Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prognostic Factors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hodgkin Lymphoma

Part of the book series: Hematologic Malignancies ((HEMATOLOGIC))

  • 1010 Accesses

Abstract

Based on the universally adopted 1971 Ann Arbor staging classification, Hodgkin lymphoma is grouped into four different clinical stages based on the extent of disease. Numerous clinical risk factors are additionally applied to stratify patients for purpose of first-line treatment, with differences in treatment-group allocation based on regional or study-group preferences. Lately, functional imaging by 18FDG positron emission tomography became a powerful tool to precisely measure the extent and volume of disease as well as to guide treatment both in the first line and relapsed/refractory setting. Additionally a variety of biological risk factors have been evaluated for their prognostic significance and are increasingly investigated in light of widespread use of targeted agents. Altogether the landscape of prognostic factors in HL is invariably increasing, and more modern markers are likely to be incorporated in routine clinical practice. This chapter summarizes the currently available data on prognostic factors and risk group classifications in HL and provides an overview of recent developments and future perspectives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ABVD:

Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine

ASCT:

Autologous stem cell transplant

BEACOPPesc:

Bleomycin, etoposide, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolone, escalated

BNLI:

British National Lymphoma Investigation

BV:

Brentuximab vedotin

CALGB:

Cancer and Leukemia Group B

cfDNA:

Cell-free DNA

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CS:

Clinical stage

EBMT:

European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation

ECOG:

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

EFS:

Event-free survival

EN:

Extranodal

EORTC:

European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

FDG:

2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose

FF2F:

Freedom from second failure

FFP:

Freedom from progression

GELA:

Groupe d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adulte

GHSG:

German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group

HDCT:

High-dose chemotherapy

HL:

Hodgkin lymphoma

HRS:

Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg

IPS:

International Prognostic Score

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

LMM:

Large mediastinal mass

LP:

Lymphocyte predominant

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MOPP:

Mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolone

MTV:

Metabolic tumour volume

NCI-C:

National Cancer Institute of Canada

NCI-US:

National Cancer Institute of the United States

NS:

Nodular sclerosis

OS:

Overall survival

PD-1:

Programmed cell death protein 1

PD-L1:

Programmed death ligand 1

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PFS:

Progression-free survival

PR:

Partial remission

r/r:

Relapsed or refractory

RT:

Radiation therapy

SWOG:

Southwest Oncology Group

TAM:

Tumour-associated macrophages

TARC:

Thymus and activation regulated chemokine

TNF:

Tumour necrosis factor

TTR:

Time to relapse

References

  1. Reed DM (1902) On the pathological changes in Hodgkin's disease, with especial reference to its relation to tuberculosis. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 10:133–196

    Google Scholar 

  2. Banfi A, Bonadonna G, Buraggi G et al (1965) Proposta di classificazione e terapia della malattia di Hodgkin. Tumori 51:97–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Easson EC, Russell MH (1963) The cure of Hodgkin’s disease. BMJ 1963:1704–1707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jelliffe AM, Thomson AD (1955) The prognosis in Hodgkin’s disease. Br J Cancer 9:21–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Kaplan HS (1970) On the natural history, treatment and prognosis of Hodgkin’s disease. Harvey lectures 1968–1969. Academic, New York, NY, pp 215–259

    Google Scholar 

  6. Musshoff K, Stamm H, Lummel G, Gössel K (1964) Zur prognose der lymphogranulomatose. Klinisches bild un strahlentherapie. Freiburger Krankengut 1938–1958. In: Keiderling W (ed) Beiträge zur Inneren Medizin. FK Schattauer-Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 549–561

    Google Scholar 

  7. Peters MV (1950) A study of survivals in Hodgkin’s disease treated radiologically. Am J Roentgenol 63:299–311

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rosenberg SA (1966) Report of the committee on the staging of Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Res 26:1310–1310

    Google Scholar 

  9. Carbone PP, Kaplan HS, Musshoff K, Smithers DW, Tubiana M (1971) Report of the committee on Hodgkin’s disease staging classification. Cancer Res 31:1860–1861

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Aisenberg AC, Qazi R (1976) Improved survival in Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 37:2423–2429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Davis S, Dahlberg S, Myers MH, Chen A, Steinhorn SC (1987) Hodgkin's disease in the United States: a comparison of patient characteristics and survival in the centralized cancer patient data system and the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. J Natl Cancer Inst 78:471–478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gobbi PG, Cavalli C, Federico M, Bertoloni D, Di Prisco UA, Rossi A, Silingardi V, Mauri C, Ascari E (1988) Hodgkin’s disease prognosis: a directly predictive equation. Lancet 1:675–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hancock BW, Aitken M, Martin JF, Dunsmore IR, Ross CM, Carr I, Emmanuel IG (1979) Hodgkin’s disease in Sheffield (1971–76) (with computer analysis of variables). Clin Oncol 5:283–297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Henry-Amar M, Aeppli DM, Anderson J, Ashley S, Bonichon F, Cox RS, Dahlberg SJ, DeBoer G, Dixon DO, Gobbi PG, Gregory W, Hasenclever D, Löffler M, Pompe Kirn V, Santarelli MT, Specht L, Swindell R, Vaughan Hudson B (1990) Workshop statistical report. In: Somers R, Henry-Amar M, Meerwaldt JH, Carde P (eds) Treatment strategy in Hodgkin’s disease. INSERM/John Libbey Eurotext, London, pp 169–425

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kaplan HS (1973) Survival and relapse rates in Hodgkin’s disease: Stanford experience, 1961–71. Monogr Natl Cancer Inst 36:487–496

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Musshoff K, Hartmann C, Niklaus B, Rössnere R (1974) Results of therapy in Hodgkin’s disease: Freiburg i. Br. 1964–1971. In: Musshoff K (ed) Diagnosis and therapy of malignant lymphoma. Springer, Berlin, pp 206–220

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Sutcliffe SB, Gospodarowicz MK, Bergsagel DE, Bush RS, Alison RE, Bean HA, Brown TC, Chua T, Clark RM, Curtis JE (1985) Prognostic groups for management of localized Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 3:393–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Noone AM, Howlader N, Krapcho M, Miller D, Brest A, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (2018) SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2015. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lister TA, Crowther D, Sutcliffe SB, Glatstein E, Canellos GP, Young RC, Rosenberg SA, Coltman CA, Tubiana M (1989) Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin’s disease: Cotswolds meeting. J Clin Oncol 7:1630–1636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, Cavalli F, Schwartz LH, Zucca E, Lister TA (2014) Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol 32:3059–3068

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. George SL (1988) Identification and assessment of prognostic factors. Semin Oncol 15:462–471

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gospodarowicz MK, O'Sullivan B, Koh ES (2006) Prognostic factors: principles and applications. In: Gospodarowicz MK, O’Sullivan B, Sobin LH (eds) Prognostic factors in cancer, 3rd edn. Wiley-Liss, Hoboken, NJ, pp 23–38

    Google Scholar 

  23. Byar DP (1988) Identification of prognostic factors. In: Buyse ME, Staquet MJ, Sylvester RJ (eds) Cancer clinical trials. Methods and practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 423–443

