Abstract
The Atlantic rainforest of Brazil harbors outstanding species richness and levels of endemism, representing one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth. Yet, a lot is still unknown about the spatial and temporal evolution of its biota. While the history of the region is complex, with taxa often showing distinct richness patterns and evolutionary histories, some trends are common to a variety of lineages. Higher species richness is often found in the topographically complex coast of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, but the variety of environmental spaces available within this domain, tied to the different niches explored by its species, also support the existence of other patterns of species accumulation. The biological communities that inhabit the southern portions of the Atlantic forest are clearly distinct from those that occupy the northern range of the domain: several taxa undergo turnover in the Doce river valley (state of Espírito Santo), while others shift further south (near the Rio de Janeiro/São Paulo state boundary), or further north (state of Bahia). Areas of endemism have been recognized within the forest; while their boundaries do not perfectly match across all taxonomic groups, a nested pattern is detected, with contiguous areas of endemism defined by low-dispersal organisms (e.g., harvestmen) often fitting within more inclusive endemism centers defined by high-dispersal groups (e.g., birds). To date, the fauna and flora has been compartmentalized into five main areas of endemism: (1) Pernambuco, (2) Coastal Bahia, (3) Central Bahia, (4) Serra do Mar (often with further subregions), and (5) Paraná/Araucaria (Fig. 16.2). Here, we summarize main spatial patterns of diversity, flagging areas of higher species accumulation, turnover, and endemism. We also review main patterns of lineage divergence and population structure recovered from molecular phylogenies and phylogeographic studies, and explore some of the most common diversification hypotheses proposed for the Atlantic forest biota to date. We demonstrate that the spatial turnover of lineages within species largely mirrors that of species within communities; both climate change and geographic barriers appear to have acted in combination to produce patterns of diversification. However, while geographic patterns of species and genetic diversity are similar across Atlantic forest organisms, their underlying processes are not.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Almeida FFM (1976) The system of continental rifts bordering the Santos basin Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 48:15–26
Álvarez-Presas M, Sánchez-Garcia A, Carbayo F, Rozas J, Riutort M (2014) Insights into the origin and distribution of biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hot spot: a statistical phylogeographic study using a low-dispersal organism. Heredity 112:656–665
Amaral FR, Albers PK, Edwards SV, Miyaki CY (2013) Multilocus tests of Pleistocene refugia and ancient divergence in a pair of Atlantic forest antbirds (Myrmeciza). Mol Ecol 22:3996–4013
Amaral FR, Maldonado-Coelho M, Aleixo A et al (2018) Recent chapters of neotropical history overlooked in phylogeography: shallow divergence explains phenotype and genotype uncoupling in Antilophia manakins. Mol Ecol 27:4108–4120. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14843
Amaro RC, Rodrigues MT, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y, Carnaval AC (2012) Demographic processes in the montane Atlantic rainforest: molecular and cytogenetic evidence from the endemic frog Proceratophrys boiei. Mol Phylogenet Evol 62:880–888
Amorim DS, Pires MRS (1996) Neotropical biogeography and a method for a maximum biodiversity estimation. In: Bicudo CEM, Menezes NA (eds) Biodiversity in Brazil: a first approach. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, pp 183–219
Andrade ER, Jardim JG, Santos BA, Melo FPL, Talora DC, Faria D, Cazetta E (2015) Effects of habitat loss on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of understory Rubiaceae in Atlantic forest landscapes. For Ecol Manag 349:73–84
Antonelli A, Ariza M, Albert J et al (2018) Conceptual and empirical advances in neotropical biodiversity research. PeerJ 6:e5644
Avise JC, Arnold J, Ball RM, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Neigel JE, Reeb CA, Saunders NC (1987) Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 18(1):489–522
Bartoleti LFM, Peres EA, Fontes FHM, Silva MJ, Solferini VN (2018) Phylogeography of the widespread spider Nephila clavipes (Araneae: Araneidae) in South America indicates geologically and climatically driven lineage diversification. J Biogeogr 45:1246–1260
Batalha-Filho H, Miyaki CY (2016) Late Pleistocene divergence and postglacial expansion in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: multilocus phylogeography of Rhopias gularis (Aves: Passeriformes). J Zool Syst Evol Res 54:137–147
Batalha-Filho H, Waldschmidt AM, Campos LAO, Tavares MG, Fernandes-Salomão TM (2010) Phylogeography and historical demography of the neotropical stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera, Apidae): incongruence between morphology and mitochondrial DNA. Apidologie 41:534–547
Batalha-Filho H, Cabanne GS, Miyaki CY (2012) Phylogeography of an Atlantic forest passerine reveals demographic stability through the last glacial maximum. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:892–902
Batalha-Filho H, Fjeldså J, Fabre P-H, Miyaki CY (2013) Connections between the Atlantic and the Amazonian forest avifaunas represent distinct historical events. J Ornithol 154:41–50
Bates JM, Hackett SJ, Cracraft J (1998) Area-relationships in the neotropical lowlands: an hypothesis based on raw distributions of Passerine birds. J Biogeogr 25:783–793
Behling H (2002) South and southeast Brazilian grasslands during late quaternary times: a synthesis. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 177:19–27
Bragagnolo C, Pinto-da-Rocha R, Antunes M, Clouse RM (2015) Phylogenetics and phylogeography of a long-legged harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest reveals poor dispersal, low diversity and extensive introgression. Invertebr Syst 29(4):386–404
Brown KS, Freitas AVL (2000) Atlantic forest butterflies: indicators for landscape conservation 1. Biotropica 32:934–956
Brunes TO, Sequeira F, Haddad CFB, Alexandrino J (2010) Gene and species trees of a neotropical group of treefrogs: genetic diversification in the Brazilian Atlantic forest and the origin of a polyploid species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 57:1120–1133
Brunes TO, Thomé MTC, Alexandrino J, Haddad CFB, Sequeira F (2015) Ancient divergence and recent population expansion in a leaf frog endemic to the southern Brazilian Atlantic forest. Org Divers Evol 15:695–710
Cabanne GS, Santos FR, Miyaki CY (2007) Phylogeography of Xiphorhynchus fuscus (Passeriformes, Dendrocolaptidae): vicariance and recent demographic expansion in southern Atlantic forest. Biol J Linn Soc 91:73–84
Cabanne GS, D’Horta FM, Sari EHR, Santos FR, Miyaki CY (2008) Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeography of the Atlantic forest endemic Xiphorhynchus fuscus (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae): biogeography and systematics implications. Mol Phylogenet Evol 49:760–773
Cabanne GS, Sari HER, Meyer D, Santos FR, Miyaki CY (2013) Matrilineal evidence for demographic expansion, low diversity and lack of phylogeographic structure in the Atlantic forest endemic Greenish Schiffornis Schiffornis virescens (Aves: Tityridae). J Ornithol 154:371–384
Cabanne GS, Calderón L, Trujillo Arias N et al (2016) Effects of Pleistocene climate changes on species ranges and evolutionary processes in the neotropical Atlantic forest. Biol J Linn Soc 119:856–872
Cabrera AL, Willink A (1973) Biogeografia de America Latina. Monografia 13, série de biología. Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA), Washington, DC, p 120
Cancello EM, Silva RR, Vasconcellos A, Reis YT, Oliveira LM (2014) Latitudinal variation in termite species richness and abundance along the Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. Biotropica 46:441–450
Carnaval AC, Moritz C (2008) Historical climate modelling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. J Biogeogr 35:1187–1201
Carnaval AC, Hickerson MJ, Haddad CFB, Rodrigues MT, Moritz C (2009) Stability predicts genetic diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. Science 323:785–789
Carnaval AC, Waltari E, Rodrigues MT et al (2014) Prediction of phylogeographic endemism in an environmentally complex biome. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 281(1792):20141461
Cazé ALR, Mäder G, Nunes TS, Queiroz LP, Oliveira G, Diniz-Filho JA, Bonatto SL, Freitas LB (2016) Could refuge theory and rivers acting as barriers explain the genetic variability distribution in the Atlantic forest? Mol Phylogenet Evol 101:242–251
Cheng H, Sinha A, Cruz FW et al (2013) Climate change patterns in Amazonia and biodiversity. Nat Commun 4:1411
Colinvaux PA, De Oliveira PE (2001) Amazon plant diversity and climate through the Cenozoic. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 166:51–63
