Removal, Reform, Protection: Building a Humanitarian Empire

Bischoff, Eva

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32667-8_8

Removal, Reform, Protection: Building a Humanitarian Empire

Eva Bischoff⁴

Chapter
First Online: 03 January 2020

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Part of the book series: Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series ((CIPCSS))

Abstract

During the 1830s, the “propaganda war” (Lester) between pro-settlement and humanitarian factions gathered momentum. The debate was part of a larger historical process of questioning the notion and rearranging the idea and structure of the British Empire. The Tasmanian genocide loomed large in these debates. Quaker networks and organisational structures played a key role in this process, yet the experiences and involvement of Vandemonian Friends were obscured due to religious and class sensitivities. Tasmanian Quakers, in turn, discussed their experiences within the larger framework of transatlantic Quaker history. The “Black War” was seen as the catastrophic results of the neglect of William Penn’s wisdom by earlier colonial governments. The “benevolent” Quaker settler was caught in the fray but could not be held accountable.

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Notes

1.
Brantlinger 2003, p. 124; Evans et al. 2003, p. 64.
2.
Lester 2009, p. 64.
3.
Skinner and Lester 2012b, pp. 729–47, 740.
4.
Aborigines Protections Society 1838, p. 11.
5.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 425, p. 14.
6.
Ibid., p. 13.
7.
Ibid., p. 84.
8.
Ibid., pp. 5, 74–75.
9.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 259, p. 56, 31 (quote); House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 425, p. 14.
10.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 425, pp. 13, 10.
11.
Ibid., p. 76.
12.
Ibid., p. 75.
13.
Ibid., p. 77.
14.
Ibid., pp. 77–78; Lester and Dussart 2014; Elbourne 2003.
15.
Laidlaw 2012b, p. 753.
16.
Aborigines Protection Society 1838, p. 8.
17.
Heartfield 2011, pp. 9–22, 11 (quote). See also: Brantlinger 2003, p. 87; Kass and Kass 1988, pp. 257–72.
18.
Laidlaw 2004, pp. 6–18, 20–21. See also: Elbourne 2002a, pp. 243–46, 283, 285–87; Elbourne 2003, p. 14. The APS’s first report acknowledges the role of female philanthropists by listing them among the Society’s members (13 of 106 listed members were female), for instance Sarah Buxton and Anna Gurney. The second report, however, only lists the Society’s male affiliates.
19.
Elbourne 2003, 14 (quote). See also: Laidlaw 2004, pp. 3, 12, 17; Lester 2009, pp. 67–69, 2008b, pp. 32–37; Ross 1986, pp. 139–45; de Gruchy 1999; Lester 2001, pp. 31–35.
20.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 538. p. 635. King’s statement on ibid., pp. 639–42 On the role of the Hudson’s Bay Company see: Heartfield, The Aborigines’ Protection Society, p. 13.
21.
Aborigines Protection Society 1838, front matter. See also: Stocking 1987, p. 244.
22.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 538, pp. 543–49 (statement of Elisha Bates on 11 June 1836); O’Donnell 2004, pp. 121–26.
23.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 538, p. 543.
24.
Aborigines Protection Society 1838, front matter.
25.
Midgley 1995; Rosenfeld 1993; Laidlaw 2007.
26.
Laidlaw 2004, pp. 6–7.
27.
Reynolds 2003, pp. 103–4; House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 538, pp. 680–81. Buxton became president of the APS the following year. See also: Elbourne 2003, p. 24; Laidlaw 2004, p. 7 (note 39).
28.
Plomley 1987, p. 596. On the interconnectedness of metropolitan and colonial networks in imperial philanthropy, see Harvey 2013.
29.
Aborigines Protection Society 1839a, front matter.
30.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 538, pp. 679–80 (Arthur), pp. 680–81 (Backhouse).
31.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44 (1831–1839), 5 June 1837, 394.
32.
Ibid.
33.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44, pp. 490–91. The meeting convened on request of “[Josiah] Forster, John Sanderson and George Stacey” (ibid., p. 489).
34.
Ibid., pp. 491–92.
35.
Ibid., p. 492.
36.
Ibid., pp. 492–93.
37.
Ibid., p. 493.
38.
Ibid., pp. 494–95. The memorial was not, as intended, submitted to Lord Durham himself but to his private secretary (ibid., p. 504).
39.
With some rare exceptions in which the voices of “native informants” were employed to illustrate their arguments and legitimise their claims by lending them authenticity. For instance: the letter from Francis Hesh-ten-a-quit “an Amerindian chief at Lake St Clair, who was lately in England” was part of the Aboriginal Committee’s report in 1838 (FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44, pp. 520–22).
