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Hydrodynamics Versus Hydraulics

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Book cover The Turbulence Problem

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology ((BRIEFSHIST))

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Abstract

In the beginning of the 20th century the study of fluid motion fell into one of two classes: either the observed flow could be described in terms of hydrodynamics, or it eluded theory and belonged to the realm of hydraulic engineering, like pipe- or channel flow. The discrepant results of hydrodynamics versus hydraulics illustrated the gulf between theory and practice—and turbulence was regarded as the culprit. The rise of aeronautics added further challenges. Wind tunnel investigations hinted at turbulence effects that eluded theoretical analysis.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See, for example, Tennekes and Lumley (1972) , Frisch (1995), Ecke (2005) and websites such as http://sersol.weebly.com/workshop/leonardo-da-vinci-and-physics-of-fluid (24 October 2019).

  2. 2.

    On the history of hydraulics see Rouse and Ince (1957); for a review of turbulent pipe and channel flow laws see Hager (1994).

  3. 3.

    Hagen (1854, p. 81) , quoted from Darrigol (2002, pp. 241–242) .

  4. 4.

    Saint-Venant’s and Boussinesq’s approach on “tumultuous water” is reviewed in Darrigol (2002, pp. 220–231) .

  5. 5.

    Quoted in Launder and Jackson(2011, p. 25); for a discussion of Reynolds’  paper see Darrigol (2002, pp. 259–262) .

  6. 6.

    Wien (1900, p. III) , Translation ME.

  7. 7.

    Klein’s lecture on hydrodynamics, winter semester 1899/1900, elaborated by Karl Wieghardt, p. 1, first lecture, 24 October 1899. Translation ME. On Klein’s biography see Tobies (2019).

  8. 8.

    Ibid., pp. 313–327. Translation ME.

  9. 9.

    Ibid., pp. 327–334. Translation ME.

  10. 10.

    Klein’s notes for the “Seminar 1903/04”, fol. 16 (“Eröffnungsvortrag meinerseits, 28. Oktober 1903”). SUB, Handschriften, Cod. Ms. F. Klein 19E. Translation ME.

  11. 11.

    Seminar on “Ausgewählte Kapitel der Hydrodynamik, WS 1903/04”. The protocols are available online at http://www.uni-math.gwdg.de/aufzeichnungen/klein-scans/klein/V20-1903-1904/V20-1903-1904.html. (24 October 2019). Translation ME.

  12. 12.

    Hahn et al. (1904, pp. 412–415) . Translation ME. For a discussion from a modern perspective see Kluwick (1996).

  13. 13.

    Eckert (2019b). Translation ME. Klein’s notes on “Hydrodynamisches Seminar 1907/08,” fol. 2 (“I. Sem. 30. Oktober 07.”) SUB, Handschriften, Cod. Ms. F. Klein 20F.

  14. 14.

    The protocols are available online at http://www.uni-math.gwdg.de/aufzeichnungen/klein-scans/klein/V27-1907-1909/V27-1907-1909.html. (24 October 2019). For transcriptions and comments see Eckert (2019b).

  15. 15.

    For Prandtl’s biography see Eckert (2017, 2019a).

  16. 16.

    Eckert (2019b, p. 131). Translation ME.

  17. 17.

    Sommerfeld to Wien, 30 June 1900. DMA, NL 56, 010. Translation ME.

  18. 18.

    Sommerfeld (1900) . Translation ME.

  19. 19.

    JFM 26.0872.02, available online at www.emis.de. (24 October 2019). Translation ME.

  20. 20.

    Sommerfeld to Lorentz, 8 October 1900. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I, pp. 180–182. Translation ME.

  21. 21.

    Sommerfeld to Lorentz, 10 December 1900. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Translation ME.

  22. 22.

    Sommerfeld (1903, p. 212) . Translation ME.

  23. 23.

    Sommerfeld to Runge, 9 June 1906. DMA, HS 1976-31. Translation ME.

  24. 24.

    Sommerfeld to Lorentz, 12 December 1906. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I, pp. 257–258. Translation ME.

  25. 25.

    Sommerfeld to Lorentz, 18 March 1908. RANH, Lorentz, inv.nr. 74. Also in ASWB I, pp. 331–332. Translation ME.

  26. 26.

    Lorentz to Sommerfeld, 27 March 1908. DMA, HS 1977-28/A, 208. Also in ASWB I, pp. 333–334.

  27. 27.

    Sommerfeld to W. Wien, 20 June 1908. DMA, NL 56, 010. Also in ASWB I, pp. 341–343. Translation ME.

  28. 28.

    Sommerfeld’s approach is reviewed in more detail in Eckert (2010). For a comprehensive study see Drazin and Reid (2003) and (Yaglom 2012).

  29. 29.

    Sommerfeld (1909, p. 117) . Translation ME.

  30. 30.

    Hopf (1910, p. 7) . Translation ME.

  31. 31.

    Sommerfeld’s report to the philosophical faculty of Munich University, 5 July 1909. Munich University Archive (OC I 35 p). Translation ME.

  32. 32.

    Peter Debye, interviewed by T. S. Kuhn und G. Uhlenbeck, 3 May 1962. AIP. Available online at http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4568_1.html. (24 October 2019).

  33. 33.

    Prandtl to Sommerfeld, 5 April 1911. DMA, NL 89, 012. Translation ME.

  34. 34.

    Haupt (1912, pp. 10*–11*). Translation ME.

  35. 35.

    Noether (1913, p. 328). Translation ME.

  36. 36.

    Blumenthal (1913, p. 564) . Translation ME.

  37. 37.

    Mises (1908b, pp. 323 and 325) . Translation ME.

  38. 38.

    Blasius (1912, p. 36) . Translation ME.

  39. 39.

    Blasius (1911, p. 1176) . Translation ME.

  40. 40.

    Blasius (1913, p. 22) . Translation ME.

  41. 41.

    Noether (1914a, p. 138) . Translation ME.

  42. 42.

    Prandtl (1914, p. 183) . Translation ME.

  43. 43.

    Prandtl (1914, p. 189) . Translation ME.

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  1. Forschungsinstitut, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany

    Michael Eckert

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Eckert, M. (2019). Hydrodynamics Versus Hydraulics. In: The Turbulence Problem. SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31863-5_1

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