Colombi VH, Lopes SR, Fagundes V (2010) Testing the Rio Doce as a riverine barrier in shaping the Atlantic rainforest population divergence in the rodent Akodon cursor. Genet Mol Biol 33:785–789
Costa LP (2003) The historical bridge between the Amazon and the Atlantic forest of Brazil: a study of molecular phylogeography with small mammals. J Biogeogr 30:71–86
Costa LP, Leite YLR (2013) Historical fragmentation shaping vertebrate diversification in the Atlantic forest biodiversity hotspot. In: Patterson BD, Costa LP (eds) Bones, clones, and biomes: the history and geography of recent neotropical mammals. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp 283–306
Costa LP, Leite YLR, da Fonseca GAB, da Fonseca MT (2000) Biogeography of South American forest mammals: endemism and diversity in the Atlantic forest. Biotropica 32:872–881
Costa GC, Hampe A, Ledru M-P et al (2018) Biome stability in South America over the last 30 kyr: inferences from long-term vegetation dynamics and habitat modelling. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 27:285–297
Cracraft J (1985) Historical biogeography and patterns of differentiation within the South American avifauna: areas of endemisms. Ornithol Monogr 36:49–84
Cracraft J, Prum RO (1988) Patterns and processes of diversification: speciation and historical congruence in some Neotropical birds. Evolution 42(3):603–620
Cruz FW, Wang X, Auler A, Vuille M, Burns SJ, Edwards LR, Karmann I, Cheng H (2009) Orbital and millennial-scale precipitation changes in Brazil from speleothem records. In: Vimeux F, Sylvestre F, Khodri M (eds) Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions: from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 29–60
Dal Vechio F, Prates I, Grazziotin FG, Zaher H, Rodrigues MT (2018) Phylogeography and historical demography of the arboreal pit viper Bothrops bilineatus (Serpentes, Crotalinae) reveal multiple connections between Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests. J Biogeogr 45:2415–2426
Dalapicolla J, Leite YLR (2018) Historical connections among river basins and climatic changes explain the biogeographic history of a water rat. PeerJ 6:e5333
Damasceno R, Strangas ML, Carnaval AC, Rodrigues MT, Moritz C (2014) Revisiting the vanishing refuge model of diversification. Front Genet 5:353
Dantas GPM, Sari HER, Cabanne GS, Pessoa RO, Marini MA, Miyaki CY, Santos FR (2015) Population genetic structure of the Atlantic forest endemic Conopophaga lineata (Passeriformes: Conopophagidae) reveals a contact zone in the Atlantic forest. J Ornithol 156:85–99
DaSilva MB, Pinto-da-Rocha R, DeSouza AM (2015) A protocol for the delimitation of areas of endemism and the historical regionalization of the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest using harvestmen distribution data. Cladistics 31(6):692–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12121
de Sá RO, Tonini JFR, van Huss H, Long A, Cuddy T, Forlani MC, Peloso PLV, Zaher H, Haddad CFB (2019) Multiple connections between Amazonia and Atlantic forest shaped the phylogenetic and morphological diversity of Chiasmocleis Mehely, 1904 (Anura: Microhylidae: Gastrophryninae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 130:198–210
D’Horta FM, Cabanne GS, Meyer D, Miyaki CY (2011) The genetic effects of late quaternary climatic changes over a tropical latitudinal gradient: diversification of an Atlantic forest passerine. Mol Ecol 20:1923–1935
Durães R, Loiselle BA (2004) Inter-scale relationship between species richness and environmental heterogeneity: a study case with antbirds in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Ornitol Neotrop 15:127–135
Ferro VG, Melo AS (2011) Diversity of tiger moths in a neotropical hotspot: determinants of species composition and identification of biogeographic units. J Insect Conserv 15:643–651
Fiaschi P, Pirani JR (2009) Review of plant biogeographic studies in Brazil. J Syst Evol 47:477–496
Fitzpatrick SW, Brasileiro CA, Haddad CFB, Zamudio KR (2009) Geographical variation in genetic structure of an Atlantic Coastal Forest frog reveals regional differences in habitat stability. Mol Ecol 18:2877–2896
Flower BP, Kennett JP (1994) The middle Miocene climate transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 108:537–555
Fouquet A, Recoder R, Teixeira M Jr, Cassimiro J, Amaro RC, Camacho A, Damasceno R, Carnaval AC, Moritz C, Rodrigues MT (2012a) Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyses reveal deep divergence between Amazonia and Atlantic forest species of Dendrophryniscus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 62:826–838