40.
Society of Friends 1838.
41.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44, pp. 516–17. Wheeler’s “Report” formed part of the addendum of the committee’s yearly report.
42.
Oats 1985, pp. 257–59. A term coined by Alan Lester (2008a, p. 27).
43.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44, p. 613.
44.
Ibid., pp. 612–13, 613 (quote).
45.
Ibid., p. 613.
46.
Ibid. The reference to the “completely exterminated” group is most likely one to the situation of the Tasmanian Aborigines after the “Black War.”
47.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44, pp. 613–14.
48.
Ibid., p. 614. Quote from Luke 2:14 (AKJV).
49.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44, p. 614.
50.
For Backhouse’s and Walker’s journey, this included William Allen, Peter Bedford, Joseph Forster, Josiah Forster, Robert Forster, Samuel Gurney, John Kitching, William Manley, John Sanderson, and George Stacey (FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 43, pp. 634 and Vol. 44, p. 15). Daniel and Charles Wheeler’s committee encompassed William Allen, Richard Barrett, Peter Bedford, John Capper, Josiah Forster, Robert Forster, Samuel Gurney, Cornelius Hanbury, William Manley, John Sanderson, and George Stacey (ibid., Vol. 44, pp. 91–92). See also Fig. 8.1.
51.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/3, p. 8.
52.
For instance: Wheeler 1839.
53.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44, p. 226. William Allen presented the committee’s final version of the first part of Backhouse’s Extracts during the same session, and a batch of 1000 copies was ordered to be printed (ibid., p. 225).
54.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/30, p. 6.
55.
Ibid., p. 6. Josiah Forster’s mother, Elizabeth Hayward (1759–1837) was the daughter of Robert and Mary Hayword of Kelvedon, Essex.
56.
Ibid., p. 5. Backhouse probably was referring to Henry Cotton (born 21 January 1821) and Francis Cotton (born 1 March 1822).
57.
Ibid.
58.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/30, pp. 5, 6.
59.
Ibid., p. 7.
60.
Ibid., p. 5.
61.
Ibid., p. 8.
62.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/31, p. 3.
63.
Backhouse 1838a, pp. 76–77.
64.
Ibid., p. 76.
65.
Ibid.
66.
Ibid.
67.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/30, p. 6.
68.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/30, p. 7.
69.
Ibid., and Backhouse 1838a, p. 76.
70.
The travelling ministers met others like him, for example, Captain Edward Leard “who have left the army & became farmers; thus in their individual cases beating their swords into ploughshares, & their spear into pruning hooks (many such cases are to be met with in this Colony)” (FHL, TEMP MSS 556/30, p. 5). Backhouse referred to Joel 3:10 (AKJV)). On ex-military settler in Australia see: Wright 2011, pp. 55–73, 115–31.
71.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/30, p. 5.
72.
Attwood 2009, pp. 34–35; Campbell 1987, pp. 31–36; Davison 2004, pp. 292–96; Clements 2014, pp. 74–75, 113, 48.
73.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/31, p. 5. Backhouse specified none of them by name.
74.
Ibid.
75.
Ibid. This positive picture is consistent with other nineteenth-century assessments of Batman and his practices. See also: “The Tasmanian Penn,” Cornwall Chronicle, 13 June 1835, p. 2.
76.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/30, p. 5 and ibid., TEMP MSS 556/31, p. 5.
77.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/26, p. 4.
78.
Australian Dictionary of Biography, s.v. “McKay, Alexander (1802–1882)”.
79.
Clements 2013a, pp. 135–36.
80.
FHL, TEMP MSS 556/26, p. 4.
81.
Ibid.
82.
A common narrative among members of the Tasmanian settler elite in the early 1830, as Richard Price points out (Price 2018, p. 40).
83.
Haebich 2000, pp. 65–130; Robinson 2013; Kociumbas 1997, pp. 1–20.
84.
See for instance the descriptions of Batman’s home (FHL, TEMP MSS 556/31, p. 5) and of Hawkins’ estate (ibid., TEMP MSS 556/30, p. 5).
85.
Backhouse 1838a, pp. 15–16.
86.
Ibid., p. 57.
87.
Ibid., p. 73.
88.
Ibid., p. 57, See also the description of Backhouse’s and Walker’s first exchange with Lt.-Gov. George Arthur on this topic in February 1832 (ibid., p. 15).
89.
See: Brantlinger 2003, pp. 123–24 and Brantlinger 1995, pp. 45–46.
90.
Backhouse 1838a, p. 77. On racist views of Tasmanian Aborigines in nineteenth-century (public as well as scientific) discourses, see: Woolmington 1988; Finzsch 2008b; McGregor 1997, pp. 1–18.
91.
Backhouse 1838a, p. 77.
92.
Backhouse 1838a, p. 53, 1838c, p. 13.
93.
Backhouse 1838a, p. 64. Similarly: Backhouse 1838b, pp. 36–37.
94.
Backhouse 1838b, p. 34. This is a reference to Gen. 37:18–20 (AKJV). Quaker readers would have been particularly familiar with Joseph’s story, since it was often referred to in abolitionist contexts.
95.
Backhouse 1838b, p. 34.
96.
Ibid., pp. 34–35. An opposition that has been scrutinised by Elbourne 2003, 30–33.
97.
Backhouse 1838a, p. 15.
98.
Ibid., p. 16.
99.
Ibid., p. 73.
100.
Laidlaw 2004, pp. 6–18.
101.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 45, p. 533.
102.
Ibid., pp. 195–97.
103.
Ibid., p. 230.
104.
Ibid.
105.
Heartfield 2011, pp. 303–6; Elbourne 2003; Lester 2009.
106.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 45, p. 230.
107.
Ibid., p. 232.
108.
Ibid.
109.
FHL, Minutes of the MfS, Vol. 44, pp. 612–14.
110.
Ibid., Vol. Vol. 45, p. 72. See also: Society of Friends 1843.
111.
Society of Friends 1843, p. 4.
112.
Ibid., pp. 4–5.
113.
Ibid., p. 5.
114.
Ibid., p. 6.
115.
Ibid.
116.
Ibid., p. 2.
117.
Ibid., pp. 6, 3.
118.
Ibid., pp. 2, 6, 3, 2, 4. Legal equality was, however, a fiction not a reality on the Australian colonial ground, see disputes on Aborigines taking legal oaths and giving testimony in court.
119.
Ibid., p. 4.
120.
Ibid., p. 1.
121.
Ibid.
122.
Hobsbawm 2009, p. 1.
123.
Society of Friends 1844.
124.
Society of Friends 1844, pp. 18, 14.
125.
Ibid., p. 27.
126.
Ibid., pp. 24–26, 26 (quote).
127.
Ibid., pp. 31–38, 38 (quote).
128.
Ibid., p. 31. The existence of a single treaty, concluded in 1682, is doubted by historians today. Penn rather followed the regular form of contractual dispossession by arranging a series of treaties.
129.
Society of Friends 1844, pp. 27–28.
130.
Ibid., p. 67.
131.
Ibid., p. 68.
132.
Ibid., pp. 70–73, 69 (quote).
133.
Ibid., p. 67. From the context in which this information is presented in the text, we have to assume that the Committee referred to white settlers only, neglecting the Native American population of both the city and the colony.
134.
Belich 2009, p. 9.
135.
Society of Friends 1844, p. i.
136.
Ibid.
137.
“Report upon the State of the Prisoners in Van Diemens Land,” in: Backhouse 1843, pp. xlvi-lxvi.
138.
“James Backhouse to Thomas F. Buxton, 22 Oct 1834,” in: House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 538, pp. 680–81.
139.
Ibid., p, 680.
140.
Ibid.
141.
Ibid., p. 681.
142.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 425, pp. 113–15, 113.
143.
Ibid., pp. 114, 115.
144.
Ibid, p. 114.
145.
Ibid., p. 113.
146.
Ibid., p. 114.
147.
Ibid.
148.
“Despatch Lt.-Gov. George Arthur to T. Spring Rice (copy), 27 January 1835,” in: House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 425, p. 121.
149.
Ibid.
150.
Ibid.
151.
Ibid.
152.
Ibid.
153.
“Despatch Lord Glenelg to Lt.-Gov. George Arthur (copy), 3 August 1835,” in House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 425, p. 122. South Australia Colonisation Act, 1834 (4 & 5 Will. IV c. 95), 15 August 1834, transcript available at: Museum of Australian Democracy, http://foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/sa1_doc_1834.pdf, last access 28 January 2017.
154.
Shaw 1980, pp. 17–38.
155.
Belmessous 2015b.
156.
House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 425, pp. 76–81, 76 (quote).
157.
Ibid., pp. 78–81.
158.
Oats and Oats 1982, p. 271.
159.
TUA, C 7/144. The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace (short London Peace Society) was established on 14 June 1816. Among the founding members were William Allen and Joseph Pease, both also members of APS steering committee, plus Joseph Sturge, who instituted the Birmingham auxiliary branch. He was also a member of the APS. See also: Laity 2001, pp. 13–36.
160.
TUA, C 7/144. p. 2.
161.
“Despatch Lt.-Gov. George Arthur to Secretary T. Spring Rice (copy), 27 January 1835,” in: House of Commons, Sessional Papers No. 425, pp. 121–22.
162.
Weems 1829, pp. 124–27.
163.
TUA, C 7/144, pp. 1–2.
164.
Weems 1829, pp. 154–57, 154 (quote).
165.
This myth is sometimes even transported into the twenty-first century. Christopher Bayly, for instance, claims that it was William Penn who provided an alternative to colonisation, “simple extermination and expropriation” by purchasing Native American land instead of simply seizing it by right of his royal charter (Bayly 1999, pp. 32–33). Interestingly, Bayly refers to the Account published by the Society of Friends in 1844 to substantiate his argument.
166.
Backhouse 1838d, p. 68.
167.
Ibid. (my emphasis).
168.
TUA, S 1/A/1, Vol. 1.

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Bischoff, E. (2020). Removal, Reform, Protection: Building a Humanitarian Empire. In: Benevolent Colonizers in Nineteenth-Century Australia. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32667-8_8

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