Abstract
Covering ancient geomorphological landscapes, and surrounded by some of the most diverse forests on Earth, the Neotropical savannas were once perceived by naturalists as ancient environments. However, current evidence suggests that tropical forests have existed in the Neotropics since the Paleocene, whereas most plant lineages present in South American savannas are recently derived from clades from the surrounding forested biomes. This chapter provides a multidisciplinary overview on the origin, assembly and expansion of Neotropical savannas, with focus on South America. For this, we consider available evidence from the fossil record, paleoenvironmental proxies (phytoliths), and phylogenetic information for both plants and animals. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions indicate suitable climates for central South American savannas since the middle Miocene, which is also when molecular phylogenies indicate the origin of some vertebrate groups typical of savannas. Fossil data indicate the ecological expansion of both C3 and C4 grasses in southern South America by the late Miocene. Fossil information also indicates the onset of savannas in northern South America during the Pliocene, a period in which most woody plants of the largest extension of Neotropical savannas (the Cerrado) are thought to have diversified, as inferred by dated phylogenies. Although the combined lines of evidence indicate that Neotropical savannas in South America are indeed younger than their surrounding forests, the precise timing and factors that influenced the origin, assembly and expansion of Neotropical savannas remain contentious. Future research should aim at (1) increasing and integrating knowledge about the diversification of important taxa characteristic to Neotropical savannas, (2) establishing continuous sequences of fossils, and (3) building accurate paleoenvironmental reconstructions for the entire Neogene.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Valentí Rull and Ana Carnaval for the invitation to contribute a chapter on this topic, an anonymous reviewer for the valuable comments on our manuscript, our research groups for valuable discussion, and S. Pineda-Muñoz for comments and discussion on ecometrics. Funding for this work was provided by the Swedish Research Council (B0569601), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, the Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing Climate (BECC) programme, and a Wallenberg Academy Fellowship to A.A.; continuous productivity grants from CNPq to R.G.C.; the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Anders Foundation, 1923 Fund and Gregory D. and Jennifer Walston Johnson to C.J.; FAPESP scholarship 2014/18837-7 and the State Univ. of Maranhão for the Senior Research fellowship to T.B.G.; the Swiss National Science Foundation fund P2ZHP3_174749 to J.D.C.; NSF EAR-1253713 and EAR-1349749 to C.A.E.S.; the Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship (project MARIPOSAS-704035) and the PPLZ programme of the Czech Academy of Sciences (grant L200961951) to P.M.M; Swedish Research Council (2017-04980) to C.D.B; Swedish Research Council (2017-03862) to S.F.; and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES—99999.001292/2015-03) to J.A.R.A.
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Azevedo, J.A.R. et al. (2020). On the Young Savannas in the Land of Ancient Forests. In: Rull, V., Carnaval, A. (eds) Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and Processes. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31167-4_12
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