    Google Scholar 

  24. Riley RD, Sauerbrei W, Altman DG (2009) Prognostic markers in cancer: the evolution of evidence from single studies to meta-analysis, and beyond. Br J Cancer 100:1219–1229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Byar DP (1991) Problems with using observational databases to compare treatments. Stat Med 10:663–666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Simon R (1984) Importance of prognostic factors in cancer clinical trials. Cancer Treat Rep 68:185–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cheson BD, Pfistner B, Juweid ME, Gascoyne RD, Specht L, Horning SJ, Coiffier B, Fisher RI, Hagenbeek A, Zucca E, Rosen ST, Stroobants S, Lister TA, Hoppe RT, Dreyling M, Tobinai K, Vose JM, Connors JM, Federico M, Diehl V (2007) Revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 25:579–586

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Altman DG (2006) Studies investigating prognostic factors: conduct and evaluation. In: Gospodarowicz MK, O’Sullivan B, Sobin LH (eds) Prognostic factors in cancer, 3rd edn. Wiley-Liss, Hoboken, NJ, pp 39–54

    Google Scholar 

  29. Burke HB, Henson DE (1993) The American Joint Committee on Cancer. Criteria for prognostic factors and for an enhanced prognostic system. Cancer 72:3131–3135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cox DR (1972) Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc B 34:187–220

    Google Scholar 

  31. Simon R (2001) Evaluating prognostic factor studies. In: Gospodarowicz MK, Henson DE, RVP H, O’Sullivan B, Sobin LH, Wittekind C (eds) Prognostic factors in cancer, 2nd edn. Wiley-Liss, New York, NY, pp 49–56

    Google Scholar 

  32. Specht L, Nordentoft AM, Cold S, Clausen NT, Nissen NI (1987) Tumour burden in early stage Hodgkin’s disease: the single most important prognostic factor for outcome after radiotherapy. Br J Cancer 55:535–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Specht L, Nissen NI (1988) Prognostic factors in Hodgkin’s disease stage IV. Eur J Haematol 41:359–367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Specht L, Nissen NI (1988) Prognostic factors in Hodgkin’s disease stage III with special reference to tumour burden. Eur J Haematol 41:80–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Specht L, Nissen NI (1988) Hodgkin’s disease stages I and II with infradiaphragmatic presentation: a rare and prognostically unfavourable combination. Eur J Haematol 40:396–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Specht L, Nordentoft AM, Cold S, Clausen NT, Nissen NI (1988) Tumor burden as the most important prognostic factor in early stage Hodgkin’s disease. Relations to other prognostic factors and implications for choice of treatment. Cancer 61:1719–1727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Specht L, Nissen NI (1989) Hodgkin's disease and age. Eur J Haematol 43:127–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Specht L, Lauritzen AF, Nordentoft AM, Andersen PK, Christensen BE, Hippe E, Hou-Jensen K, Nissen NI (1990) Tumor cell concentration and tumor burden in relation to histopathologic subtype and other prognostic factors in early stage Hodgkin's disease. The Danish National Hodgkin Study Group. Cancer 65:2594–2601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Specht L (1992) Tumour burden as the main indicator of prognosis in Hodgkin’s disease. Eur J Cancer 28A:1982–1985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gobbi PG, Ghirardelli ML, Solcia M, Di Giulio G, Merli F, Tavecchia L, Berte R, Davini O, Levis A, Broglia C, Maffe GC, Ilariucci F, Dore R, Ascari E (2001) Image-aided estimate of tumor burden in Hodgkin’s disease: evidence of its primary prognostic importance. J Clin Oncol 19:1388–1394

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gobbi PG, Broglia C, Di Giulio G, Mantelli M, Anselmo P, Merli F, Zinzani PL, Rossi G, Callea V, Iannitto E, Paulli M, Garioni L, Ascari E (2004) The clinical value of tumor burden at diagnosis in Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 101:1824–1834

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gobbi PG, Valentino F, Bassi E, Coriani C, Merli F, Bonfante V, Marchiano A, Gallamini A, Bolis S, Stelitano C, Levis A, Federico M, Angrilli F, Di GG, Corazza GR (2011) Chemoresistance as a function of the pretherapy tumor burden and the chemotherapy regimen administered: differences observed with 2 current chemotherapy regimens for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 11:396–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gobbi PG, Bergonzi M, Bassi E, Merli F, Coriani C, Stelitano C, Iannitto E, Federico M (2012) Tumor burden in Hodgkin’s lymphoma can be reliably estimated from a few staging parameters. Oncol Rep 28:815–820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gobbi PG, Bassi E, Bergonzi M, Merli F, Coriani C, Iannitto E, Luminari S, Polimeno G, Federico M (2012) Tumour burden predicts treatment resistance in patients with early unfavourable or advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated with ABVD and radiotherapy. Hematol Oncol 30:194–199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gobbi PG, Bergonzi M, Bassi E, Merli F, Coriani C, Federico M (2013) Tumour burden at diagnosis as the main clinical predictor of cell resistance in patients with early stage, favourable Hodgkin lymphoma treated with VBM chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. Hematol Oncol 31:151–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gobbi PG (2014) Tumor burden in Hodgkin's lymphoma: much more than the best prognostic factor. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 90:17–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Akhtari M, Milgrom SA, Pinnix CC, Reddy JP, Dong W, Smith GL, Mawlawi O, Abou YZ, Gunther J, Osborne EM, Andraos TY, Wogan CF, Rohren E, Garg N, Chuang H, Khoury JD, Oki Y, Fanale M, Dabaja BS (2018) Reclassifying patients with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on functional radiographic markers at presentation. Blood 131:84–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Cottereau AS, Versari A, Loft A, Casasnovas O, Bellei M, Ricci R, Bardet S, Castagnoli A, Brice P, Raemaekers J, Deau B, Fortpied C, Raveloarivahy T, Van ZE, Chartier L, Vander BT, Federico M, Hutchings M, Ricardi U, Andre M, Meignan M (2018) Prognostic value of baseline metabolic tumor volume in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma in the standard arm of the H10 trial. Blood 131:1456–1463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kanoun S, Rossi C, Berriolo-Riedinger A, Dygai-Cochet I, Cochet A, Humbert O, Toubeau M, Ferrant E, Brunotte F, Casasnovas RO (2014) Baseline metabolic tumour volume is an independent prognostic factor in Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 41:1735–1743

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Moskowitz AJ, Schoder H, Gavane S, Thoren KL, Fleisher M, Yahalom J, McCall SJ, Cadzin BR, Fox SY, Gerecitano J, Grewal R, Hamlin PA, Horwitz SM, Kumar A, Matasar M, Ni A, Noy A, Palomba ML, Perales MA, Portlock CS, Sauter C, Straus D, Younes A, Zelenetz AD, Moskowitz CH (2017) Prognostic significance of baseline metabolic tumor volume in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 130:2196–2203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Prochazka V, Gawande RS, Cayci Z, Froelich JW, Cao Q, Wilke C, Dusenbery K, Weisdorf DJ, Bachanova V (2018) Positron emission tomography-based assessment of metabolic tumor volume predicts survival after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for Hodgkin lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 24:64–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gallamini A, Kostakoglu L (2017) Metabolic tumor volume: we still need a platinum-standard metric. J Nucl Med 58:196–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ilyas H, Mikhaeel NG, Dunn JT, Rahman F, Moller H, Smith D, Barrington SF (2018) Defining the optimal method for measuring baseline metabolic tumour volume in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 45:1142–1154

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Kanoun S, Tal I, Berriolo-Riedinger A, Rossi C, Riedinger JM, Vrigneaud JM, Legrand L, Humbert O, Casasnovas O, Brunotte F, Cochet A (2015) Influence of software tool and methodological aspects of Total metabolic tumor volume calculation on baseline [18F]FDG PET to predict survival in Hodgkin lymphoma. PLoS One 10:e0140830

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kostakoglu L, Chauvie S (2018) Metabolic tumor volume metrics in lymphoma. Semin Nucl Med 48:50–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bonfante V, Santoro A, Viviani S, Zucali R, Devizzi L, Zanini M, Tess JDT, Valagussa P, Banfi A, Bonadonna G (1993) Early stage Hodgkin’s disease: ten-year results of a non-randomised study with radiotherapy alone or combined with MOPP. Eur J Cancer 29A:24–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Franklin J, Paulus U, Lieberz D, Breuer K, Tesch H, Diehl V (2000) Is the international prognostic score for advanced stage Hodgkin’s disease applicable to early stage patients? German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Ann Oncol 11:617–623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Glimelius I, Molin D, Amini RM, Gustavsson A, Glimelius B, Enblad G (2003) Bulky disease is the most important prognostic factor in Hodgkin lymphoma stage IIB. Eur J Haematol 71:327–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Gobbi PG, Gendarini A, Crema A, Cavalli C, Attardo-Parrinello G, Federico M, Di Prisco U, Ascari E (1985) Serum albumin in Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 55:389–393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB, Clark RM, Dembo AJ, Fitzpatrick PJ, Munro AJ, Bergsagel DE, Patterson BJ, Tsang R, Chua T (1992) Analysis of supradiaphragmatic clinical stage I and II Hodgkin’s disease treated with radiation alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 22:859–865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Pavlovsky S, Maschio M, Santarelli MT, Muriel FS, Corrado C, Garcia I, Schwartz L, Montero C, Sanahuja FL, Magnasco O (1988) Randomized trial of chemotherapy versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for stage I–II Hodgkin’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:1466–1473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Specht L (1991) Prognostic factors in Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Treat Rev 18:21–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tubiana M, Henry-Amar M, Werf-Messing B, Henry J, Abbatucci J, Burgers M, Hayat M, Somers R, Laugier A, Carde P (1985) A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in early stage Hodgkin’s disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11:23–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tubiana M, Henry-Amar M, Carde P, Burgers JM, Hayat M, van der Schueren E, Noordijk EM, Tanguy A, Meerwaldt JH, Thomas J (1989) Toward comprehensive management tailored to prognostic factors of patients with clinical stages I and II in Hodgkin’s disease. The EORTC lymphoma group controlled clinical trials: 1964–1987. Blood 73:47–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Vaughan Hudson B, MacLennan KA, Bennett MH, Easterling MJ, Vaughan Hudson G, Jelliffe AM (1987) Systemic disturbance in Hodgkin’s disease and its relation to histopathology and prognosis (BNLI report no. 30). Clin Radiol 38:257–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Filippi AR, Botticella A, Bello M, Botto B, Castiglione A, Gavarotti P, Gottardi D, Parvis G, Bisi G, Levis A, Vitolo U, Ricardi U (2013) Interim positron emission tomography and clinical outcome in patients with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated with combined modality therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 54:1183–1187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Gallamini A, Kostakoglu L (2012) Interim FDG-PET in Hodgkin lymphoma: a compass for a safe navigation in clinical trials? Blood 120:4913–4920

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hutchings M, Loft A, Hansen M, Pedersen LM, Buhl T, Jurlander J, Buus S, Keiding S, D'Amore F, Boesen AM, Berthelsen AK, Specht L (2006) FDG-PET after two cycles of chemotherapy predicts treatment failure and progression-free survival in Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 107:52–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hutchings M, Kostakoglu L, Zaucha JM, Malkowski B, Biggi A, Danielewicz I, Loft A, Specht L, Lamonica D, Czuczman MS, Nanni C, Zinzani PL, Diehl L, Stern R, Coleman M (2014) In vivo treatment sensitivity testing with positron emission tomography/computed tomography after one cycle of chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 32:2705–2711

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kostakoglu L, Schoder H, Johnson JL, Hall NC, Schwartz LH, Straus DJ, LaCasce AS, Jung SH, Bartlett NL, Canellos GP, Cheson BD (2012) Interim [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in stage I-II non-bulky Hodgkin lymphoma: would using combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography criteria better predict response than each test alone? Leuk Lymphoma 53:2143–2150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Zinzani PL, Rigacci L, Stefoni V, Broccoli A, Puccini B, Castagnoli A, Vaggelli L, Zanoni L, Argnani L, Baccarani M, Fanti S (2012) Early interim 18F-FDG PET in Hodgkin’s lymphoma: evaluation on 304 patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 39:4–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sher DJ, Mauch PM, Van den Abbeele A, LaCasce AS, Czerminski J, Ng AK (2009) Prognostic significance of mid- and post-ABVD PET imaging in Hodgkin’s lymphoma: the importance of involved-field radiotherapy. Ann Oncol 20:1848–1853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Adams HJ, Nievelstein RA, Kwee TC (2015) Prognostic value of interim FDG-PET in Hodgkin lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Haematol 170:356–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Adams HJ, Nievelstein RA, Kwee TC (2016) Systematic review and meta-analysis on the prognostic value of complete remission status at FDG-PET in Hodgkin lymphoma after completion of first-line therapy. Ann Hematol 95:1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Brockelmann PJ, Angelopoulou MK, Vassilakopoulos TP (2016) Prognostic factors in Hodgkin lymphoma. Semin Hematol 53:155–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Alonso-Alvarez S, Vidriales MB, Caballero MD, Blanco O, Puig N, Martin A, Penarrubia MJ, Zato E, Galende J, Barez A, Alcoceba M, Orfao A, Gonzalez M, Garcia-Sanz R (2017) The number of tumor infiltrating T-cell subsets in lymph nodes from patients with Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with the outcome after first line ABVD therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 58:1144–1152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Calio A, Zamo A, Ponzoni M, Zanolin ME, Ferreri AJ, Pedron S, Montagna L, Parolini C, Fraifeld VE, Wolfson M, Yanai H, Pizzolo G, Doglioni C, Vinante F, Chilosi M (2015) Cellular senescence markers p16INK4a and p21CIP1/WAF are predictors of Hodgkin lymphoma outcome. Clin Cancer Res 21:5164–5172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Casasnovas RO, Mounier N, Brice P, Divine M, Morschhauser F, Gabarre J, Blay JY, Voillat L, Lederlin P, Stamatoullas A, Bienvenu J, Guiguet M, Intrator L, Grandjean M, Briere J, Ferme C, Salles G (2007) Plasma cytokine and soluble receptor signature predicts outcome of patients with classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a study from the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. J Clin Oncol 25:1732–1740

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Derenzini E, Younes A (2011) Predicting treatment outcome in classical Hodgkin lymphoma: genomic advances. Genome Med 3:26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Diefenbach C, Steidl C (2013) New strategies in Hodgkin lymphoma: better risk profiling and novel treatments. Clin Cancer Res 19:2797–2803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Guo B, Cen H, Tan X, Ke Q (2016) Meta-analysis of the prognostic and clinical value of tumor-associated macrophages in adult classical Hodgkin lymphoma. BMC Med 14:159

