Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Malignant Neoplasms of the Skin

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Occupational Cancers

  • 1040 Accesses

Abstract

Malignant neoplasms of the skin comprise a group of cancers which are often less commonly considered occupational in origin than many other types of cancers related to workplace exposures, such as mesothelioma, lung or bladder cancer. One reason for this is that skin neoplasms are very common in the community and the main causal exposure, sunlight, is ubiquitous. Therefore, occupational risk factors may not be recognised when a case of skin cancer is diagnosed unless a full occupational history is taken. There are three main types of skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma), and all may be contributed to by occupational exposures. While the global burden of disease estimates suggest that the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the skin appears to be rising, this may be due to better diagnostic techniques, as well as greater exposure to sunlight and occupational carcinogens. The most common chemical skin carcinogens are mineral oils, inorganic arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. While the main physical hazard causing skin neoplasms is ultraviolet light exposure at work, the pattern of exposure differs for the three main types of skin neoplasms. There is also some evidence that ionising radiation exposure at work may also play a role. While there are many available measures to protect workers from ultraviolet light and chemical skin carcinogens, research has shown that actual use is very variable. An increasing body of intervention studies investigating the use of sun protection measures among workers is identifying those measures found to be more acceptable to the workers and more effective in reducing skin exposure, but more research is needed in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Pott P. Chirurgical observations relative to the cataract, the polypus of the nose, cancer of the scrotum, different kinds of ruptures, and the mortification of the toes and feet. London: Hawes, 1775:1–208.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Southam AH, Wilson SR. CANCER OF THE SCROTUM: the etiology, clinical features, and treatment of the disease. Br Med J. 1922;2(3229):971–0.1. PubMed PMID: 20770922. PMCID: PMC2417081. Epub 1922/11/18. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Bajdik CD, et al. Sunlight exposure, pigmentary factors, and risk of nonmelanocytic skin cancer: I. basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(2):157–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. McCormack CJ, Kelly JW, Dorevitch AP. Differences in age and body site distribution of the histological subtypes of basal cell carcinoma. A possible indicator of differing causes. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(5):593–6. PubMed PMID: 9158412. Epub 1997/05/01. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Stacey SN, Sulem P, Masson G, Gudjonsson SA, Thorleifsson G, Jakobsdottir M, et al. New common variants affecting susceptibility to basal cell carcinoma. Nat Genet. 2009;41(8):909–14. PubMed PMID: 19578363. PMCID: PMC2973331. Epub 2009/07/07. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Miki Y. Basal cell epithelioma among Japanese. Australas J Dermatol. 1968;9(4):304–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Shanmugaranam KLE. Skin cancer in Singapore. Monograph 10. Washington, DC: National Cancer Institute; 1963. p. 127–40.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Robinson JK. Risk of developing another basal cell carcinoma. A 5-year prospective study. Cancer. 1987;60(1):118–20. PubMed PMID: 3581025. Epub 1987/07/01. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lindelof B, Sigurgeirsson B, Gabel H, Stern RS. Incidence of skin cancer in 5356 patients following organ transplantation. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(3):513–9. PubMed PMID: 10971322. Epub 2000/09/06. eng.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Pouteil-Noble C, Dureau G, Touraine JL, Faure M, et al. Comparative epidemiologic study of premalignant and malignant epithelial cutaneous lesions developing after kidney and heart transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33(2 Pt 1):222–9. PubMed PMID: 7622649. Epub 1995/08/01. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Glogau RG. The risk of progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(1 Pt 2):23–4. PubMed PMID: 10607353. Epub 1999/12/22. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet (London, England). 1988;1(8589):795–7. PubMed PMID: 2895318. Epub 1988/04/09. eng.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2019. Cancer in Australia 2019. Cancer series no.119. Cat. no. CAN 123. Canberra: AIHW.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, Pasquini P, Picconi O, Boyle P, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990). 2005;41(1):45–60. PubMed PMID: 15617990. Epub 2004/12/25. eng.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rhodes AR, Weinstock MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Mihm MC Jr, Sober AJ. Risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. A practical method of recognizing predisposed individuals. JAMA. 1987;258(21):3146–54. PubMed PMID: 3312689. Epub 1987/12/04. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Piepkorn M. Melanoma genetics: an update with focus on the CDKN2A(p16)/ARF tumor suppressors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(5 Pt 1):705–22; quiz 23–6. PubMed PMID: 10775844. Epub 2000/04/25. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wolff L, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI. Chapter 124: Cutaneous melanoma. In: Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine, 7th edn. McGraw Hill Medical Publishers; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C. Chapter 54: Lentigos, melanocytic nevi and melanoma. In: Rook’s textbook of dermatology, 8th edn. Wiley and Blackwell Publishers; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Young C, Rushton L, British Occupational Cancer Burden Study Group. Occupational cancer in Britain. Skin cancer. Br J Cancer. 