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Now and Then: The Future of Gas Infrastructure in the EU

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Energy Transitions and the Future of Gas in the EU

Part of the book series: Energy, Climate and the Environment ((ECE))

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Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of gas infrastructure in the EU, focusing on cross-border pipelines, interconnections and LNG projects. It also analyses how the regulatory framework and policy choices of the EU compare with international level standards, for example the UNFCCC Framework and the Paris Agreement. It will explain the state of play, with an assessment of the available policy and regulatory options for development of infrastructure for renewable gases and hydrogen at scale for a timely decarbonisation of the gas grid. Building on the previous chapters on regulation, market and finance principles, this chapter provides a closer look at the implications of policy and regulation on infrastructure design and development, setting out projections on the future of gas infrastructure in the EU.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Global Market Insights, Gas Pipeline Infrastructure Market Size by Application, January 2019, available at: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/gas-pipeline-infrastructure-market?utm_source=globenewswire.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=Paid_globenewswire.

  2. 2.

    Paul Stevens, Transit Troubles Pipelines as a Source of Conflict (A Chatham House Report, 2009).

  3. 3.

    Andrey Konoplyanik, Energy Charter Treaty: Past, Present and Future, OGEL, Volume 3 (2012).

  4. 4.

    European Commission—Press release, Towards Energy Union: The Commission presents sustainable energy security package, Brussels, 16 February 2016, available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-307_en.htm.

  5. 5.

    Factsheets on the Commission’s 10 priorities, 07.05.2019, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/factsheets_on_the_commissions_10_priorities_v14.pdf.

  6. 6.

    EU exposed: The shared cost of security of supply, Interview with Gas Strategies, May Issue 2014, available at: http://www.gasstrategies.com/information-services/gas-matters/eu-exposed-shared-cost-security-supply.

  7. 7.

    Sergei Vinogradov, Challenges of Nord Stream: Streamlining International Legal Frameworks and Regimes for Submarine Pipelines, German Yearbook of International Law, Volume 52 (2009), p. 241.

  8. 8.

    UN General Assembly, Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982.

  9. 9.

    Sergei Vinogradov and Gokce Mete, Cross-Border Oil and Gas Pipelines in International Law, German Yearbook of International Law (FOCUS: International Energy Law), Volume 56 (2013).

  10. 10.

    ENGIE, Press release, 24.04.2017, Nord Stream 2 AG and European Energy Companies Sign Financing Agreements, available at: https://www.engie.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/press-release-nord-stream-2-project-20170424.pdf.

  11. 11.

    News Article, Energy Reporters, Ukraine Looks to Renew Gazprom Transit Deal, 25.07.2019, available at: https://www.energy-reporters.com/consumption/ukraine-looks-to-renew-gazprom-transit-deal/.

  12. 12.

    News release, Tass, German Court Lifts Provisional Measures Limiting Gazprom Access to OPAL pipeline, available at: http://tass.com/economy/958228.

  13. 13.

    Brussels Admits EU Law Does Not Apply to Nord Stream 2, Special Reprint from International Oil Daily for Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, 21.09.2017, available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Brussels-Admits-EU-Law-Does-Not-Apply-to-Nord-Stream-2.pdf.

  14. 14.

    Brussels Admits EU Law Does Not Apply to Nord Stream 2, Special Reprint from International Oil Daily for Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, 21.09.2017, available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Brussels-Admits-EU-Law-Does-Not-Apply-to-Nord-Stream-2.pdf.

  15. 15.

    Full speech available at: https://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?ref=I143451.

  16. 16.

    News Article, Reuters, EU Legal Blow to Bid to Regulate Russia’s Nord Stream 2 Pipeline, 05.03.2018, available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-gazprom-nordstream/eu-legal-blow-to-bid-to-regulate-russias-nord-stream-2-pipeline-idUKKBN1GH28L.

  17. 17.

    Final text of the Gas Directive Amendment is available here: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/PE-58-2019-INIT/en/pdf.

  18. 18.

