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The Construction and Validation of the SP-IE Questionnaire: An Instrument for Measuring Spatial Presence in Immersive Environments

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Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality (EuroVR 2019)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNIP,volume 11883))

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Abstract

The present study describes the construction and validation of an instrument for measuring spatial presence (the sense of “being there”) in the context of highly immersive environments: the SP-IE [Spatial Presence for Immersive Environments] questionnaire, for use in the French-speaking community. A first raw version of the questionnaire was submitted to an item selection procedure and reliability tests with 67 participants. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with 179 participants was then employed on the resulting version to explore its underlying scales. Finally, the outcome scale-structure from the EFA was evaluated using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). This process resulted in a well-structured 20-item questionnaire (link), based on seven scales: (i) the sense of spatial presence, (ii) the affordance of the environment, (iii) the user’s enjoyment, (iv) the user’s attention allocation to the task, (v) the sense of reality attributed to the environment, (vi) the social embodiment with avatars, and (vii) the possible negative effects of the environment (cybersickness). Results showed overall good internal consistency and satisfactory convergent validity of the scales. The fit indexes obtained (X2/df = 1.34, GFI = .95, CFI = .90, TLI = .87, SRMR = .068, and RSMEA = .045) demonstrated a good fitness of the structure proposed. However, even though the scale structure proposed in this paper was confirmed, its low discriminant validity encourages further evaluations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The questionnaire can be downloaded from: https://perso.limsi.fr/wiki/lib/exe/fetch.php/khenak/spie.khenak.2019.pdf.

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks are due to Drone Arena (https://www.dronearena.com/) and Illucity La Villette (https://illucity.fr/en/) who accepted to allow us to administer the questionnaire to their participants.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. VENISE Team, LIMSI, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France

    Nawel Khenak, Jean-Marc Vézien & Patrick Bourdot

Authors
  1. Nawel Khenak
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  2. Jean-Marc Vézien
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  3. Patrick Bourdot
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Nawel Khenak , Jean-Marc Vézien or Patrick Bourdot .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. LIMSI-CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

    Patrick Bourdot

  2. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Victoria Interrante

  3. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Luciana Nedel

  4. University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann

  5. University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Gabriel Zachmann

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix 1.

“Real vs. Remote” experiment: (Top) General setting of participants. (Bottom) Their corresponding First Person View (bottom). (Left) The operating room. (Right) The tele-operating room.

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Khenak, N., Vézien, JM., Bourdot, P. (2019). The Construction and Validation of the SP-IE Questionnaire: An Instrument for Measuring Spatial Presence in Immersive Environments. In: Bourdot, P., Interrante, V., Nedel, L., Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Zachmann, G. (eds) Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality. EuroVR 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11883. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31908-3_13

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