2012;107(Suppl 1):S71–5. PubMed PMID: PMC3384021.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Naghavi M, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1151–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hay SI, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1260–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. van der Leun JC, de Gruijl FR. Climate change and skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002;1(5):324–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kalia S, Haiducu ML. The burden of skin disease in the United States and Canada. Dermatol Clin. 2012;30(1):5–18, vii. PubMed PMID: 22117864. Epub 2011/11/29. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fritschi L, Driscoll T. Cancer due to occupation in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2006;30(3):213–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rushton L, Bagga S, Bevan R, Brown TP, Cherrie JW, Holmes P, et al. Occupation and cancer in Britain. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(9):1428–37. PubMed PMID: 20424618. PMCID: PMC2865752. Epub 2010/04/29. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Rushton L, J Hutchings S. The burden of occupationally-related cutaneous malignant melanoma in Britain due to solar radiation. Br J Cancer. 2017;116(4):536–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. McNamee R, Carder M, Chen Y, Agius R. Measurement of trends in incidence of work-related skin and respiratory diseases, UK 1996-2005. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65(12):808–14. PubMed PMID: 18417553. Epub 2008/04/18. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Turner S, Forman SD, McNamee R, Wilkinson SM, Agius R. Investigating work-related neoplasia associated with solar radiation. Occup Med (Oxford, England). 2015;65(1):22–8. PubMed PMID: 25421392. Epub 2014/11/26. eng.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. LeBlanc WG, Vidal L, Kirsner RS, Lee DJ, Caban-Martinez AJ, McCollister KE, et al. Reported skin cancer screening of US adult workers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(1):55–63. PubMed PMID: 18436338. PMCID: PMC3209702. Epub 2008/04/26. eng.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Schwartz RA, Bridges TM, Butani AK, Ehrlich A. Actinic keratosis: an occupational and environmental disorder. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(5):606–15. PubMed PMID: 18410618. Epub 2008/04/16. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Astrakianakis G, Bert J, Keefe A, et al. Cohort cancer incidence among pulp and paper mill workers in British Columbia. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2001;27(2):113–9. PubMed PMID: 11409593. Epub 2001/06/21. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hakansson N, Floderus B, Gustavsson P, Feychting M, Hallin N. Occupational sunlight exposure and cancer incidence among Swedish construction workers. Epidemiology (Cambridge, MA). 2001;12(5):552–7. PubMed PMID: 11505175. Epub 2001/08/16. eng.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Puntoni R, Ceppi M, Gennaro V, Ugolini D, Puntoni M, La Manna G, et al. Occupational exposure to carbon black and risk of cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(5):511–6. PubMed PMID: 15286471. Epub 2004/08/03. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Randem BG, Burstyn I, Langard S, Svane O, Jarvholm B, Kauppinen T, et al. Cancer incidence of Nordic asphalt workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2004;30(5):350–5. PubMed PMID: 15529798. Epub 2004/11/09. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Freedman DM, Alexander BH, et al. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists. Int J Cancer. 2005;115(5):828–34. PubMed PMID: 15704092. Epub 2005/02/11. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sorahan T. Mortality of UK oil refinery and petroleum distribution workers, 1951-2003. Occup Med (Oxford, England). 2007;57(3):177–85. PubMed PMID: 17244595. Epub 2007/01/25. eng.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Dennis LK, Lynch CF, Sandler DP, Alavanja MC. Pesticide use and cutaneous melanoma in pesticide applicators in the agricultural heath study. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(6):812–7. PubMed PMID: 20164001. PMCID: PMC2898858. Epub 2010/02/19. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Costello S, Friesen MC, Christiani DC, Eisen EA. Metalworking fluids and malignant melanoma in autoworkers. Epidemiology (Cambridge, MA). 2011;22(1):90–7. PubMed PMID: 20975563. Epub 2010/10/27. eng.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Schernhammer ES, Razavi P, Li TY, Qureshi AA, Han J. Rotating night shifts and risk of skin cancer in the nurses’ health study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(7):602–6. PubMed PMID: 21335547. PMCID: PMC3071354. Epub 2011/02/22. eng.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. dos Santos Silva I, De Stavola B, Pizzi C, Evans AD, Evans SA. Cancer incidence in professional flight crew and air traffic control officers: disentangling the effect of occupational versus lifestyle exposures. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(2):374–84. PubMed PMID: 22532267. Epub 2012/04/26. eng.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Rajaraman P, Doody MM, Yu CL, Preston DL, Miller JS, Sigurdson AJ, et al. Cancer risks in U.S. radiologic technologists working with fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures, 1994-2008. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016;206(5):1101–8; quiz 9. PubMed PMID: 26998721. Epub 2016/03/22. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Stenehjem JS, Robsahm TE, Bratveit M, Samuelsen SO, Kirkeleit J, Grimsrud TK. Aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of skin cancer by anatomical site in 25 000 male offshore petroleum workers. Am J Ind Med. 2017;60(8):679–88. PubMed PMID: 28692192. Epub 2017/07/12. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Heckman CJ, Kloss JD, Feskanich D, Culnan E, Schernhammer ES. Associations among rotating night shift work, sleep and skin cancer in Nurses’ Health Study II participants. Occup Environ Med. 2017;74(3):169–75. PubMed PMID: 27663986. PMCID: PMC5316344. Epub 2016/09/25. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kenborg L, Jorgensen AD, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Knudsen LE, Hansen J. Occupational exposure to the sun and risk of skin and lip cancer among male wage earners in Denmark: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(8):1347–55. PubMed PMID: 20383781. Epub 2010/04/13. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Surdu S, Fitzgerald EF, Bloom MS, Boscoe FP, Carpenter DO, Haase RF, et al. Occupational exposure to arsenic and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a multinational European study. Int J Cancer. 2013;133(9):2182–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Vuong K, McGeechan K, Armstrong BK, Investigators A, Investigators GEM, Cust AE. Occupational sun exposure and risk of melanoma according to anatomical site. Int J Cancer. 2014;134(11):2735–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Trakatelli M, Barkitzi K, Apap C, Majewski S, De Vries E, EPIDERM Group. Skin cancer risk in outdoor workers: a European multicenter case–control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:5–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Segatto MM, Hohmann C, Miligi L, Bakos L, et al. Occupational exposure to pesticides with occupational sun exposure increases the risk for cutaneous melanoma. J Occup Environ Med. 2016;58(4):370–5. PubMed PMID: 27058477. Epub 2016/04/09. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Baan R, Grosse Y, Straif K, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, et al. A review of human carcinogens—part F: chemical agents and related occupations. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(12):1143–4. PubMed PMID: 19998521. Epub 2009/12/10. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Boffetta P, Jourenkova N, Gustavsson P. Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8(3):444–72. PubMed PMID: 9498904. Epub 1997/05/01. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Moustafa GA, Xanthopoulou E, Riza E, Linos A. Skin disease after occupational dermal exposure to coal tar: a review of the scientific literature. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54(8):868–79. PubMed PMID: 26183242. Epub 2015/07/18. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wong O, Raabe GK. A critical review of cancer epidemiology in the petroleum industry, with a meta-analysis of a combined database of more than 350,000 workers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2000;32(1):78–98. PubMed PMID: 11029272. Epub 2000/10/13. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gun RT, Pratt N, Ryan P, Roder D. Update of mortality and cancer incidence in the Australian petroleum industry cohort. Occup Environ Med. 2006;63(7):476–81. PubMed PMID: 16698808. PMCID: PMC2092518. Epub 2006/05/16. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Chen Y, Parvez F, Gamble M, Islam T, Ahmed A, Argos M, et al. Arsenic exposure at low-to-moderate levels and skin lesions, arsenic metabolism, neurological functions, and biomarkers for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases: review of recent findings from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Bangladesh. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009;239(2):184–92. PubMed PMID: 19371619. PMCID: PMC3904798. Epub 2009/04/18. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Suarez B, Lopez-Abente G, Martinez C, Navarro C, Tormo MJ, Rosso S, et al. Occupation and skin cancer: the results of the HELIOS-I multicenter case-control study. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:180. PubMed PMID: 17655745. PMCID: PMC1994683. Epub 2007/07/28. eng.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Calvert GM, Ward E, Schnorr TM, Fine LJ. Cancer risks among workers exposed to metalworking fluids: a systematic review. Am J Ind Med. 1998;33(3):282–92. PubMed PMID: 9481427. Epub 1998/03/03. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Segatto MM, Bonamigo RR, Hohmann CB, Müller KR, Bakos L, Mastroeni S, et al. Residential and occupational exposure to pesticides may increase risk for cutaneous melanoma: a case–control study conducted in the south of Brazil. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54(12):e527–e38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Young C. Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Occup Med. 2009;59(2):82–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Schmitt J, Seidler A, Diepgen TL, Bauer A. Occupational ultraviolet light exposure increases the risk for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(2):291–307. PubMed PMID: 21054335. Epub 2010/11/09. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):612–25. PubMed PMID: 21605109. Epub 2011/05/25. eng.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Green A, Battistutta D, Hart V, Leslie D, Weedon D. Skin cancer in a subtropical Australian population: incidence and lack of association with occupation. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144(11):1034–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Guenel P, Laforest L, Cyr D, Fevotte J, Sabroe S, Dufour C, et al. Occupational risk factors, ultraviolet radiation, and ocular melanoma: a case-control study in France. Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12(5):451–9. PubMed PMID: 11545460. Epub 2001/09/08. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, Bouvard V, et al. A review of human carcinogens—part D: radiation. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(8):751–2. PubMed PMID: 19655431. Epub 2009/08/06. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Tokumaru O, Haruki K, