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Environmental Factors

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Male Infertility

Abstract

Male infertility currently has an increasing incidence globally while affecting 13–18% of males in their lifetime. Well-defined etiologies of male infertility are broad, with numerous underlying lifestyle and environmental risk factors established. Importantly, a significant proportion of male infertility remains idiopathic or unexplained. Lifestyle activities and environmental contaminant exposures contribute as significant risk factors for male infertility. There has been a significant increase in synthetic chemical production since the 1940s, increasingly contaminating the environment and negatively affecting ecosystems, including human health. These chemicals include various solvents, plastics, pesticides, and heavy metal contamination, which enter the water and food chain, negatively affecting human health with consequences for the next generation. Furthermore, there has been a significant increase in nonionizing radiation through cell phone use and Wi-Fi, which have rapidly contaminated the environment with negative effects on male fertility. Many of the environmental and lifestyle exposures to various environmental contaminants mediate increased oxidative stress in the male reproductive tract, with associated increased DNA damage and epigenetic modification. These mechanisms are associated with infertility and poor fertilization capacity of the oocyte, increased risk of pregnancy complications, and recurrent pregnancy loss, as well as have negative impact on the health and development of the offspring. This chapter reviews current information on chemicals associated with male fertility as well as potential mechanisms. This includes metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, copper), endocrine-disrupting chemicals and xenoestrogens, pesticides, synthetic and occupation chemicals (benzene, carbon disulfide, glycol ether, methoxychlor, phthalates, bisphenol A), ionizing radiation (ultraviolet and gamma rays) and nonionizing radiation (cell phones and Wi-Fi), tobacco, and air pollution. The current evidence for male infertility association, as well as any known mechanisms, is presented for the environmental factors known to negatively affect male infertility.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Natural Medicine, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa

    Kristian Leisegang

  2. American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Ralf Henkel

  3. Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa

    Ralf Henkel

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  1. Kristian Leisegang
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Correspondence to Kristian Leisegang .

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  1. PUR Clinic, University of Central Florida (UCF), Clermont, FL, USA

    Sijo J. Parekattil

  2. ANDROFERT and State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

    Sandro C. Esteves

  3. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Ashok Agarwal

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Leisegang, K., Henkel, R. (2020). Environmental Factors. In: Parekattil, S., Esteves, S., Agarwal, A. (eds) Male Infertility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32300-4_34

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