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Guo X, Wang J, Jin J, Chen H, Zhen Z, Jiang W, Lin T, Huang H, Xia Z, Sun X (2018) High serum level of soluble programmed death ligand 1 is associated with a poor prognosis in Hodgkin lymphoma. Transl Oncol 11:779–785

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Hagenbeek A, Gascoyne RD, Dreyling M, Kluin P, Engert A, Salles G (2009) Biomarkers and prognosis in malignant lymphomas. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 9:160–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kanakry JA, Li H, Gellert LL, Lemas MV, Hsieh WS, Hong F, Tan KL, Gascoyne RD, Gordon LI, Fisher RI, Bartlett NL, Stiff P, Cheson BD, Advani R, Miller TP, Kahl BS, Horning SJ, Ambinder RF (2013) Plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA predicts outcome in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma: correlative analysis from a large north American cooperative group trial. Blood 121:3547–3553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Koh YW, Kang HJ, Park C, Yoon DH, Kim S, Suh C, Go H, Kim JE, Kim CW, Huh J (2012) The ratio of the absolute lymphocyte count to the absolute monocyte count is associated with prognosis in Hodgkin’s lymphoma: correlation with tumor-associated macrophages. Oncologist 17:871–880

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Mestre F, Gutierrez A, Ramos R, Martinez-Serra J, Sanchez L, Matheu G, Ros T, Garcia JF, Rodriguez J (2012) Expression of COX-2 on Reed-Sternberg cells is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in Hodgkin lymphoma treated with ABVD. Blood 119:6072–6079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Navarro A, Munoz C, Gaya A, Diaz-Beya M, Gel B, Tejero R, Diaz T, Martinez A, Monzo M (2013) MiR-SNPs as markers of toxicity and clinical outcome in Hodgkin lymphoma patients. PLoS One 8:e64716

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Scott DW, Chan FC, Hong F, Rogic S, Tan KL, Meissner B, Ben-Neriah S, Boyle M, Kridel R, Telenius A, Woolcock BW, Farinha P, Fisher RI, Rimsza LM, Bartlett NL, Cheson BD, Shepherd LE, Advani RH, Connors JM, Kahl BS, Gordon LI, Horning SJ, Steidl C, Gascoyne RD (2013) Gene expression-based model using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies predicts overall survival in advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 31:692–700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Steidl C, Lee T, Shah SP, Farinha P, Han G, Nayar T, Delaney A, Jones SJ, Iqbal J, Weisenburger DD, Bast MA, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Delabie J, Braziel RM, Cook JR, Tubbs RR, Jaffe ES, Lenz G, Connors JM, Staudt LM, Chan WC, Gascoyne RD (2010) Tumor-associated macrophages and survival in classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 362:875–885

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Touati M, Delage-Corre M, Monteil J, Abraham J, Moreau S, Remenieras L, Gourin MP, Dmytruk N, Olivrie A, Turlure P, Girault S, Labrousse F, Preux PM, Jaccard A, Bordessoule D (2015) CD68-positive tumor-associated macrophages predict unfavorable treatment outcomes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma in correlation with interim fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography assessment. Leuk Lymphoma 56:332–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Vassilakopoulos TP, Dimopoulou MN, Angelopoulou MK, Petevi K, Pangalis GA, Moschogiannis M, Dimou M, Boutsikas G, Kanellopoulos A, Gainaru G, Plata E, Flevari P, Koutsi K, Papageorgiou L, Telonis V, Tsaftaridis P, Sachanas S, Yiakoumis X, Tsirkinidis P, Viniou NA, Siakantaris MP, Variami E, Kyrtsonis MC, Meletis J, Panayiotidis P, Konstantopoulos K (2016) Prognostic implication of the absolute lymphocyte to absolute monocyte count ratio in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma treated with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and Dacarbazine or equivalent regimens. Oncologist 21:343–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Hasenclever D, Diehl V (1998) A prognostic score for advanced Hodgkin’s disease. International prognostic factors project on advanced Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 339:1506–1514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Canellos GP, Anderson JR, Propert KJ, Nissen N, Cooper MR, Henderson ES, Green MR, Gottlieb A, Peterson BA (1992) Chemotherapy of advanced Hodgkin’s disease with MOPP, ABVD, or MOPP alternating with ABVD. N Engl J Med 327:1478–1484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ferme C, Bastion Y, Brice P, Lederlin P, Divine M, Gabarre J, Assouline D, Ferrant A, Berger F, Lepage E (1997) Prognosis of patients with advanced Hodgkin’s disease: evaluation of four prognostic models using 344 patients included in the group d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adulte study. Cancer 80:1124–1133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Peterson BA, Pajak TF, Cooper MR, Nissen NI, Glidewell OJ, Holland JF, Bloomfield CD, Gottlieb AJ (1982) Effect of age on therapeutic response and survival in advanced Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Treat Rep 66:889–898

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Sjoberg J, Halthur C, Kristinsson SY, Landgren O, Nygell UA, Dickman PW, Bjorkholm M (2012) Progress in Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based study on patients diagnosed in Sweden from 1973–2009. Blood 119:990–996

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Straus DJ, Gaynor JJ, Myers J, Merke DP, Caravelli J, Chapman D, Yahalom J, Clarkson BD (1990) Prognostic factors among 185 adults with newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin’s disease treated with alternating potentially noncross- resistant chemotherapy and intermediate-dose radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 8:1173–1186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Proctor SJ, Rueffer JU, Angus B, Breuer K, Flechtner H, Jarrett R, Levis A, Taylor P, Tirelli U (2002) Hodgkin’s disease in the elderly: current status and future directions. Ann Oncol 13(Suppl 1):133–137

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Engert A, Ballova V, Haverkamp H, Pfistner B, Josting A, Duhmke E, Muller-Hermelink K, Diehl V (2005) Hodgkin’s lymphoma in elderly patients: a comprehensive retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin’s study group. J Clin Oncol 23:5052–5060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Boll B, Goergen H, Arndt N, Meissner J, Krause SW, Schnell R, von TB, Eichenauer DA, Sasse S, Fuchs M, Behringer K, Klimm BC, Naumann R, Diehl V, Engert A, Borchmann P (2013) Relapsed hodgkin lymphoma in older patients: a comprehensive analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group. J Clin Oncol 31:4431–4437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Gobbi PG, Comelli M, Grignani GE, Pieresca C, Bertoloni D, Ascari E (1994) Estimate of expected survival at diagnosis in Hodgkin’s disease: a means of weighting prognostic factors and a tool for treatment choice and clinical research. A report from the international database on Hodgkin’s disease (IDHD). Haematologica 79:241–255

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Klimm B, Reineke T, Haverkamp H, Behringer K, Eich HT, Josting A, Pfistner B, Diehl V, Engert A (2005) Role of hematotoxicity and sex in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an analysis from the German Hodgkin study group. J Clin Oncol 23:8003–8011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Torricelli P, Grimaldi PL, Fiocchi F, Federico M, Romagnoli R (2004) Hodgkin’s disease: a quantitative evaluation by computed tomography of tumor burden. Clin Imaging 28:239–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Axdorph U, Sjoberg J, Grimfors G, Landgren O, Porwit-MacDonald A, Bjorkholm M (2000) Biological markers may add to prediction of outcome achieved by the international prognostic score in Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Oncol 11:1405–1411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Nadali G, Vinante F, Ambrosetti A, Todeschini G, Veneri D, Zanotti R, Meneghini V, Ricetti MM, Benedetti F, Vassanelli A (1994) Serum levels of soluble CD30 are elevated in the majority of untreated patients with Hodgkin’s disease and correlate with clinical features and prognosis. J Clin Oncol 12:793–797

