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A Critical Analysis of Carriage of Passengers by Sea: Uniformity Through International and Regional Approaches

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Book cover Maritime Law in Motion

Part of the book series: WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs ((WMUSTUD,volume 8))

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Abstract

The purpose of the chapter is to examine and evaluate the legal regime in relation to international sea passengers and whether it provides international uniformity and adequate protection to the passengers carried by sea. The international regime embodied in the Athens Convention relating to Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea 1974 and the Protocol 2002 establishes carrier’s liability for death and personal injuries arising out of the shipping incidents and in some cases non-shipping incidents. In the context of the European Union (EU), the passengers may also bring their claims based on the EU Regulation 392/2009 which implements the Athens Convention 2002 and harmonises this area among all the EU Members States. In contrast to international regime that mainly focuses on liability of the carrier and compensation for damage, the EU regime has also elements of consumer law.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cruise Industry Overview—2017, https://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2017-Cruise-Industry-Overview-Cruise-Line-Statistics.pdf.

  2. 2.

    Regulation (EC) No 392/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the liability of carriers of passengers by sea in the event of accidents. Other EU instruments include Council Decision of 12 December 2011 concerning the accession of the European Union to the Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974, as regards Articles 10 and 11 thereof (2012/23/EU);Council Decision of 12 December 2011 concerning the accession of the European Union to the Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974, with the exception of Articles 10 and 11 thereof (2012/22/EU); and Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 concerning the rights of passengers when travelling by sea and inland waterway and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004.

  3. 3.

    Directive (EU) 2015/2302 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on package travel and linked travel arrangements, amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 90/314/EEC.

  4. 4.

    Soyer and Leloudas (2018).

  5. 5.

    Ibid.

  6. 6.

    Berlingieri (2014), Chapter 4.

  7. 7.

    O’Neill (1969), pp. 107–112.

  8. 8.

    Ibid., pp. 108–109.

  9. 9.

    Soyer and Leloudas (2018).

  10. 10.

    US Carnival Cruises is the biggest brand and owner of about 22 ships.

  11. 11.

    The law provides no compensation for the death of pensioners and children and based only on the economic compensation which is completely in conflict with the Athens Convention.

  12. 12.

    Both instruments bear certain similarities but also distinctive features in terms of the liability regime, insurance and compensation available to the passengers.

  13. 13.

    Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International. Carriage by Air, 28 May 1999. (ICAO Doc No 4698).

  14. 14.

    It was explicitly explained by the draftsmen and the leading cases from several jurisdictions.

  15. 15.

    Saggerson (2008), p. 562.

  16. 16.

    Article 3(5)(a).

  17. 17.

    See e.g. the clause in Carnival Terms and Conditions, “Carnival is not responsible for any losses, damage, death, injuries, or claims … while off Carnival’s ships or tenders in any port of call… Guests engage in all such activities off the ship at their own risk”.

  18. 18.

    Similar legislation was adopted in the European Union reflected in Directive 2009/20/EC of 23 April 2009 on the insurance of shipowners for maritime claims.

  19. 19.

    Huybrechts (2010), p. 120. See Donovan (1978–1979), pp. 1000–1001.

  20. 20.

    Mukherjee (2009), pp. 40–42.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    See for example, Dickerson (2003–2004), Kröger (2001), Haddon-Cave (2001) and Rosaeg (2007–2008).

  23. 23.

    The Athens Protocol of 2002 allows participation of a Regional Economic Organisation. Some elements of the Convention, i.e. relating to the jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments, belong to the exclusive competence of the EU; thus the EU needed to become a Party to the Convention.

  24. 24.

    See in particular Case C-239/03—Commission v France, para 25.Other examples of the mixed agreements are UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (UNCLOS), UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol 1997, Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974, Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, 1999.

  25. 25.

    See for example, Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v. Ryanair Ltd., [2013] ECLI:EU:C:2013:43, Case C-139/11 Joan Cuadrench Moré v. KLM NV., [2012] ECLI:EU:C:2012:741, Case C-63/09 Axel Walz v. Clickair SA., [2010], ECLI:EU:C:2010:251, Cases C-402/07 and C-432/07 Sturgeon and Others v. Condor Flugdienst GmbH and Stefan Böck and Cornelia Lepuschitz v. Air France SA., [2009] ECLI:EU:C:2009:716, Case C-344/04 The Queen on the application of: International Air Transport Association and European Low Fares Airline Association v Department for Transport, [2006] ECLI:EU:C:2006:10.

  26. 26.

    IMO Ref. A1/P/5.01, Circular letter No. 2758, 20 November 2006.

  27. 27.

    Soyer (2016).

  28. 28.

    ‘Union carrier’ means a carrier established within the territory of a Member State or offering transport by passenger services operated to or from the territory of a Member State.

  29. 29.

    EU Commission, Report on the Implementation of Directive 90/314/EEC on Package Travel and Holiday Tours in the Domestic Legislation of EC Member States, SEC(1999) 1800 final 19 November 1999, see also Schulte-Nölke (2008).

  30. 30.

    Case C-400/00, Club Tour, Viagens e Turismo SA v Alberto Carlos Lobo Gonçalves Garrido and Club Med Viagens Lda, 30 April 2002.

  31. 31.

    Milner v Carnival Plc [2010] 3 All ER 701, Case C-168/00, Simone Leitner v. TUI Deutschland Gmbh & Co. KG, 12 March 2002; See also Saggerson (2008) and Grant and Mason (2012).

  32. 32.

    Summary of response to the consultation launched to gather stakeholders’ opinions on the existing problems and preferred solutions in order to identify preferred policy options as part of the Commission’s review of the Package Travel Directive, March 2010.

  33. 33.

    The European Travel Agents’ and Tour Operators’ Associations, The Revision of the package travel Directive: ECTAA’s Position Paper.

  34. 34.

    Griggs (2003).

References

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Legislation

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  • Council Decision of 12 December 2011 concerning the accession of the European Union to the Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974, with the exception of Articles 10 and 11 thereof (2012/22/EU)

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  • Council Directive 90/314/EEC of 13 June 1990 on EU on Package Travel, Package Holidays and Package Tours

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  • Directive (EU) 2015/2302 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on package travel and linked travel arrangements, amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 90/314/EEC. Regulation (EC) No 392/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the liability of carriers of passengers by sea in the event of accidents

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  • Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 concerning the rights of passengers when travelling by sea and inland waterway and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004

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Cases

  • Case C-400/00, Club Tour, Viagens e Turismo SA v Alberto Carlos Lobo Gonçalves Garrido and Club Med Viagens Lda, [2002] ECLI:EU:C:2002:272

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  • Case C-168/00 Simone Leitner v. TUI Deutschland Gmbh & Co. KG, [2002] ECLI:EU:C:2002:163

    Google Scholar 

  • Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v. Ryanair Ltd., [2013] ECLI:EU:C:2013:43

    Google Scholar 

  • Case C-139/11 Joan Cuadrench Moré v. KLM NV., [2012] ECLI:EU:C:2012:741

    Google Scholar 

  • Case C-63/09 Axel Walz v. Clickair SA., [2010], ECLI:EU:C:2010:251

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  • Cases C-402/07 and C-432/07 Sturgeon and Others v. Condor Flugdienst GmbH and Stefan Böck and Cornelia Lepuschitz v. Air France SA., [2009] ECLI:EU:C:2009:716

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  • Case C-344/04 The Queen on the application of International Air Transport Association and European Low Fares Airline Association v Department for Transport, [2006] ECLI:EU:C:2006:10

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  • Milner v Carnival Plc [2010] 3 All ER 701

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Other Documents

  • EU Commission, Report on the Implementation of Directive 90/314/EEC on Package Travel and Holiday Tours in the Domestic Legislation of EC Member States, SEC(1999) 1800 final 19 November 1999

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  • Summary of response to the consultation launched to gather stakeholders’ opinions on the existing problems and preferred solutions in order to identify preferred policy options as part of the Commission’s review of the Package Travel Directive, March 2010

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  • The European Travel Agents’ and Tour Operators’ Associations, The Revision of the package travel Directive: ECTAA’s Position Paper

    Google Scholar 

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Olena Bokareva

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  1. Olena Bokareva
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China

    Proshanto K. Mukherjee

  2. Maritime Law and Policy, World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden

    Maximo Q. Mejia Jr.

  3. Plymouth Business School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

    Jingjing Xu

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Bokareva, O. (2020). A Critical Analysis of Carriage of Passengers by Sea: Uniformity Through International and Regional Approaches. In: Mukherjee, P.K., Mejia, M.Q., Xu, J. (eds) Maritime Law in Motion. WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31749-2_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31749-2_4

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