Fouquet A, Loebmann D, Castroviejo-Fisher S, Padial JM, Orrico VGD, Lyra ML, Roberto IJ, Kok PJR, Haddad CFB, Rodrigues MT (2012b) From Amazonia to the Atlantic forest: molecular phylogeny of Phyzelaphryninae frogs reveals unexpected diversity and a striking biogeographic pattern emphasizing conservation challenges. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:547–561
Fouquet A, Cassini CS, Haddad CFB, Pech N, Rodrigues MT (2014) Species delimitation, patterns of diversification and historical biogeography of the neotropical frog genus Adenomera (Anura, Leptodactylidae). J Biogeogr 41:855–870
Françoso E, Zuntini AR, Carnaval AC, Arias MC (2016) Comparative phylogeography in the Atlantic forest and Brazilian savannas: pleistocene fluctuations and dispersal shape spatial patterns in two bumblebees. BMC Evol Biol 16:1–16
Frantine-Silva W, Giangarelli DC, Penha RES, Suzuki KM, Dec E, Gaglianone MC, Alves-dos-Santos I, Sofia SH (2017) Phylogeography and historical demography of the orchid bee Euglossa iopoecila: signs of vicariant events associated to quaternary climatic changes. Conserv Genet 18:539–552
Funch LS, Rodal MJN, Funch RR (2008) Floristic aspects of the forests of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. In: Thomas W, Briton EG (org.) The Atlantic coastal forest of Northeastern Brazil, vol 100. Mem. of the New York Botanical Garden Press, pp 193–220
Gallagher K, Hawkesworth CJ, Mantovani MSM (1994) The denudation history of the onshore continental margin of SE Brazil inferred from apatite fission track data. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 99:18117–18145. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00661
Grazziotin FG, Monzel M, Echeverrigaray S, Bonatto SL (2006) Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Mol Ecol 15:3969–3982
Haffer J (1969) Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165:131–137
Hiruma ST, Riccomini C, Modenesi-Gauttieri MC, Hackspacher PC, Hadler Neto JC, Franco-Magalhães AOB (2010) Denudation history of the Bocaina Plateau, Serra do Mar, southeastern Brazil: relationships to Gondwana breakup and passive margin development. Gondwana Res 18:674–687
Jenkins CN, Alves MAS, Uezu A, Vale MM (2015) Patterns of vertebrate diversity and protection in Brazil. PLoS One 10(12):e0145064. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145064
Jetz W, Thomas GH, Joy JB, Redding DW, Hartmann K, Mooers AO (2014) Global distribution and conservation of evolutionary distinctness in birds. Curr Biol 24:919–930
Lara MC, Patton JL (2000) Evolutionary diversification of spiny rats (genus Trinomys, Rodentia: Echimyidae) in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. Zool J Linnean Soc 130:661–686
Leão-Pires TA, Luiz AM, Sawaya RJ (2018) The complex roles of space and environment in structuring functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity of frogs in the Atlantic forest. PLoS One 13:e0196066
Ledo R, Colli GR (2017) The historical connections between the Amazon and the Atlantic forest revisited. J Biogeogr 44:2551–2563
Ledru M-P, Rousseau DD, Cruz FW, Riccomini C, Karmann I, Martin L (2005) Paleoclimate changes during the last 100,000 yr from a record in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest region and interhemispheric comparison. Quat Res 64:444–450
Leite YLR, Costa LP, Loss AC, Rocha RG, Batalha-Filho H, Bastos AC, Quaresma VS, Fagundes V, Paresque R, Passamani M, Pardini R (2016) Neotropical forest expansion during the last glacial period challenges refuge hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:1008–1013
Lynch JD (1979) The amphibians of the lowland tropical forests. In: Duellman WE (ed) The South American Herpetofauna: its origin, evolution, and dispersal. Monogr Mus Nat Hist, Univ Kans, vol 7, pp 189–215
Maia AVP, Almeida C, Santoro KR, Melo JLA, Oliveira JV, Guedes RNC, Badji CA (2016) High-level phylogeographic structuring of Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (Lepidoptera, Crambridae) in Brazil: an important tomato pest. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60:206–210
Maldonado-Coelho M (2012) Climatic oscillations shape the phylogeographical structure of Atlantic forest fire-eye antbirds (Aves: Thamnophilidae). Biol J Linn Soc 105:900–924
Martins FM, Templeton AR, Pavan AC, Kohlbach BC, Morgante JS (2009) Phylogeography of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus): marked population structure, neotropical Pleistocene vicariance and incongruence between nuclear and mtDNA markers. BMC Evol Biol 9:294. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-294