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Zanotti R, Trolese A, Ambrosetti A, Nadali G, Visco C, Ricetti MM, Benedetti F, Pizzolo G (2002) Serum levels of soluble CD30 improve international prognostic score in predicting the outcome of advanced Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol 13:1908–1914

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Sauer M, Plutschow A, Jachimowicz RD, Kleefisch D, Reiners KS, Ponader S, Engert A, von Strandmann EP (2013) Baseline serum TARC levels predict therapy outcome in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Hematol 88:113–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sureda A, Connors JM, Younes A, Gallamini A, Ansell SM, Kim WS, Miall F, Bajel A, Knopinska-Posluszny W, Ogden CA, Kuroda S, Liu R, Trepicchio WL, Radford J (2018) Serum sCD30 and TARC do not correlate with PETZ-based response assessment in patients (pts) with stage III or IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). HemaSphere 2:35–36

    Google Scholar 

  109. Bohlen H, Kessler M, Sextro M, Diehl V, Tesch H (2000) Poor clinical outcome of patients with Hodgkin’s disease and elevated interleukin-10 serum levels. Clinical significance of interleukin-10 serum levels for Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Hematol 79:110–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Marri PR, Hodge LS, Maurer MJ, Ziesmer SC, Slager SL, Habermann TM, Link BK, Cerhan JR, Novak AJ, Ansell SM (2013) Prognostic significance of pretreatment serum cytokines in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 19:6812–6819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Vassilakopoulos TP, Nadali G, Angelopoulou MK, Siakantaris MP, Dimopoulou MN, Kontopidou FN, Karkantaris C, Kokoris SI, Kyrtsonis MC, Tsaftaridis P, Pizzolo G, Pangalis GA (2002) The prognostic significance of beta(2)-microglobulin in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Haematologica 87:701–708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Meador CB, Lovly CM (2015) Liquid biopsies reveal the dynamic nature of resistance mechanisms in solid tumors. Nat Med 21:663–665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Vandenberghe P, Wlodarska I, Tousseyn T, Dehaspe L, Dierickx D, Verheecke M, Uyttebroeck A, Bechter O, Delforge M, Vandecaveye V, Brison N, Verhoef GE, Legius E, Amant F, Vermeesch JR (2015) Non-invasive detection of genomic imbalances in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells in early and advanced stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma by sequencing of circulating cell-free DNA: a technical proof-of-principle study. Lancet Haematol 2:e55–e65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Bräuninger A, Desch A-K, Kunze K, Boten A, Brobeil A, Rummel M, Kurch L, Georgi T, Kluge R, Mauz-Körholz C, Körholz D, Gattenlöhner S (2018) Genotyping circulating tumor DNA of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma patients to determine pathogenic mechanisms and monitor therapy. HemaSphere 2:4–4

    Google Scholar 

  115. Jin MC, Kurtz DM, Esfahani MS, Sworder BJ, Schroer-Martin J, Soo J, Glover C, Roschewski M, Wilson W, Düehrsen U, Hüttmann A, Rossi D, Gaidano G, Westin J, Diehn M, Advani R, Alizadeh AA (2018) Circulating tumor DNA as a biomarker for the noninvasive genotyping and monitoring of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. HemaSphere 2:4–5

    Google Scholar 

  116. Tan KL, Scott DW, Hong F, Kahl BS, Fisher RI, Bartlett NL, Advani RH, Buckstein R, Rimsza LM, Connors JM, Steidl C, Gordon LI, Horning SJ, Gascoyne RD (2012) Tumor-associated macrophages predict inferior outcomes in classic Hodgkin lymphoma: a correlative study from the E2496 intergroup trial. Blood 120:3280–3287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Roemer MG, Advani RH, Ligon AH, Natkunam Y, Redd RA, Homer H, Connelly CF, Sun HH, Daadi SE, Freeman GJ, Armand P, Chapuy B et al (2016) PD-L1 and PD-L2 genetic alterations define classical Hodgkin lymphoma and predict outcome. J Clin Oncol 34:2690–2697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Gallamini A, Rigacci L, Merli F, Nassi L, Bosi A, Capodanno I, Luminari S, Vitolo U, Sancetta R, Iannitto E, Trentin L, Stelitano C, Tavera S, Biggi A, Castagnoli A, Versari A, Gregianin M, Pelosi E, Torchio P, Levis A (2006) The predictive value of positron emission tomography scanning performed after two courses of standard therapy on treatment outcome in advanced stage Hodgkin's disease. Haematologica 91:475–481

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Hutchings M, Mikhaeel NG, Fields PA, Nunan T, Timothy AR (2005) Prognostic value of interim FDG-PET after two or three cycles of chemotherapy in Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol 16:1160–1168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Zinzani PL, Tani M, Fanti S, Alinari L, Musuraca G, Marchi E, Stefoni V, Castellucci P, Fina M, Farshad M, Pileri S, Baccarani M (2006) Early positron emission tomography (PET) restaging: a predictive final response in Hodgkin’s disease patients. Ann Oncol 17:1296–1300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Gallamini A, Hutchings M, Rigacci L, Specht L, Merli F, Hansen M, Patti C, Loft A, Di Raimondo F, D'Amore F, Biggi A, Vitolo U, Stelitano C, Sancetta R, Trentin L, Luminari S, Iannitto E, Viviani S, Pierri I, Levis A (2007) Early interim 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is prognostically superior to international prognostic score in advanced-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a report from a joint Italian-Danish study. J Clin Oncol 25:3746–3752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, Fossa A, Berkahn L, Carella A, D'Amore F, Enblad G, Franceschetto A, Fulham M, Luminari S, O'Doherty M, Patrick P, Roberts T, Sidra G, Stevens L, Smith P, Trotman J, Viney Z, Radford J, Barrington S (2016) Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 374:2419–2429

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Borchmann P, Goergen H, Kobe C, Lohri A, Greil R, Eichenauer DA, Zijlstra JM, Markova J, Meissner J, Feuring-Buske M, Huttmann A, Dierlamm J, Soekler M, Beck HJ, Willenbacher W, Ludwig WD, Pabst T, Topp MS, Hitz F, Bentz M, Keller UB, Kuhnhardt D, Ostermann H, Schmitz N, Hertenstein B, Aulitzky W, Maschmeyer G, Vieler T, Eich H, Baues C, Stein H, Fuchs M, Kuhnert G, Diehl V, Dietlein M, Engert A (2018) PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. Lancet 390:2790–2802

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Casanovas O, Brice P, Bouabdallah R, Salles G, Stamatoullas A, Dupuis J, Reman O, Gastinne T, Joly B, Bouabdallah K, Nicolas-Virelizier E, Feugier P, Morschhauser F, Delarue R, Berriolo-Riedinger A, Edeline V, Traverse-Giehen A, Andre M, Mounier N, Meignan M (2018) Final analysis of the AHL2011 randomized phase III LYSA study comparing an early PET driven treatment de-escalation to a not PET-monitored strategy in patients with advanced stages Hodgkin lymphoma. EHA Learning Center, The Hague. https://learningcenter.ehaweb.org/eha/2018/stockholm/214504/olivier.casasnovas.final.analysis.of.the.ahl2011.randomized.phase.iii.lysa.html?f=topic=1574∗media=3

