Abstract
This chapter first summarizes and reviews key findings of the book and then describes what happened to tobacco workers in Anatolia and the Balkans after the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. It explores how the experiences these workers accumulated in Ottoman tobacco factories and warehouses affected their lives in the two Ottoman successor states, Greece and Turkey.
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Notes
- 1.
Bestami S. Bilgiç, “Balkan Wars,” in Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters (New York: Facts on File, 2009), 74; Avdela, “Class, Ethnicity, and Gender,” 426–27.
- 2.
Onur Yıldırım, Diplomacy and Displacement: Reconsidering the Turco-Greek Exchange of Populations, 1922–1934 (New York: Routledge, 2006), 3.
- 3.
Ibid., 90.
- 4.
Ibid., 126.
- 5.
Yıldırım notes that slightly more than one million Greeks and Armenians arrived in Greece before “the initial stages of the implementation of the [exchange] convention.” Ibid., 126.
- 6.
Ibid., 127.
- 7.
Avdela, “Class, Ethnicity, and Gender,” 431.
- 8.
Vyzikas, Chronico ton Ergatikon Agonon, 20–23.
- 9.
“İnhisar Harmancılığının Tarihçesi,” Tütün Mecmuası, no. 39–40 (1941): 3–4. For the nationalization of the tobacco industry, see Doğruel and Doğruel, Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Tekel, 130–40.
- 10.
Avdela, “Class, Ethnicity, and Gender,” 424–25.
- 11.
Ibid., 430. Avdela did not mention what these slogans were.
- 12.
Ibid., 425; Vyzikas, Chronico ton Ergatikon Agonon, 20–23.
- 13.
Lois Labrianidis, “Industrial Location—Product of Multiple ‘Factors’: The Tobacco Industry in Greece,” in Industrialization in Developing and Peripheral Regions, ed. F. E. Ian Hamilton (New York: Routledge, 2017), 246; Mehmet Rakım Ulukan, “Türk Tütünlerinin İşlenmesi-8,” Türk Tütünü Mecmuası, no. 20 (1939): 7.
- 14.
Labrianidis notes that “the wage of female workers was around 44.5 percent of the male wages.” See Labrianidis, “Industrial Location,” 247.
- 15.
Rentetzi, “Configuring Identities,” 77–78.
- 16.
Labrianidis, “Industrial Location,” 247.
- 17.
Ahmet Makal, Ameleden İşçiye: Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Emek Tarihi Çalışmaları (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2007), 269–72.
- 18.
“Ameleye Verilen Ücret Az Mıdır?” Cumhuriyet, March 8, 1932.
- 19.
Yılgür, “Ethnicity, Class and Politicisation,” 177–78.
- 20.
Kosova, Ben İşçiyim, 17.
- 21.
Ibid., 69–70.
- 22.
“Samsun Tütün Amelesinin Grevi,” Cumhuriyet, January 27, 1936; Özçelik, Tütüncülerin Tarihi, 92–93.
- 23.
Labrianidis, “Industrial Location,” 238. Goodman notes that in 1924, the Turkish government was also planning to offer a law proposal that would prohibit the export of unprocessed tobacco leaves. However, this proposal did not pass the legislature. See Robert Carey Goodman, “The Role of the Tobacco Trade in Turkish-American Relations, 1923–29” (Master’s thesis, University of Richmond, 1988), 97–98.
- 24.
Labrianidis, “Industrial Location,” 246.
- 25.
Ibid., 255; Özçelik, Tütüncülerin Tarihi, 59–60; Ulukan, “Türk Tütünlerinin İşlenmesi-8,” 7.
- 26.
Özçelik, Tütüncülerin Tarihi, 12, 84, and 99.
- 27.
Lilo Linke, Allah Dethroned: A Journey Through Modern Turkey (London: Constable, 1937), 160; Süleyman Türk, “Geri Kumpanyasının Samsun İşleme Evi,” Türk Tütünü Mecmuası, no. 85 (1941): 6.
- 28.
Labrianidis, “Industrial Location,” 257.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
Makal, Ameleden İşçiye, 217; Kosova, Ben İşçiyim, 17.
- 31.
Labrianidis, “Industrial Location,” 258.
- 32.
Kosova, Ben İşçiyim, 156; Özçelik, Tütüncülerin Tarihi, 18.
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Nacar, C. (2019). Conclusion. In: Labor and Power in the Late Ottoman Empire. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31559-7_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31559-7_7
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