Abstract
A basic concept in modeling fault tolerant systems is that anticipated faults, being obviously outside of our control, may or may not occur. A fault tolerant system design can be proved to correctly behave under a given fault hypothesis, by proving the observational equivalence between the system design specification and the fault-free system specification. Additionally, model checking of a temporal logic formula which gives an abstract notion of correct behavior can be applied to verify the correctness of the design. Another activity that must be considered in fault tolerance is the issue of fault detection, since the existence of undetectable faults makes the system more vulnerable. The usage of model checking and temporal logic gives opportunities to better analyze the system behavior in presence of faults and to identify undetectable faults.
Work partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Education and Research (MIUR) in the framework of the CrossLab project (Departments of Excellence).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Battezzati, N., Sterpone, L., Violante, M.: Reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Arrays for Mission-Critical Application. Springer, New York (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7595-9
Baumann, R.C.: Radiation-induced soft errors in advanced semiconductor technologies. IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab. 5(3), 305–316 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDMR.2005.853449
Bernardeschi, C., Cassano, L., Cimino, M.G., Domenici, A.: GABES: a genetic algorithm based environment for SEU testing in SRAM-FPGAs. J. Syst. Architect. 59(10, Part D), 1383–1254 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2013.10.006, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383762113001975
Bernardeschi, C., Cassano, L., Domenici, A.: SEU-X: a SEU un-excitability prover for SRAM-FPGAs. In: 18th IEEE International On-Line Testing Symposium, IOLTS 2012, pp. 25–30 (2012)
Bernardeschi, C., Cassano, L., Domenici, A., Sterpone, L.: Unexcitability analysis of SEus affecting the routing structure of SRAM-based FPGAs. In: Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2013 (part of ECRC), GLSVLSI 2013, Paris, 2–4 May 2013, pp. 7–12 (2013)
Bernardeschi, C., Cassano, L., Domenici, A., Sterpone, L.: UA\({}^{\text{2 }}\)TPG: an untestability analyzer and test pattern generator for SEUs in the configuration memory of SRAM-based FPGAs. Integration 55, 85–97 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2016.03.004
Bernardeschi, C., Fantechi, A., Gnesi, S.: Formal validation of the GUARDS inter-consistency mechanism. In: Felici, M., Kanoun, K. (eds.) SAFECOMP 1999. LNCS, vol. 1698, pp. 420–430. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48249-0_36
Bernardeschi, C., Fantechi, A., Gnesi, S.: Formal validation of fault-tolerance mechanisms inside GUARDS. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 71(3), 261–270 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(00)00078-8
Bernardeschi, C., Fantechi, A., Simoncini, L.: Formally verifying fault tolerant system designs. Comput. J. 43(3), 191–205 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/43.3.191
Bouali, A., Gnesi, S., Larosa, S.: The integration project for the JACK environment. Technical report CS-R9443, Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1994)
Boudol, G.: Notes on algebraic calculi of processes. In: Apt, K. (ed.) Logics and Models of Concurrent Systems. NATO ASI Series (Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences), vol. 13, pp. 261–303. Springer, Heidelberg (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82453-1_9
Clarke, E.M., Emerson, E.A., Sistla, A.P.: Automatic verification of finite-state concurrent systems using temporal logic specifications. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 8(2), 244–263 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1145/5397.5399
De Nicola, R., Fantechi, A., Gnesi, S., Ristori, G.: An action based framework for verifying logical and behavioural properties of concurrent systems. In: Larsen, K.G., Skou, A. (eds.) CAV 1991. LNCS, vol. 575, pp. 37–47. Springer, Heidelberg (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55179-4_5
Dutertre, B., Sorea, M.: Modeling and verification of a fault-tolerant real-time startup protocol using calendar automata. In: Lakhnech, Y., Yovine, S. (eds.) FORMATS/FTRTFT -2004. LNCS, vol. 3253, pp. 199–214. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30206-3_15
Francalanza, A., Hennessy, M.: A theory of system behaviour in the presence of node and link failures. In: Abadi, M., de Alfaro, L. (eds.) CONCUR 2005. LNCS, vol. 3653, pp. 368–382. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/11539452_29
Gnesi, S., Lenzini, G., Martinelli, F.: Logical specification and analysis of fault tolerant systems through partial model checking. Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 118, 57–70 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2004.09.032
Graham, P., Caffrey, M., Zimmerman, J., Sundararajan, P., Johnson, E.: Consequences and categories of SRAM FPGA configuration SEUs. In: In Proceedings of the International Conference on Military and Aerospace Programmable Logic Devices (MAPLD 2003 (2003)
Hennessy, M., Riely, J.: Resource access control in systems of mobile agents. Inf. Comput. 173(1), 82–120 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.2001.3089
Holzmann, G.J.: The model checker SPIN. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 23(5), 279–295 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1109/32.588521
Janowski, T.: On bisimulation, fault-monotonicity and provable fault-tolerance. In: Johnson, M. (ed.) AMAST 1997. LNCS, vol. 1349, pp. 292–306. Springer, Heidelberg (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0000478
John, A., Konnov, I., Schmid, U., Veith, H., Widder, J.: Towards modeling and model checking fault-tolerant distributed algorithms. In: Bartocci, E., Ramakrishnan, C.R. (eds.) SPIN 2013. LNCS, vol. 7976, pp. 209–226. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39176-7_14
Jones, B.F., Pike, L.: Modular model-checking of a byzantine fault-tolerant protocol. In: Barrett, C., Davies, M., Kahsai, T. (eds.) NFM 2017. LNCS, vol. 10227, pp. 163–177. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57288-8_12
Manna, Z., Pnueli, A.: The Temporal Logic of Reactive and Concurrent Systems - Specification. Springer, Heidelberg (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0931-7
Milner, R.: Communication and Concurrency. Prentice-Hall Inc, Upper Saddle River (1989)
de Moura, L., et al.: SAL 2. In: Alur, R., Peled, D.A. (eds.) CAV 2004. LNCS, vol. 3114, pp. 496–500. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27813-9_45
Powell, D., et al.: GUARDS: a generic upgradable architecture for real-time dependable systems. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 10(6), 580–599 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1109/71.774908
Rodriguez-Andina, J., Moure, M., Valdes, M.: Features, design tools, and application domains of FPGAs. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 54(4), 1810–1823 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2007.898279
Sterpone, L., et al.: Experimental validation of a tool for predicting the effects of soft errors in SRAM-based FPGAs. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 54(6), 2576–2583 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2007.910122
Acknowledgments
Working with Stefania has been both a challenge and a pleasure. Her rigorous approach, knowledge, experience and insight, together with her collaborative attitude and general friendliness have been a source of inspiration and motivation not only behind the work done together, but also in other research fields.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bernardeschi, C., Domenici, A. (2019). Application of Model Checking to Fault Tolerance Analysis. In: ter Beek, M., Fantechi, A., Semini, L. (eds) From Software Engineering to Formal Methods and Tools, and Back. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11865. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30985-5_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30985-5_31
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30984-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-30985-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)