    Jack Sharples, Ukrainian Gas Transit: Still Vital for Russian Gas Supplies to Europe as Other Routes Reach Full Capacity, OIES, May 2018.

  19. 19.

    Politico, New Article, Nord Stream 2 sues the EU over new gas rules, 26.09.2019 available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/nord-stream-2-sues-the-eu-over-new-gas-rules/.

  20. 20.

    Press release, Gazprom, South Stream Offshore Pipeline in Turkish Waters Will Have no Negative Environmental Impact, 25.12.2013, available at: http://www.gazpromexport.com/en/presscenter/news/1185/.

  21. 21.

    South Stream Offshore Pipeline—Bulgarian Sector Addendum to the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), October 2014, available at: https://www.south-stream-transport.com/media/documents/pdf/en/2014/10/ssttbv_addendum-to-the-environmental-and-social-impact-assessment-esia-south-stream-offshore-pipeline-bulgarian-sector_335_en_20141030.pdf.

  22. 22.

    Individual intergovernmental agreements signed with Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Slovenia, Croatia and Austria.

  23. 23.

    The Energy Community Membership entails expansion of the core EU energy acquis as adapted to the special circumstances in the Member State in question.

  24. 24.

    The ownership unbundling, the independent system operator or the independent transmission operator, Articles 9 and 11 Gas Directive.

  25. 25.

    Decision No. 994/2012/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing an information exchange mechanism with regard to intergovernmental agreements between Member States and third countries in the field of energy [2012] OJ L299/13.

  26. 26.

    Energy Union Package Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank; A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, COM (2015) 80 final, p. 7.

  27. 27.

    WT/DS476/2.a, European Union and Its Member States—Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds476_e.htm.

  28. 28.

    WT/DS476/2.a, European Union and Its Member States—Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds476_e.htm.

  29. 29.

    Partnership and Cooperation Agreement establishing a partnership between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Uzbekistan, of the other part—Protocol on mutual assistance between authorities in customs matters, 31.08.1999, OJ L 229.

  30. 30.

    WT/DS476/2.a, European Union and Its Member States—Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds476_e.htm.

  31. 31.

    European Commission—Press release, Commission welcomes WTO ruling confirming lawfulness of core principles of the EU third energy package, 10.08.2018, available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4942_en.htm?locale=en.

  32. 32.

    For a detailed discussion on the role of WTO rules in international regulation of natural gas transport, see Vitaliy Pogoretskyy, Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law (Cambridge University Press 2017).

  33. 33.

    Joint Opinion of the Energy Regulators on TAP AG’s Exemption Application, 17, available at: https://www.autorita.energia.it/allegati/docs/13/249-13all.pdf.

  34. 34.

    Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan Concerning the Transit Passage of Natural Gas Originating and Transiting from the Republic of Azerbaijan to and through the Territory of the Republic of Turkey via the Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline System, 26.06.2012, available at: http://www.tanap.com/content/file/TANAPIGA.pdf.

  35. 35.

    Factual information on TAP can be found at the project’s home page available at: https://www.tap-ag.com/.

  36. 36.

    The BTC pipeline transports oil from the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli field from Shah Deniz across Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. It links the Sangachal terminal on the shores of the Caspian Sea, to the Ceyhan marine terminal on the Turkish Mediterranean coast. In total length, the BTC pipeline is 1768 km long.

  37. 37.

    World Bank, Press release, Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project (TANAP) 20.12.2016, available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2016/12/20/trans-anatolian-natural-gas-pipeline-project-tanap.

  38. 38.

    News Article, Reuters, EBRD Board Approves $500 Million Loan for TANAP Gas Pipeline Project, 18.10.2017, available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/europe-gas-ebrd/ebrd-board-approves-500-mln-loan-for-tanap-gas-pipeline-project-idUKL8N1MR4YS.

  39. 39.

    Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Press release, AIIB Approves $600 Million to Support Energy Project of Azerbaijan, 20.12.2016, available at: https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2016/20161222_001.html.

  40. 40.

    News Article, Hurriyet Daily, European Investment Bank Approves 932 Million Euro Loan for TANAP Pipeline, 16.03.2018, available at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/european-investment-bank-approves-932-mln-euro-loan-for-tanap-pipeline-128844.

  41. 41.

    Art. 3 TANAP HGA.

  42. 42.

    News release, Enerdata, Shah Deniz Consortium Signs 10 bcm/year Gas Supply Agreements, 23.09.2013, available at: https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/shah-deniz-consortium-signs-10-bcmyear-gas-supply-agreements.html.

  43. 43.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions—Second Strategic Energy Review: an EU energy security and solidarity action plan, COM (2008) 781 final, Brussels, 13.11.2008.

  44. 44.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions—Second Strategic Energy Review: an EU energy security and solidarity action plan, COM (2008) 781 final, Brussels, 13.11.2008, p. 4.

  45. 45.

    News release, Sputnik, First Gas Deliveries to Turkey Launched via TANAP Pipeline, 30.06.2018, https://sputniknews.com/world/201806301065914412-tanap-gas-delivery-turkey/.

  46. 46.

    News Article, AzerNews, Azerbaijan Gets Over 30 bcm of Associated Gas from ACG Block, 02.06.2017, available at: https://www.azernews.az/oil_and_gas/114131.html.

  47. 47.

    US Energy Information Administration, Country Analysis Brief: Azerbaijan, 22.06.2016, available at: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=AZE.

  48. 48.

    News Article, Reuters, Fact Box: Azerbaijan’s Main Gas Fields, 24.02.2017, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-azerbaijan-gas-factbox/factbox-azerbaijans-main-gas-fields-idUSKBN1630SG.

  49. 49.

    Simone Tagliapietra and Georg Zachmann, Designing a New EU–Turkey Strategic Gas Partnership, Bruegel, 01.07.2015, available at: http://www.bruegel.org/nc/blog/detail/article/1666-designing-a-new-eu-turkey-strategic-gas-partnership/.

  50. 50.

    News Article, Natural Gas Europe, Europe’s alternatives to Russian, 11.04.2015, available at: http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/analysis-europe-alternatives-russian-gas-23151.

  51. 51.

    World Bank, Global Economic Prospects: Broad-Based Upturn, but for How Long? January 2018, available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects.

  52. 52.

    Farid Guliyev, “After Us, the Deluge: Oil Windfalls, State Elites and the Elusive Quest for Economic Diversification in Azerbaijan”, Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 69, 2015.

  53. 53.

    IEA, Gas 2018, 26.06.2018, available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/gas-2018_gas_mar-2018-en.

  54. 54.

    Factual information on Blue Stream pipeline is available at: http://www.gazprom.com/about/production/projects/pipelines/active/blue-stream/.

  55. 55.

    United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (UNCLOS).

  56. 56.

    Energy Charter Treaty, 17 December 1994, reprinted in: ILM 34 (1995), 360.

  57. 57.

    CAM NC, Art. 8(7).

  58. 58.

    See more at: http://www.energia.gr/article_en.asp?art_id=30644.

  59. 59.

    Caspian Development Corporation, Final Implementation Report, December 2010, available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/824621468252629798/pdf/689520ESW0P1160mplementation0Report.pdf.

  60. 60.

    News Article, Reuters, Turkmenistan Boosts Gas Export Capacity with East-West Link, 23.12.2015, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/turkmenistan-pipeline/turkmenistan-boosts-gas-export-capacity-with-east-west-link-idUSL8N14C0GT20151223.

  61. 61.

    BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2017, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-natural-gas.pdf.

  62. 62.

    Simone Tagliapietra and Georg Zachmann, Designing a New EU–Turkey Strategic Gas Partnership, Bruegel, 01.07.2015, available at: http://www.bruegel.org/nc/blog/detail/article/1666-designing-a-new-eu-turkey-strategic-gas-partnership/.

  63. 63.

    News release, Reuters, Turkmenistan Inks Deal with Turkey to Supply Gas to TANAP Pipeline, 07.11.2014, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/turkmenistan-turkey-tanap/turkmenistan-inks-deal-with-turkey-to-supply-gas-to-tanap-pipeline-idUSL6N0SX2QK20141107.