    Google Scholar 

  125. Barrington SF, Kirkwood AA, Franceschetto A, Fulham MJ, Roberts TH, Almquist H, Brun E, Hjorthaug K, Viney ZN, Pike LC, Federico M, Luminari S, Radford J, Trotman J, Fossa A, Berkahn L, Molin D, D'Amore F, Sinclair DA, Smith P, O'Doherty MJ, Stevens L, Johnson PW (2016) PET-CT for staging and early response: results from the response-adapted therapy in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma study. Blood 127:1531–1538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Diehl V, Franklin J, Pfreundschuh M, Lathan B, Paulus U, Hasenclever D, Tesch H, Herrmann R, Dorken B, Muller-Hermelink HK, Duhmke E, Loeffler M (2003) Standard and increased-dose BEACOPP chemotherapy compared with COPP-ABVD for advanced Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med 348:2386–2395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Duggan DB, Petroni GR, Johnson JL, Glick JH, Fisher RI, Connors JM, Canellos GP, Peterson BA (2003) Randomized comparison of ABVD and MOPP/ABV hybrid for the treatment of advanced Hodgkin’s disease: report of an intergroup trial. J Clin Oncol 21:607–614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Gobbi PG, Zinzani PL, Broglia C, Comelli M, Magagnoli M, Federico M, Merli F, Iannitto E, Tura S, Ascari E (2001) Comparison of prognostic models in patients with advanced Hodgkin disease. Promising results from integration of the best three systems. Cancer 91:1467–1478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Johnson PW, Radford JA, Cullen MH, Sydes MR, Walewski J, Jack AS, MacLennan KA, Stenning SP, Clawson S, Smith P, Ryder D, Hancock BW (2005) Comparison of ABVD and alternating or hybrid multidrug regimens for the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of the United Kingdom lymphoma group LY09 trial (ISRCTN97144519). J Clin Oncol 23:9208–9218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Moccia AA, Donaldson J, Chhanabhai M, Hoskins PJ, Klasa RJ, Savage KJ, Shenkier TN, Slack GW, Skinnider B, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Sehn LH (2012) International prognostic score in advanced-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma: altered utility in the modern era. J Clin Oncol 30:3383–3388

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Radford JA, Rohatiner AZ, Ryder WD, Deakin DP, Barbui T, Lucie NP, Rossi A, Dunlop DJ, Cowan RA, Wilkinson PM, Gupta RK, James RD, Shamash J, Chang J, Crowther D, Lister TA (2002) ChlVPP/EVA hybrid versus the weekly VAPEC-B regimen for previously untreated Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 20:2988–2994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Diefenbach CS, Li H, Hong F, Gordon LI, Fisher RI, Bartlett NL, Crump M, Gascoyne RD, Wagner H Jr, Stiff PJ, Cheson BD, Stewart DA, Kahl BS, Friedberg JW, Blum KA, Habermann TM, Tuscano JM, Hoppe RT, Horning SJ, Advani RH (2015) Evaluation of the international prognostic score (IPS-7) and a simpler prognostic score (IPS-3) for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era. Br J Haematol 171:530–538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Bierman PJ, Lynch JC, Bociek RG, Whalen VL, Kessinger A, Vose JM, Armitage JO (2002) The international prognostic factors project score for advanced Hodgkin’s disease is useful for predicting outcome of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann Oncol 13:1370–1377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Gisselbrecht C, Mounier N, Andre M, Casanovas O, Reman O, Sebban C, Divine M, Brice P, Briere J, Hennequin C, Ferme C (2005) How to define intermediate stage in Hodgkin’s lymphoma? Eur J Haematol Suppl 75:111–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Bonfante V, Santoro A, Viviani S, Devizzi L, Balzarotti M, Soncini F, Zanini M, Valagussa P, Bonadonna G (1997) Outcome of patients with Hodgkin’s disease failing after primary MOPP-ABVD. J Clin Oncol 15:528–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Brice P, Bastion Y, Divine M, Nedellec G, Ferrant A, Gabarre J, Reman O, Lepage E, Ferme C (1996) Analysis of prognostic factors after the first relapse of Hodgkin’s disease in 187 patients. Cancer 78:1293–1299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Ferme C, Bastion Y, Lepage E, Berger F, Brice P, Morel P, Gabarre J, Nedellec G, Reman O, Cheron N (1995) The MINE regimen as intensive salvage chemotherapy for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Oncol 6:543–549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Lohri A, Barnett M, Fairey RN, O'Reilly SE, Phillips GL, Reece D, Voss N, Connors JM (1991) Outcome of treatment of first relapse of Hodgkin’s disease after primary chemotherapy: identification of risk factors from the British Columbia experience 1970 to 1988. Blood 77:2292–2298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Longo DL, Duffey PL, Young RC, Hubbard SM, Ihde DC, Glatstein E, Phares JC, Jaffe ES, Urba WJ, DeVita VT Jr (1992) Conventional-dose salvage combination chemotherapy in patients relapsing with Hodgkin’s disease after combination chemotherapy: the low probability for cure. J Clin Oncol 10:210–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Viviani S, Santoro A, Negretti E, Bonfante V, Valagussa P, Bonadonna G (1990) Salvage chemotherapy in Hodgkin’s disease. Results in patients relapsing more than twelve months after first complete remission. Ann Oncol 1:123–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Josting A, Franklin J, May M, Koch P, Beykirch MK, Heinz J, Rudolph C, Diehl V, Engert A (2001) New prognostic score based on treatment outcome of patients with relapsed Hodgkin’s lymphoma registered in the database of the German Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 20:221–230

    Google Scholar 

  142. Hagemeister FB, Tannir N, McLaughlin P, Salvador P, Riggs S, Velasquez WS, Cabanillas F (1987) MIME chemotherapy (methyl-GAG, ifosfamide, methotrexate, etoposide) as treatment for recurrent Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 5:556–561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Perren TJ, Selby PJ, Milan S, Meldrum M, McElwain TJ (1990) Etoposide and adriamycin containing combination chemotherapy (HOPE-Bleo) for relapsed Hodgkin’s disease. Br J Cancer 61:919–923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Straus DJ, Myers J, Koziner B, Lee BJ, Clarkson BD (1983) Combination chemotherapy for the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease in relapse. Results with lomustine (CCNU), melphalan (Alkeran), and vindesine (DVA) alone (CAD) and in alternation with MOPP and doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin, and vinblastine (ABV). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 11:80–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Josting A, Schmitz N (2004) Insights into 25 years of clinical trials of the GHSG: Relapsed and refractory Hodgkin’s disease. In: Diehl V, Josting A (eds) 25 years German Hodgkin Study Group. Urban & Vogel, Munich, pp 89–99

    Google Scholar 

  146. Salvagno L, Soraru M, Aversa SM, Bianco A, Chiarion S, Pappagallo GL, Fiorentino MV (1993) Late relapses in Hodgkin’s disease: outcome of patients relapsing more than twelve months after primary chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 4:657–662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Brada M, Eeles R, Ashley S, Nichols J, Horwich A (1992) Salvage radiotherapy in recurrent Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Oncol 3:131–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Josting A, Nogova L, Franklin J, Glossmann JP, Eich HT, Sieber M, Schober T, Boettcher HD, Schulz U, Muller RP, Diehl V, Engert A (2005) Salvage radiotherapy in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin lymphoma study group. J Clin Oncol 23:1522–1529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Leigh BR, Fox KA, Mack CF, Baier M, Miller TP, Cassady JR (1993) Radiation therapy salvage of Hodgkin’s disease following chemotherapy failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 27:855–862

