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Energy Management of Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid Under Demand Response Programs: Real-Time Pricing Versus Time-of-Use Pricing

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Book cover Demand Response Application in Smart Grids

Abstract

Nowadays, due to the presence of AC and DC loads in the electricity network, the use of an energy storage system (ESS), and DC renewable energy resources (RER), the implementation of hybrid AC-DC microgrid (H-AC-DC-MG) is a proper option instead of conventional AC microgrid (C-AC-MG). In this chapter, a proper scheduling and optimal operation of H-AC-DC-MG is proposed in comparison with C-AC-MG. The obtained results prove the supremacy of the H-AC-DC-MG in comparison with C-AC-MG. In addition, two types of demand response programs (DRPs), namely, time-of-use (TOU) DR and real-time pricing (RTP), are proposed to improve peak periods for reducing operation cost of H-AC-DC-MG. The operation cost of C-AC-MG has been reduced by 7.1% and 42% and also 8.1% and 53.89% in H-AC-DC-MG due to implementation of TOU and RTP, respectively.

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Abbreviations

n :

Index of PHEV

t :

Index of time

α dcharge :

The coefficient of PHEVs’ discharging (P.U.)

η AC‐DC :

Rectifier efficiency (P.U.)

η DC‐AC :

Inverter efficiency (P.U.)

η DG :

Efficiency of DG unit (P.U.)

C O & M :

The cost of maintenance and operation of DG ($)

DRmax:

Maximum participant load in DRP (%)

HR:

Heat rate of natural gas (kWh/m3)

Incmax:

Maximum load that can be increased (kW)

\( {\mathrm{load}}_t^0 \) :

Initial load (kW)

LoadAC(t):

AC load at time t (kW)

LoadDC(t):

DC load at time t (kW)

LoadTotal(t):

Load at time t (kW)

P av :

Average electricity demand

P conv :

Converter nominal power (kW)

P DG, max :

Maximum power of DG unit (kW)

PPV(t):

Generated power in PV panels at time t (kW)

PWT(t):

Generated power in wind turbine at time t (kW)

PRfuel:

The fuel price ($)

PRsell:

Selling price to the external grid ($/kWh)

PRTOU(t):

TOU prices at time t ($/kWh)

\( {\mathrm{PEV}}_{\mathrm{charge},\max}^n \) :

Maximum charged power of PHEV (kW)

\( {\mathrm{PEV}}_{\mathrm{dcharge},\max}^n \) :

Maximum discharged power of PHEV (kW)

PGmax:

Maximum exchange power through external grid (kW)

QEVn:

Capacity of PHEV (kWh)

RR:

Ramp rate of DG unit (kW/h)

\( {\mathrm{SOC}}_{\mathrm{min}}^n \) :

Minimum state of charge of PHEV (kWh)

\( {\mathrm{SOC}}^n\left({t}_{\mathrm{arr}}^n\right) \) :

PHEV SOC at the time of arrival (kWh)

\( {\mathrm{SOC}}^n\left({t}_{\mathrm{dep}}^n\right) \) :

PHEV SOC at the time of departure (kWh)

\( {\mathrm{SOC}}_{\mathrm{in}}^n \) :

Input state of charge of PHEV (kWh)

\( {\mathrm{SOC}}_{\mathrm{out}}^n \) :

PHEV state-of-charge output (kWh)

\( {X}_{\mathrm{charge}}^n \) :

Binary variable for PHEV’s charging at time t

\( {X}_{\mathrm{dcharge}}^n \) :

Binary variable for PHEV’s discharging at t

XAC‐DC(t):

Binary variable for AC to DC converted power at time t

XDC‐AC(t):

Binary variable for DC to AC converted power at time t

XGin(t):

Binary variable for external grid purchased power at time t

XGout(t):

Binary variable for sold power to external grid at time t

DRt:

Potential of DRP execution (%)

F(t):

Gas consumption at time t (m3)

inct:

Amount of increasing load in DRP (kW)

ldrt:

Shiftable load at time t (kW)

\( {\mathrm{load}}_t^{\mathrm{inc}} \) :

Load increased in DRP (kW)

\( {\mathrm{load}}_{\mathrm{RTP}}^t \) :

Load demand considering real-time pricing of DRP

\( {\mathrm{load}}_{\mathrm{TOU}}^t \) :

Load demand considering time-of-use pricing of DRP (kW)

PDG(t):

Power generation by DG units at time t (kW)

PAC‐DC(t):

AC to DC converted power at time t (kW)

PDC‐AC(t):

DC to AC converted power at time t (kW)

\( {\mathrm{PEV}}_{\mathrm{charge}}^n(t) \) :

Charging power of PHEV at time t (kW)

\( {\mathrm{PEV}}_{\mathrm{dcharge}}^n(t) \) :

Discharging power of PHEV at time t (kW)

PGin(t):

Purchased power from external grid at time t (kW)

PGout(t):

Sold power to external grid at time t (kW)

SOCn(t):

State of charge of PHEV at time t (P.U.)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Ramin Nourollahi & Kazem Zare

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran

    Sayyad Nojavan

Authors
  1. Ramin Nourollahi
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  2. Kazem Zare
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  3. Sayyad Nojavan
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Correspondence to Ramin Nourollahi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran

    Sayyad Nojavan

  2. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Kazem Zare

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Nourollahi, R., Zare, K., Nojavan, S. (2020). Energy Management of Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid Under Demand Response Programs: Real-Time Pricing Versus Time-of-Use Pricing. In: Nojavan, S., Zare, K. (eds) Demand Response Application in Smart Grids. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32104-8_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32104-8_4

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32103-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32104-8

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