  64. 64.

    Declaration on the development of cooperation in the field of energy between Turkmenistan, the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Turkey and the European Union (Ashgabat Declaration), 01.05.2015, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2014-2019/sefcovic/announcements/ashgabat-declaration_en.

  65. 65.

    News Article, The Diplomat, Europe and Turkmenistan Make Nice: The completion of the East-West Pipeline Could Allow Turkmen Gas to Be Delivered to Europe in the Near Future, 17.05.2015, available at: http://thediplomat.com/2015/05/europe-and-turkmenistan-make-nice/.

  66. 66.

    News release, BBC, Caspian Sea: Five Countries Sign Deal to End Dispute, 12.08.2018, available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-45162282.

  67. 67.

    News release, Trend, Russian Government Approves Draft Convention on Caspian Sea Status, 22.06.2018, available at: https://en.trend.az/business/economy/2920196.html.

  68. 68.

    The list of the projects of common interest (PCIs) by country—the (third) Union list of PCIs, 23.10.2017, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/memberstatespci_list_2017.pdf.

  69. 69.

    Connecting Europe Facility, Supported Actions—May 2019, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/inea/sites/inea/files/cefpub/cef_energy_brochure_2019-web.pdf.

  70. 70.

    News Article, The Diplomat, Europe Could Be Getting Turkmen Gas by 2020, 05.05.2015, available at: https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/europe-could-be-getting-turkmen-gas-by-2020/.

  71. 71.

    More information on South Caucasus Pipeline is available at: https://www.bp.com/en_az/caspian/operationsprojects/pipelines/SCP.html.

  72. 72.

    Presentation by Giorgi Vashakmadze, W-Stream Consortium—the promoter of the Trans-Caspian and White Stream Gas Pipeline projects on Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline—the Project of Common Interest No. 7.1.1 at the Transit Expert Meeting in Beijing on November 2015, organised by the author while working at the Energy Charter Secretariat, available at: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Events/20151127-S6_Giorgi_Vashakmadze.pdf

  73. 73.

    News Article, New Europe, The “Expanded” Southern Gas Corridor: What Comes After 2020? 14.03.2018, available at: https://www.neweurope.eu/article/expanded-southern-gas-corridor-comes-2020/.

  74. 74.

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  75. 75.

    News Article, AzerNews, Europe Still Hopeful to Get Turkmen Gas, 02.10.2017, available at: https://www.azernews.az/oil_and_gas/119726.html.

  76. 76.

    Belt and Road Initiative, the Central Asian gas pipeline: A visual explainer, available at: http://multimedia.scmp.com/news/china/article/One-Belt-One-Road/gasPipeline.html.

  77. 77.

    News Article, Reuters, Leaders Launch Start of Afghan Section of TAPI Gas Pipeline, 23.02.2018, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkmenistan-afghanistan-gas-pipeline/leaders-launch-start-of-afghan-section-of-tapi-gas-pipeline-idUSKCN1G70PU.

  78. 78.

    John Roberts, Turkmenistan: The Pursuit of New Markets, Platts, Energy Economist, Issue 437, 22.04.2018 (subscription only, copy with the author).

  79. 79.

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  80. 80.

    EU, An EU Strategy for Relations with Iran After the Nuclear Deal, June 2016, available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2016/578005/EXPO_IDA(2016)578005_EN.pdf.

  81. 81.

    EU Commission News, Commissioner Arias Cañete in Iran for the first-ever Iran-EU Business Forum on Sustainable Energy, 28.04.2017, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/commissioner-arias-ca%C3%B1ete-iran-first-ever-iran-eu-business-forum-sustainable-energy.

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  83. 83.

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  84. 84.

    More information on Iran–Turkey–Europe (ITRE) pipeline project is available at: http://en.turangtransit.com.tr/overview.

  85. 85.

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  86. 86.

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  88. 88.