Martins FM, Gifali-Iughetti C, Koiffman CP, Harris EE (2011) Coalescent analysis of mtDNA indicates Pleistocene divergence among three species of howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) and population subdivision within the Atlantic Coastal Forest species, A. guariba. Primates 52:77–87
Matos FA, Magnago LF, Gastauer M, Carreiras JM, Simonelli M, Meira-Neto JA, Edwards DP (2017) Effects of landscape configuration and composition on phylogenetic diversity of trees in a highly fragmented tropical forest. J Ecol 105:265–276
McCormack JE, Hird SM, Zellmer AJ, Carstens BC, Brumfield RT (2013) Applications of next-generation sequencing to phylogeography and phylogenetics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 66:526–538
Melo AS, Rangel TFLVB, Diniz-Filho JAF (2009) Environmental drivers of beta-diversity patterns in New-World birds and mammals. Ecography 32:226–236
Menezes RST, Brady SG, Carvalho AF, Del Lama MA, Costa MA (2015) Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the neotropical swarm-founding social Wasp Genus Synoeca (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). PLoS One 10(3):e0119151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119151
Menezes L, Canedo C, Batalha-Filho H, Garda AA, Gehara M, Napoli MF (2016) Multilocus phylogeography of the Treefrog Scinax eurydice (Anura, Hylidae) reveals a Plio-Pleistocene diversification in the Atlantic forest. PLoS One 11(6):e0154626
Menezes RST, Brady SG, Carvalho AF, Del Lama MA, Costa MA (2017) The roles of barriers, refugia, and chromosomal clines underlying diversification in Atlantic forest social wasps. Sci Rep 7:7689
Miranda GB, Andrades-Miranda J, Oliveira LFB, Langguth A, Mattevi MS (2007) Geographic patterns of genetic variation and conservation consequences in three South American rodents. Biochem Genet 45:839–856
Moraes-Barros N, Silva JAB, Miyaki CY, Morgante JS (2006) Comparative phylogeography of the Atlantic forest endemic sloth (Bradypus torquatus) and the widespread three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) (Bradypodidae, Xenarthra). Genetica 126:189–198
Morellato LPC (2000) Introduction: the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biotropica 32:786–792
Morley RJ (2000) Origin and evolution of tropical rain forests. Wiley, Chichester, p 362
Morrone JJ (1994) On the identification of areas of endemism. Syst Biol 43:438–441
Morrone JJ (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean Islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annu Rev Entomol 51:467–494
Moura MR, Argôlo AJ, Costa HC (2017) Historical and contemporary correlates of snake biogeographical subregions in the Atlantic forest hotspot. J Biogeogr 44:640–650
Müller P (1973) The dispersal centers of terrestrial vertebrates in the neotropical realm: a study in the evolution of the neotropical biota and its native landscape. Biogeographica 2:1–250
Murray-Smith C, Brummitt NA, Oliveira-Filho AT et al (2009) Plant diversity hotspots in the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil. Conserv Biol 23:151–163
Mustrangi MA, Patton J (1997) Phylogeography and systematics of the slender mouse opossum Marmosops (Marsupialia, Didelphidae). Univ Calif Publ Zool 130:1–86
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GA, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858
Nogueira AA, Bragagnolo C, DaSilva MB, Martins TK, Lorenzo EP, Perbiche-Neves G, Pinto-da-Rocha R (2019) Historical signatures in the alpha and beta diversity patterns of Atlantic forest harvestman communities (Opiliones-Arachnida). Can J Zool 97(7):631. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0032
Oliveira-Filho AT, Jarenkow JA, Rodal MJN (2006) Floristic relationships of seasonally dry forests of eastern South America based on tree species distribution patterns. In: Pennington RT, Ratter JA, Lewis JP (eds) Neotropical savannas and dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography and conservation, the systematics association special volume series, vol 69. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 159–192
Oliveira-Filho AT, Fontes MAL (2000) Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic forests in Southeastern Brazil and the influence of climate. Biotropica 32:793–810
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GVN, Underwood EC, D’amico JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF, Ricketts TH, Kura T, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel W, Hedao P, Kassem KR (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth: a new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. Bioscience 51:933–938
Palma-Silva C, Lexer C, Paggi GM, Barbará T, Bered F, Bodanese-Zanettini MH (2009) Range-wide patterns of nuclear and chloroplast DNA diversity in Vriesea gigantea (Bromeliaceae), a neotropical forest species. Heredity 103:503–512
Pavan AC, Martins FM, Santos FR, Ditchfield A, Redondo RAF (2011) Patterns of diversification in two species of short-tailed bats (Carollia Gray, 1838): the effects of historical fragmentation of Brazilian rainforests. Biol J Linn Soc 102:527–539
Paz A, Spanos Z, Brown JL, Lyra M, Haddad C, Rodrigues M, Carnaval A (2018) Phylogeography of Atlantic forest glassfrogs (Vitreorana): when geography, climate dynamics and rivers matter. Heredity 122(5):545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-018-0155-1
Pellegrino KCM, Rodrigues MT, Waite AN et al (2005) Phylogeography and species limits in the Gymnodactylus darwinii complex (Gekkonidae, Squamata): genetic structure coincides with river systems in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biol J Linn Soc 85:13–26
Pellegrino KC, Rodrigues MT, Harris DJ, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y, Sites JW Jr (2011) Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and insights into the origin of parthenogenesis in the neotropical genus Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): ancient links between the Atlantic forest and Amazonia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 61:446–459
Pennington RT, Lewis GP, Ratter JA (2006) An overview of the plant diversity, biogeography and conservation of neotropical savannas and seasonally dry forests. In: Pennington RT, Lewis GP, Ratter JA (eds) Neotropical savannas and dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography, and conservation. CRC Press, Oxford, pp 1–29
Peres EA, Sobral-Souza T, Perez MF et al (2015) Pleistocene niche stability and lineage diversification in the subtropical spider Araneus omnicolor (Araneidae). PLoS One 10:e0121543
Peres EA, Silva MJ, Solferini VN (2017) Phylogeography of the spider Araneus venatrix (Araneidae) suggests past connections between Amazon and Atlantic rainforests. Biol J Linn Soc 121:771–785
Peres EA, DaSilva MB, Antunes M Jr, Pinto-da-Rocha R (2018) A short-range endemic species from south-eastern Atlantic Rain Forest shows deep signature of historical events: phylogeography of harvestmen Acutisoma longipes (Arachnida: Opiliones). Syst Biodivers 16:171–187
Peres EA, Benedetti AR, Hiruma ST, Sobral-Souza T, Pinto-da-Rocha R (2019) Phylogeography of Sodreaninae harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae): insights into the biogeography of the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Mol Phylogenet Evol 138:1–16
Perret M, Chautems A, Spichiger R (2006) Dispersal-Vicariance analyses in the tribe Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae): a clue to understanding biogeographical history of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Ann Mo Bot Gard 93:340–358
Pessenda LCR, Oliveira PE, Mofatto M, Medeiros VB, Garcia RJF, Aravena R, Bendassoli JA, Leite AZ, Saad AR, Etchebehere ML (2009) The evolution of a tropical rainforest/grassland mosaic in southeastern Brazil since 28,000 14C yr BP based on carbon isotopes and pollen records. Quat Res 71:437–452
Pie MR, Faircloth BC, Ribeiro LF, Bornschein R, McCormack JE (2018) Phylogenomics of montane frogs of the Brazilian Atlantic forest is consistent with isolation in sky islands followed by climatic stability. Biol J Linn Soc 125:72–82
Pinheiro F, Barros F, Palma-Silva C, Fay MF, Lexer C, Cozzolino S (2011) Phylogeography and genetic differentiation along the distributional range of the orchid Epidendrum fulgens: a neotropical coastal species not restricted to glacial refugia. J Biogeogr 38:1923–1935
Pinto-da-Rocha R, DaSilva MB, Bragagnolo C (2005) Faunistic similarity and historic biogeography of the harvestmen of southern and southeastern Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. J Arachnol 33:290–299
Pires AC, Marinoni L (2010) DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy unified through integrative taxonomy: a view that challenges the debate questioning both methodologies. Biota Neotropica 10(2):339–346. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000200035
Por FD (1992) Sooretama: the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. SPB Academic, The Hague
Porto TJ, Carnaval AC, da Rocha PLB (2013) Evaluating forest refugial models using species distribution models, model filling and inclusion: a case study with 14 Brazilian species. Divers Distrib 19:330–340
Prado DE (2000) Seasonal dry forest of tropical South America: from forgotten ecosystems to a new phytogeographic unit. Edinb J Bot 57(3):437–461
Prado DE, Gibbs PE (1993) Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. Ann Mo Bot Gard 80:902–927
Prance GT (1982) Forest refuges: evidence from woody angiosperms. In: Prance GT (ed) Biological diversification in the tropics. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 137–158
Prates I, Rivera D, Rodrigues MT, Carnaval AC (2016) A mid-Pleistocene rainforest corridor enabled synchronous invasions of the Atlantic forest by Amazonian anole lizards. Mol Ecol 25:5174–5186
Prates I, Penna A, Rodrigues MT, Carnaval AC (2018) Local adaptation in mainland anole lizards: integrating population history and genome–environment associations. Ecol Evol 8:11932–11944
Reginato M, Michelangeli FA (2020) Bioregions of eastern Brazil based on vascular plant occurrence data. In: Rull V, Carnaval AC (eds) Neotropical diversification. Springer
Resende HC, Yotoko KSC, Delabie JHC, Costa MA, Campiolo S, Tavares MG, Campos LAO, Fernandes-Salomão TM (2010) Pliocene and Pleistocene events shaping the genetic diversity within the central corridor of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biol J Linn Soc 101:949–960
Ribeiro MC, Martensen AC, Metzger JP, Tabarelli M, Scarano F, Fortin M-J (2011a) The Brazilian Atlantic forest: a shrinking biodiversity hotspot. In: Zachos F, Habel J (eds) Biodiversity hotspots. Springer, Berlin
Ribeiro RA, Lemos-Filho JP, Ramos ACS, Lovato MB (2011b) Phylogeography of the endangered rosewood Dalbergia nigra (Fabaceae): insights into the evolutionary history and conservation of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Heredity 106:46–57
Riccomini C, Santanna L, Ferrari A (2004) Evolução geológica do Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil. In: Mantesso Neto V, Bartorelli A, Carneiro C, Brito Neves B (eds) Geologia Do Continente Sul-Americano: Evolução Da Obra de Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida. Beca, São Paulo, pp 383–405
Rodal MJN, Sales MF (2008) Composição da flora vascular em um remanescente de floresta montana no semi-árido do nordeste do Brasil. Hoehnea 34(4):433–446
Rodrigues MT, Bertolotto CEV, Amaro RC, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y, Freire EMX, Pellegrino KCM (2014) Molecular phylogeny, species limits, and biogeography of the Brazilian endemic lizard genus Enyalius (Squamata: Leiosauridae): an example of the historical relationship between Atlantic forests and Amazonia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 81:137–146
Rull V (2009) Microrefugia. J Biogeogr 36:481–484
Saiter FZ, Brown JL, Thomas WW, Oliveira-Filho AT, Carnaval AC (2016) Environmental correlates of floristic regions and plant turnover in the Atlantic forest hotspot. J Biogeogr 43:2322–2331
Santos AMM, Cavalcanti DR, Silva JMCD, Tabarelli M (2007) Biogeographical relationships in north-eastern Brazil. J Biogeogr 34:437–446
Santos BA, Arroyo-Rodrıguez V, Moreno CE, Tabarelli M (2010) Edge-related loss of tree phylogenetic diversity in the severely fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest. PLoS One 5:e12625
Schetino MAA, Coimbra RTF, Santos FR (2017) Time scaled phylogeography and demography of Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). Glob Ecol Conserv 11:224–235
Sigrist MS, Carvalho CJBD (2008) Historical relationships among areas of endemism in the tropical South America using Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA). Biota Neotropica 9:79–90
Silva JMC, Sousa MC, Castelletti CHM (2004) Areas of endemism for passerine birds in the Atlantic forest, South America. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 13:85–92
Silva SM, Moraes-Barros N, Ribas CC, Ferrand N, Morgante JS (2012) Divide to conquer: a complex pattern of biodiversity depicted by vertebrate components in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biol J Linn Soc 107:39–55
Sobral-Souza T, LIma-Ribeiro MS, Solferini VN (2015) Biogeography of neotropical rainforests: past connections between Amazon and Atlantic forest detected by ecological niche modeling. Evol Ecol 29(5):643–655
Soderstrom T, Judziewicz E, Clark L (1988) Distribution patterns of neotropical bamboos. In: Vanzolini P, Heyer W (eds) Proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, pp 121–157
Stattersfield AJ, Crosby MJ, Long AJ, Wege DC (1998) Endemic bird areas of the world: priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
Tchaicka L, Eizirik E, Oliveira TG, Cândido JF Jr, Freitas TO (2007) Phylogeography and population history of the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). Mol Ecol 16:819–838
Thomas WW, Carvalho AMV, Amorim AM, Garrison J, Arbelaez AL (1998) Plant endemism in two forests in southern Bahia, Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 7:311–322
Thomé MTC, Zamudio KR, Giovanelli JGR et al (2010) Phylogeography of endemic toads and post-Pliocene persistence of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Mol Phylogenet Evol 55:1018–1031
Thomé MTC, Zamudio KR, Haddad CFB, Alexandrino J (2014) Barriers, rather than refugia, underlie the origin of diversity in toads endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Mol Ecol 23:6152–6164
Thomé MTC, Sequeira F, Brusquetti F, Carstens B, Haddad CF, Rodrigues MT, Alexandrino J (2016) Recurrent connections between Amazon and Atlantic forests shaped diversity in Caatinga four-eyed frogs. J Biogeogr 43:1045–1056
Tonini JFR, Costa LP, Carnaval AC (2013) Phylogeographic structure is strong in the Atlantic forest; predictive power of correlative paleodistribution models, not always. J Zool Syst Evol Res 51:114–121
Trujillo-Arias N, Calderón L, Santos FR, Miyaki CY, Aleixo A, Witt CC, Tubaro PL, Cabanne GS (2018) Forest corridors between the central Andes and the southern Atlantic forest enabled dispersal and peripatric diversification without niche divergence in a passerine. Mol Phylogenet Evol 128:221–232
Turchetto-Zolet AC, Pinheiro F, Salgueiro F, Palma-Silva C (2013) Phylogeographical patterns shed light on evolutionary process in South America. Mol Ecol 22:1193–1213
Turchetto-Zolet AC, Salgueiro F, Turchetto C, Cruz F, Veto NM, Barros MJ, Segatto ANA, Freitas LB, Margis R (2016) Phylogeography and ecological niche modelling in Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) suggest distinct vegetational responses to climate change between the southern and the northern Atlantic forest. Bot J Linn Soc 182:670–688
Tyler HA, Brown KS Jr, Wilson KH (1994) Swallowtail butterflies of the Americas: a study in biological dynamics, ecological diversity, biosystematics, and conservation. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville
Vale MM, Tourinho L, Lorini ML, Rajão H, Figueiredo MSL (2018) Endemic birds of the Atlantic forest: traits, conservation status, and patterns of biodiversity. J Field Ornithol 89:193–206
Vanzolini PE (1988) Distributional patterns of South American lizards. In: Proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro
Vanzolini PE, Williams EF (1981) The vanishing refuge: a mechanism for ecogeographic speciation. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 34:251–255
Vasconcelos TS, Prado VHM, da Silva FR, Haddad CFB (2014) Biogeographic distribution patterns and their correlates in the diverse Frog Fauna of the Atlantic forest hotspot. PLoS One 9:e104130
Wallace AR (1852) A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro. Dover, New York
Webb CO, Ackerly DD, McPeek MA, Donoghue MJ (2002) Phylogenies and community ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33(1):475–505
Weeks B, Claramunt S, Cracraft J (2016) Integrating systematics and biogeography to disentangle the roles of history and ecology in biotic assembly. J Biogeogr 43(8):1546–1559
Werneck FP (2011) The diversification of eastern South American open vegetation biomes: historical biogeography and perspectives. Quat Sci Rev 30:1630–1648
Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K (2001) Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292:686–693
Zanella FCV (2011) Evolução da Biota da Diagonal de Formações Abertas Secas da América do Sul. In: Carvalho CB, Almeida E (eds) Biogeografia da América do Sul: padrões e processos. Roca, São Paulo, pp 198–220
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Peres, E.A., Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Lohmann, L.G., Michelangeli, F.A., Miyaki, C.Y., Carnaval, A.C. (2020). Patterns of Species and Lineage Diversity in the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. In: Rull, V., Carnaval, A. (eds) Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and Processes. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31167-4_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31167-4_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-31166-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-31167-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)