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Roach M III, Kapp DS, Rosenberg SA, Hoppe RT (1987) Radiotherapy with curative intent: an option in selected patients relapsing after chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin’s disease. J Clin Oncol 5:550–555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Wirth A, Corry J, Laidlaw C, Matthews J, Liew KH (1997) Salvage radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease following chemotherapy failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 39:599–607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, Moir D, Hancock B, McMillan A, Chopra R, Milligan D, Hudson GV (1993) Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin’s disease: results of a BNLI randomised trial. Lancet 341:1051–1054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Schmitz N, Pfistner B, Sextro M, Sieber M, Carella AM, Haenel M, Boissevain F, Zschaber R, Muller P, Kirchner H, Lohri A, Decker S, Koch B, Hasenclever D, Goldstone AH, Diehl V (2002) Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin’s disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 359:2065–2071

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Argiris A, Seropian S, Cooper DL (2000) High-dose BEAM chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood progenitor-cell transplantation for unselected patients with primary refractory or relapsed Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Oncol 11:665–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Bierman PJ, Anderson JR, Freeman MB, Vose JM, Kessinger A, Bishop MR, Armitage JO (1996) High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic rescue for Hodgkin’s disease patients following first relapse after chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 7:151–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Czyz A, Lojko-Dankowska A, Dytfeld D, Nowicki A, Gil L, Matuszak M, Kozlowska-Skrzypczak M, Kazmierczak M, Bembnista E, Komarnicki M (2013) Prognostic factors and long-term outcome of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation following a uniform-modified BEAM-conditioning regimen for patients with refractory or relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma: a single-center experience. Med Oncol 30:611

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Ferme C, Mounier N, Divine M, Brice P, Stamatoullas A, Reman O, Voillat L, Jaubert J, Lederlin P, Colin P, Berger F, Salles G (2002) Intensive salvage therapy with high-dose chemotherapy for patients with advanced Hodgkin’s disease in relapse or failure after initial chemotherapy: results of the Groupe d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adulte H89 trial. J Clin Oncol 20:467–475

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Fernandez de Larrea C, Martinez C, Gaya A, Lopez-Guillermo A, Rovira M, Fernandez-Aviles F, Lozano M, Bosch F, Esteve J, Nomdedeu B, Montserrat E, Carreras E (2010) Salvage chemotherapy with alternating MINE-ESHAP regimen in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin’s lymphoma followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation. Ann Oncol 21:1211–1216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Hahn T, Benekli M, Wong C, Moysich KB, Hyland A, Michalek AM, Alam A, Baer MR, Bambach B, Czuczman MS, Wetzler M, Becker JL, McCarthy PL (2005) A prognostic model for prolonged event-free survival after autologous or allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin’s disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 35:557–566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Sureda A, Constans M, Iriondo A, Arranz R, Caballero MD, Vidal MJ, Petit J, Lopez A, Lahuerta JJ, Carreras E, Garcia-Conde J, Garcia-Larana J, Cabrera R, Jarque I, Carrera D, Garcia-Ruiz JC, Pascual MJ, Rifon J, Moraleda JM, Perez-Equiza K, Albo C, Diaz-Mediavilla J, Torres A, Torres P, Besalduch J, Marin J, Mateos MV, Fernandez-Ranada JM, Sierra J, Conde E (2005) Prognostic factors affecting long-term outcome after stem cell transplantation in Hodgkin’s lymphoma autografted after a first relapse. Ann Oncol 16:625–633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Viviani S, Di NM, Bonfante V, Di SA, Carlo-Stella C, Matteucci P, Magni M, Devizzi L, Valagussa P, Gianni AM (2010) Long-term results of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplant as first salvage treatment for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: a single institution experience. Leuk Lymphoma 51:1251–1259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Jabbour E, Hosing C, Ayers G, Nunez R, Anderlini P, Pro B, Khouri I, Younes A, Hagemeister F, Kwak L, Fayad L (2007) Pretransplant positive positron emission tomography/gallium scans predict poor outcome in patients with recurrent/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 109:2481–2489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Mocikova H, Pytlik R, Markova J, Steinerova K, Kral Z, Belada D, Trnkova M, Trneny M, Koza V, Mayer J, Zak P, Kozak T (2011) Pre-transplant positron emission tomography in patients with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 52:1668–1674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Moskowitz AJ, Yahalom J, Kewalramani T, Maragulia JC, Vanak JM, Zelenetz AD, Moskowitz CH (2010) Pretransplantation functional imaging predicts outcome following autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 116:4934–4937

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Moskowitz CH, Yahalom J, Zelenetz AD, Zhang Z, Filippa D, Teruya-Feldstein J, Kewalramani T, Moskowitz AJ, Rice RD, Maragulia J, Vanak J, Trippett T, Hamlin P, Horowitz S, Noy A, O'Connor OA, Portlock C, Straus D, Nimer SD (2010) High-dose chemo-radiotherapy for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma and the significance of pre-transplant functional imaging. Br J Haematol 148:890–897

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Moskowitz CH, Matasar MJ, Zelenetz AD, Nimer SD, Gerecitano J, Hamlin P, Horwitz S, Moskowitz AJ, Noy A, Palomba L, Perales MA, Portlock C, Straus D, Maragulia JC, Schoder H, Yahalom J (2012) Normalization of pre-ASCT, FDG-PET imaging with second-line, non-cross-resistant, chemotherapy programs improves event-free survival in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 119:1665–1670

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Sucak GT, Ozkurt ZN, Suyani E, Yasar DG, Akdemir OU, Aki Z, Yegin ZA, Yagci M, Kapucu OL (2011) Early post-transplantation positron emission tomography in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma is an independent prognostic factor with an impact on overall survival. Ann Hematol 90:1329–1336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Popat U, Hosing C, Saliba RM, Anderlini P, van Besien K, Przepiorka D, Khouri IF, Gajewski J, Claxton D, Giralt S, Rodriguez M, Romaguera J, Hagemeister F, Ha C, Cox J, Cabanillas F, Andersson BS, Champlin RE (2004) Prognostic factors for disease progression after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for recurrent or refractory Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 33:1015–1023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Josting A, Rudolph C, Mapara M, Glossmann JP, Sienawski M, Sieber M, Kirchner HH, Dorken B, Hossfeld DK, Kisro J, Metzner B, Berdel WE, Diehl V, Engert A (2005) Cologne high-dose sequential chemotherapy in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: results of a large multicenter study of the German Hodgkin lymphoma study group (GHSG). Ann Oncol 16:116–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Lumley MA, Milligan DW, Knechtli CJ, Long SG, Billingham LJ, McDonald DF (1996) High lactate dehydrogenase level is associated with an adverse outlook in autografting for Hodgkin’s disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 17:383–388

