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Artificial Intelligence and Public Governance: Normative Guidelines for Artificial Intelligence in Government and Public Administration

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Regulating Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

This chapter discusses normative guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence in Germany against the backdrop of international debates. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly changing our lives and our social coexistence. AI is a research question and a field of research producing an ever-increasing number of technologies. It is set of technologies that are still evolving. These are driven and influenced by guidelines in the form of laws or strategies. This chapter examines AI systems in public administration and raises the question of what guidelines already exist and what trends are emerging. After defining AI and providing some examples from government and administration, identify ethics and politics as possible points of reference for guidelines. This chapter presents the law, technology, organization, strategy and visions as possible ways to influence and govern AI along with describing current developments. The chapter concludes with a call for interdisciplinary research and moderate regulation of technology in order to enhance its positive potential.

This contribution is based on Djeffal (2018b).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See also Braun-Binder.

  2. 2.

    Mandel (2017).

  3. 3.

    Mainzer (2016), p. 3.

  4. 4.

    Dyson (2014).

  5. 5.

    McCarthy et al. (1955).

  6. 6.

    Turing (1950).

  7. 7.

    Grudin (2017), p. 99.

  8. 8.

    Ihde (2012).

  9. 9.

    Djeffal (2019).

  10. 10.

    Poole and Mackworth (2011).

  11. 11.

    For structural challenges see Hoffmann-Riem, esp. paras 42 et seq.

  12. 12.

    Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen.

  13. 13.

    Administrative acts in German law are legally binding decisions by the administration towards individuals or non-public legal persons.

  14. 14.

    Bundespolizei (2017). See also Rademacher, para 3.

  15. 15.

    Sold (2017). See also Rademacher, para 4.

  16. 16.

    See Braun Binder, paras 3 et seq.

  17. 17.

    Djeffal (2017a), p. 813; see also Buchholtz, para 45.

  18. 18.

    Commonwealth Ombudsman (2017).

  19. 19.

    Mittelstadt et al. (2016).

  20. 20.

    Hilgartner et al. (2017), p. 830.

  21. 21.

    Djeffal (2017a), pp. 811–815.

  22. 22.

    This applies under the condition that there is no other reason—such as a hint.

  23. 23.

    Djeffal (2017b), p. 103; Hildebrandt (2015).

  24. 24.

    Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, pp. 89–131.

  25. 25.

    Canaris (1983).

  26. 26.

    Hoffmann-Riem (2016), p. 33.

  27. 27.

    Hilgendorf (2012). See Molnár-Gábor.

  28. 28.

    Martini (2017).

  29. 29.

    Braun Binder (2016a, b).

  30. 30.

    This was translated by the author. The original reads: ‘Ein Verwaltungsakt kann vollständig durch automatische Einrichtungen erlassen werden, sofern dies durch Rechtsvorschrift zugelassen ist und weder ein Ermessen noch ein Beurteilungsspielraum besteht’.

  31. 31.

    For a reflection on the functions of this provision see Berger (2018), p. 1262.

  32. 32.

    For a detailed interpretation see Prell (2016).

  33. 33.

    Decker (2019) paras 35–36.

  34. 34.

    Stegmüller (2018).

  35. 35.

    Djeffal (2017a), p. 814.

  36. 36.

    Lessig (2006) and Schulz and Dankert (2016).

  37. 37.

    Arthur (1989); David (1992), p. 134.

  38. 38.

    White (2017).

  39. 39.

    Hood and Margetts (2007), p. 169.

  40. 40.

    See Art. 37 section 1 of the European General Data Protection Directive and § 38 of the German Data Protection Law.

  41. 41.

    Hofmann (2016).

  42. 42.

    Ethik-Kommission Automatisiertes und Vernetztes Fahren (2017).

  43. 43.

    Braun et al. (2010), pp. 8 et seq.

  44. 44.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2018).

  45. 45.

    European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)).

  46. 46.

    Macron (2017).

  47. 47.

    Yamei (2018).

  48. 48.

    Tendersinfo (2017).

  49. 49.

    See also Jabri, paras 34 et seq.

  50. 50.

    Raschke und Tils (2013), p. 127.

  51. 51.

    Russia Insider (2017).

  52. 52.

    New York Times (2017).

  53. 53.

    Allen and Husain (2017).

  54. 54.

    Djeffal (2018a).

  55. 55.

    Knight (2018).

  56. 56.

    Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (2016) Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, 2016.

  57. 57.

    Baer (2006), p. 83; Voßkuhle (2001) pp. 506ff; von Braun (2015).

  58. 58.

    Koselleck (2010), pp. 61–62.

  59. 59.

    Kruse and Hogrebe (2013).

  60. 60.

    Pernice (2015).

  61. 61.

    Artikel 12 Landesverfassung der Freien Hansestadt Bremen vom 21. Oktober 1947 in der Fassung vom 14. Oktober 1997.

  62. 62.

    The original reads: ‘Der Mensch steht höher als Technik und Maschine’.

  63. 63.

    Kloepfer (2002).

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  1. Munich Center for Technology in Society, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Christian Djeffal

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  1. Faculty of Law, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

    Thomas Wischmeyer

  2. Faculty of Law, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Timo Rademacher

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Djeffal, C. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and Public Governance: Normative Guidelines for Artificial Intelligence in Government and Public Administration. In: Wischmeyer, T., Rademacher, T. (eds) Regulating Artificial Intelligence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32361-5_12

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