Abstract
Internet of things (IoT) communications are considered as part of the last generation of wireless communication systems. As such, IoT represents a concept that leads to several design techniques to achieve different efficiency and performance objectives. In that scenario, base stations must be able to have an extended coverage for a massive number of low data rate nodes. On the other hand, IoT nodes are required to be low cost devices with restrictions on the total available power (i.e., battery operated) and processing capability. From the perspective of the nodes, the power constraints motivate the implementation of low cost, energy efficient devices operating with minimal transmission power and employing low constellation size. Regarding the base station extended coverage, depending on the frequency band used, several alternatives are considered. For the unlicensed ISM band, spread spectrum based or narrow-bandwidth based techniques are available, with very successful commercial products. For the licensed (cellular) bandwidths, there are also very interesting alternatives in terms of cost and coverage represented by: extended coverage-GSM (EC-GSM), machine-type LTE (LTE-M), and narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). Main characteristics of these techniques are related to the intensive use of repetitions and frequency diversity to obtain the extended coverage expected, the low cost premise to define the node devices and the compatibility (and simple software upgrade) with established cellular standards. Different from previous chapters, we use this chapter to illustrate design aspects of a particular IoT standard: NB-IoT. Emphasis is placed on its key features: frequency band used, cost, number of devices allowed, power consumption and capacity. To illustrate the performance of NB-IoT, we include the analysis of uplink RF impairment effects when LTE and NB-IoT coexist.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Q. Qi, F. Tao, Digital twin and big data towards smart manufacturing and industry 4.0: 360 degree comparison. IEEE Access 6, 3585–3593 (2018)
H. Sun, Ch. Wang, B. Ahmad, From Internet of Things to Smart Cities: Enabling Technologies (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017)
Sigfox, Technology overview. www.sigfox.com/en/sigfox-iot-technology-overview (2019)
Semtech, LoRa. www.semtech.com/lora (2019)
LoRa Alliance Inc., Lorawan specification. V1.0.2 (2016)
Ingenu, How RPMA works, White paper (2017)
Samsung Semiconductor, IoT Exynos i S111 - NB-IoT solution to make connection go further. www.samsung.com/semiconductor/minisite/exynos/products/iot/exynos-i-s111/ (2019)
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Technical specification group radio access network; evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA); LTE/WLAN radio level integration using IPsec tunnel (LWIP) encapsulation; protocol specification (release 15). 3GPP TS 36.361 v15.0.0 (2018)
Y. Roth, The physical layer for low power wide area networks: a study of combined modulation and coding associated with an iterative receiver, PhD Dissertation, University of Grenoble Alpes (2017)
MulteFire Alliance, MulteFire specifications. MulteFire Release 1.1 Enhancements (2019)
E. Jorgensen, Cell acquisition and synchronization for unlicensed NB-IoT. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University (2017)
Ericsson, Cellular networks for massive IoT. Technical Report, Stockholm (2016)
RIoT, Low power networks hold the key to Internet of Things. Technical Report, Berlin (2015)
A.K. Sultania, P. Zand, C. Blondia, J. Famaey, Energy modeling and evaluation of NB-IoT with PSM and eDRX, in 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) (2018), pp. 1–7
D. Guo-Hua, Y. Jun-Hua, Research on NB-IoT background, standard development, characteristics and the service. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 40(7), 31–36 (2016)
J.J. Nielsen, D.M. Kim, G.C. Madueno, N.K. Pratas, P. Popovski, A tractable model of the LTE access reservation procedure for machine-type communications, in 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) (2015), pp. 1–6
M.T. Islam, A.M. Taha, S. Akl, A survey of access management techniques in machine type communications. IEEE Commun. Mag. 52(4), 74–81 (2014)
F.A. Tobagi, Distributions of packet delay and interdeparture time in slotted aloha and carrier sense multiple access. J. ACM 29(4), 907–927 (1982)
J. Seo, V.C.M. Leung, Design and analysis of backoff algorithms for random access channels in UMTS-LTE and IEEE 802.16 systems. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 60(8), 3975–3989 (2011)
Z. Yulong, D. Xiaojin, W. Quanquan, Key technologies and application prospect for NB-IoT. ZTE Technol. 23(1), 43–46 (2017)
X. Ge, X. Huang, Y. Wang, M. Chen, Q. Li, T. Han, C. Wang, Energy-efficiency optimization for MIMO-OFDM mobile multimedia communication systems with QoS constraints. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 63(5), 2127–2138 (2014)
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Technical specification group radio access network; physical layer aspects for evolved universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA); radio resource control (RRC); protocol specification, 3GPP TR 36.331 v13.3.0 (2016)
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Technical specification group radio access network; physical layer aspects for evolved universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA); multiplexing and channel coding. 3GPP TR 36.331 v13.3.0 (2016)
Qualcomm, 3GPP technical specification group radio access network; physical layer aspects for evolved universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA); r1-161981 NB-PSS and NB-SSS design. 3GPP TSG RAN1 Meeting 2 NB-IoT (2016)
H. Malik, H. Pervaiz, M. Mahtab Alam, Y. Le Moullec, A. Kuusik, M. Ali Imran, Radio resource management scheme in NB-IoT systems. IEEE Access 6, 15051–15064 (2018)
A. Ijaz, L. Zhang, M. Grau, A. Mohamed, S. Vural, A.U. Quddus, M.A. Imran, C.H. Foh, R. Tafazolli, Enabling massive IoT in 5G and beyond systems: PHY radio frame design considerations. IEEE Access 4, 3322–3339 (2016)
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Technical specification group radio access network; physical layer aspects for evolved universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA); NB-IoT; technical report for (BS) and (UE) radio transmission and reception (release 13). 3GPP TR 36.802 V13.0.0 (2016)
L. Zhang, A. Ijaz, P. Xiao, R. Tafazolli, Channel equalization and interference analysis for uplink narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT). IEEE Commun. Lett. 21(10), 2206–2209 (2017)
G.J. Gonzalez, F.H. Gregorio, J. Cousseau, Interference analysis in the LTE and NB-IoT uplink multiple access with RF impairments, in 2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP) (2018), pp. 1–4
B. Martinez, F. Adelantado, A. Bartoli, X. Vilajosana, Exploring the performance boundaries of NB-IoT. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(3) 5702–5712 (2019)
M. Bernhardt, J.E. Cousseau, On interference alignment based NOMA for downlink multicell transmissions, in 2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP) (2018), pp. 1–5
O. Liberg, M. Sundberg, Y. Wang, J. Bergman, J. Sachs, Cellular Internet of Things: Technologies, Standards, and Performance (Academic Press, London, 2018)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gregorio, F., González, G., Schmidt, C., Cousseau, J. (2020). Internet of Things. In: Signal Processing Techniques for Power Efficient Wireless Communication Systems. Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32437-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32437-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32436-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32437-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)