    News Article, Natural Gas Europe, The European Council on Foreign Relations looks at the proposed energy union and all the alternative methods of gas for Europe away from Russian supply, 11.04.2015, available at: http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/analysis-europe-alternatives-russian-gas-23151.

  89. 89.

    News Article, Presstv, Iran to Sign First Major Post-sanction Oil Deals This Month, 03.03.2018, available at: http://www.presstv.com/DetailFr/2018/03/03/554192/Iran-oil-deals-IPC-North-Azadegan.

  90. 90.

    News Article, Anadolu Agency, Turkey to Receive $1.9B in Compensation from Iran Over Natural Gas Price Dispute, 27.01.2017, available at: https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2017/01/24/turkey-to-receive-19b-in-compensation-from-iran-over-natural-gas-price-dispute.

  91. 91.

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  92. 92.

    News Article, Politico, the coming Russia–Iran energy axis Russia tries to gain a foothold, not a competitor, 20.07.2015, available at: http://www.politico.eu/article/iran-russia-gas-lng-gazprom-energy/.

  93. 93.

    News Article, Presstv, Iran Says Piping Gas to EU Not Economical, 01.08.2105, available at: http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2015/08/01/422835/Iran-Gas-Pipeline-Europe-Not-Economical.

  94. 94.

    News Article, Natural Gas Europe, Iran’s Gas Export to the EU: When, How and How Much? 22.09.2015, available at: http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/iran-gas-export-to-eu-wood-mackenzie-analysts-25479?utm_source=Natural+Gas+Europe+Newsletter&utm_campaign=de36a26196-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c95c702d4c-de36a26196-307768681.

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  96. 96.

    More information on Southern Gas initiative is available via: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/imports-and-secure-supplies/gas-and-oil-supply-routes.

  97. 97.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on security of energy supply and international cooperation—“The EU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners Beyond Our Borders,” 7.9.2011, COM (2011) 539 final.

  98. 98.

    BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2017, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-natural-gas.pdf.

  99. 99.

    More information on Kurdish Regional Government’s natural gas reserves and vision is available at: http://mnr.krg.org/index.php/en/component/content/?view=featured.

  100. 100.

    News Article, Hurriyet Daily, KRG Plans 10 bcm in Natural Gas Exports to Turkey in Two Years, 20.11.2015, available at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/krg-plans-10-bcm-in-natural-gas-exports-to-turkey-in-two-years-91471; SIMONE TAGLIAPIETRA and GEORG ZACHMANN, Designing a New EU–Turkey Strategic Gas Partnership, Bruegel, 01.07.2015, available at: http://www.bruegel.org/nc/blog/detail/article/1666-designing-a-new-eu-turkey-strategic-gas-partnership/.

  101. 101.

    Press release, Genel Energy plc, Bina Bawi and Miran West gas resource update, 19.01.2018, available at: http://genelenergy.com/media/2172/genel-energy-miran-and-bina-bawi-gas-resource-update-final.pdf.

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  103. 103.

    Gulmira Rzayeva, Gas Supply Changes in Turkey, January 2018, Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Gas-Supply-Changes-in-Turkey-Insight-24.pdf.

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    News release, IFC, Rebuilding Iraq’s Energy Infrastructure, May 2016, available at: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/news_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/news+and+events/news/rebuilding+iraqs+energy+infrastructure.

  105. 105.

    Press release, Kurdish Regional Government Ministry of Natural Resources, KRG and Rosneft Deal on Construction of Natural Gas Pipeline, Exports Expected in 2020, 18.09.2017, available at: http://mnr.krg.org/index.php/en/press-releases/596-krg-and-rosneft-deal-on-construction-of-natural-gas-pipeline,-exports-expected-in-2020.

  106. 106.

    Press release, Rosneft, 09.10.2017, available at: https://www.rosneft.com/press/releases/item/188045/.

  107. 107.

    BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2017, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-natural-gas.pdf.

  108. 108.

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    Gökçe Mete

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Mete, G. (2020). Now and Then: The Future of Gas Infrastructure in the EU. In: Energy Transitions and the Future of Gas in the EU. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32614-2_5

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