmeyer, G. (2003). Vocal expression of emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 433–456). New York: Oxford University Press.
Scherer, K., Mortillaro, M., Rotondi, I., Sergi, I., & Trznadel, S. (2018). Appraisal-driven facial actions as building blocks for emotion inference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114, 358–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000107.
Schug, J., Matsumoto, D., Horita, Y., Yamagishi, T., & Bonnet, K. (2010). Emotional expressivity as a signal of cooperation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.09.006.
Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2011). The neural bases for empathy. The Neuroscientist, 17, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858410379268.
Shamay-Tsoory, S., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2007). Dissociable prefrontal networks for cognitive and affective theory of mind: A lesion study. Neuropsychologia, 45, 3054–3067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.021.
Shamay-Tsoory, S., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain, 132, 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn279.
Shore, D., & Parkinson, B. (2018). Interpersonal effects of strategic and spontaneous guilt communication in trust games. Cognition and Emotion, 32, 1382–1390. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1395728.
Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., Campos, J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1985). Maternal emotional signaling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1 year olds. Developmental Psychology, 21, 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.195.
Spencer, S., Zanna, M., & Fong, G. (2005). Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 845–851. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.845.
Stone, R., & Lavine, M. (2014). The social life of robots. Science, 346, 178–179.
Stratou, G., Hoegen, R., Lucas, G., & Gratch, J. (2015). Emotional signaling in a social dilemma: An automatic analysis. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII).
Sutton, R. (1991). Maintaining norms about expressed emotions: The case of bill collectors. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 245–268. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393355.
Tamir, M., Mitchell, C., & Gross, J. (2008). Hedonic and instrumental motives in anger regulation. Psychological Science, 19, 324–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02088.x.
Terada, K., & Takeuchi, C. (2017). Emotional expression in simple line drawings of a robot’s face leads to higher offers in the ultimatum game. Frontiers of Psychology, 8, 724. https://doi.org/10.3389/2Ffpsyg.2017.00724.
van Dijk, E., van Kleef, G. A., Steinel, W., & van Beest, I. (2008). A social functional approach to emotions in bargaining: When communicating anger pays and when it backfires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.600.
van Kleef, G. (2016). The interpersonal dynamics of emotion: Toward an integrative theory of emotions as social information. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
van Kleef, G., De Dreu, C., & Manstead, A. (2004). The interpersonal effects of anger and happiness in negotiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 57–76. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.305070.
van Kleef, G., De Dreu, C., & Manstead, A. (2006). Supplication and appeasement in negotiation: The interpersonal effects of disappointment, worry, guilt, and regret. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 124–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.124.
van Kleef, G., De Dreu, C., & Manstead, A. (2010). An interpersonal approach to emotion in social decision making: The emotions as social information model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 45–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(10)42002-X.
van Kleef, G., Homan, A., & Cheshin, A. (2012). Emotional influence at work: Take it EASI. Organizational Psychology Review, 2, 311–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F2041386612454911.
Waldrop, M. (2015). No drivers required. Nature, 518, 20–23.
Weiner, B. (1987). The social psychology of emotion: Applications of a naive psychology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1987.5.4.405.
Wu, Y., Baker, C., Tenenbaum, J., & Schulz, L. (2018). Rational inference of beliefs and desires from emotional expressions. Cognitive Science, 42, 850–884. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1987.5.4.405.
Zeng, Z., Pantic, M., Roisman, G., & Huang, T. (2009). A survey of affect recognition methods: Audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31, 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2008.52.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gratch, J., de Melo, C.M. (2019). Inferring Intentions from Emotion Expressions in Social Decision Making. In: Hess, U., Hareli, S. (eds) The Social Nature of Emotion Expression . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32968-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32968-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32967-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32968-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)