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Brockelmann PJ, Muller H, Casasnovas O, Hutchings M, von Tresckow B, Jurgens M, McCall SJ, Morschhauser F, Fuchs M, Borchmann P, Moskowitz CH, Engert A (2017) Risk factors and a prognostic score for survival after autologous stem-cell transplantation for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol 28:1352–1358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Bierman PJ, Bagin RG, Jagannath S, Vose JM, Spitzer G, Kessinger A, Dicke KA, Armitage JO (1993) High dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic rescue in Hodgkin’s disease: long-term follow-up in 128 patients. Ann Oncol 4:767–773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Brice P, Bouabdallah R, Moreau P, Divine M, Andre M, Aoudjane M, Fleury J, Anglaret B, Baruchel A, Sensebe L, Colombat P (1997) Prognostic factors for survival after high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with relapsing Hodgkin’s disease: analysis of 280 patients from the French registry. Societe Francaise de Greffe de Moelle. Bone Marrow Transplant 20:21–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Chopra R, McMillan AK, Linch DC, Yuklea S, Taghipour G, Pearce R, Patterson KG, Goldstone AH (1993) The place of high-dose BEAM therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in poor-risk Hodgkin's disease. A single-center eight-year study of 155 patients. Blood 81:1137–1145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Horning SJ, Chao NJ, Negrin RS, Hoppe RT, Long GD, Hu WW, Wong RM, Brown BW, Blume KG (1997) High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation for recurrent or refractory Hodgkin’s disease: analysis of the Stanford University results and prognostic indices. Blood 89:801–813

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Wheeler C, Eickhoff C, Elias A, Ibrahim J, Ayash L, McCauley M, Mauch P, Schwartz G, Eder JP, Mazanet R, Ferrara J, Rimm IJ, Guinan E, Bierer B, Gilliland G, Churchill WH, Ault K, Parsons S, Antman K, Schnipper L, Tepler I, Gaynes L, Frei E III, Kadin M, Antin J (1997) High-dose cyclophosphamide, carmustine, and etoposide with autologous transplantation in Hodgkin's disease: a prognostic model for treatment outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 3:98–106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Williams CD, Goldstone AH, Pearce R, Green S, Armitage JO, Carella A, Meloni G (1993) Autologous bone marrow transplantation for pediatric Hodgkin’s disease: a case-matched comparison with adult patients by the European bone marrow transplant group lymphoma registry. J Clin Oncol 11:2243–2249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Sirohi B, Cunningham D, Powles R, Murphy F, Arkenau T, Norman A, Oates J, Wotherspoon A, Horwich A (2008) Long-term outcome of autologous stem-cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol 19:1312–1319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Arai S, Fanale M, DeVos S, Engert A, Illidge T, Borchmann P, Younes A, Morschhauser F, McMillan A, Horning SJ (2013) Defining a Hodgkin lymphoma population for novel therapeutics after relapse from autologous hematopoietic cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma 54:2531–2533

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Kaloyannidis P, Voutiadou G, Baltadakis I, Tsirigotis P, Spyridonidis A, Repousis P, Balta A, Tsimberis S, Karakasis D, Sakellari I, Dervenoulas I, Harhalakis N, Anagnostopoulos A (2012) Outcomes of Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients with relapse or progression following autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 18:451–457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Moskowitz AJ, Perales MA, Kewalramani T, Yahalom J, Castro-Malaspina H, Zhang Z, Vanak J, Zelenetz AD, Moskowitz CH (2009) Outcomes for patients who fail high dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue for relapsed and primary refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 146:158–163

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. von Tresckow B, Muller H, Eichenauer DA, Glossmann JP, Josting A, Boll B, Klimm B, Sasse S, Fuchs M, Borchmann P, Engert A (2014) Outcome and risk factors of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma who relapse or progress after autologous stem cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma 55:1922–1924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. Josting A, Franklin J, May M, Koch P, Beykirch MK, Heinz J, Rudolph C, Diehl V, Engert A (2002) New prognostic score based on treatment outcome of patients with relapsed Hodgkin’s lymphoma registered in the database of the German Hodgkin’s lymphoma study group. J Clin Oncol 20:221–230

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Josting A, Muller H, Borchmann P, Baars JW, Metzner B, Dohner H, Aurer I, Smardova L, Fischer T, Niederwieser D, Schafer-Eckart K, Schmitz N, Sureda A, Glossmann J, Diehl V, DeJong D, Hansmann ML, Raemaekers J, Engert A (2010) Dose intensity of chemotherapy in patients with relapsed Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 28:5074–5080

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Hahn T, McCarthy PL, Carreras J, Zhang MJ, Lazarus HM, Laport GG, Montoto S, Hari PN (2013) Simplified validated prognostic model for progression-free survival after autologous transplantation for Hodgkin lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19:1740–1744

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  186. Younes A, Gopal AK, Smith SE, Ansell SM, Rosenblatt JD, Savage KJ, Ramchandren R, Bartlett NL, Cheson BD et al (2012) Results of a pivotal phase II study of brentuximab vedotin for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 30:2183–2189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  187. Moskowitz CH, Walewski J, Nademanee A, Masszi T, Agura E, Holowiecki J, Abidi MH, Chen AI, Stiff P, Viviani S, Bachanova V, Sureda A, McClendon T, Lee C, Lisano J, Sweetenham J (2018) Five-year PFS from the AETHERA trial of brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma at high risk of progression or relapse. Blood 132(25):2639–2642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Chen R, Zinzani PL, Fanale MA, Armand P, Johnson NA, Brice P, Radford J, Ribrag V, Molin D, Vassilakopoulos TP, Tomita A, von Tresckow B, Shipp MA, Zhang Y, Ricart AD, Balakumaran A, Moskowitz CH (2017) Phase II study of the efficacy and safety of Pembrolizumab for relapsed/refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 35:2125–2132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  189. Younes A, Santoro A, Shipp M, Zinzani PL, Timmerman JM, Ansell S, Armand P, Fanale M, Ratanatharathorn V, Kuruvilla J, Cohen JB, Collins G, Savage KJ, Trneny M, Kato K, Farsaci B, Parker SM, Rodig S, Roemer MG, Ligon AH, Engert A (2016) Nivolumab for classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma after failure of both autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin: a multicentre, multicohort, single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:1283–1294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  190. MGM R, Redd RA, Cader FZ, Pak CJ, Abdelrahman S, Ouyang J, Sasse S, Younes A, Fanale M, Santoro A, Zinzani PL, Timmerman J, Collins GP, Ramchandren R, Cohen JB, de Boer JP, Kuruvilla J, Savage KJ, Trneny M, Ansell S, Kato K, Farsaci B, Sumbul A, Armand P, Neuberg DS, Pinkus GS, Ligon AH, Rodig SJ, Shipp MA (2018) Major histocompatibility complex class II and programmed death ligand 1 expression predict outcome after programmed death 1 blockade in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 36:942–950

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department I of Internal Medicine and German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG), University Hospital of Cologne, Köln, Germany

    Paul J. Bröckelmann

  2. Department of Oncology, Section 3994, The Finsen Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Lena Specht

Authors
  1. Paul J. Bröckelmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lena Specht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul J. Bröckelmann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Andreas Engert

  2. Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Anas Younes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bröckelmann, P.J., Specht, L. (2020). Prognostic Factors. In: Engert, A., Younes, A. (eds) Hodgkin Lymphoma. Hematologic Malignancies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32482-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32482-7_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32481-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32482-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation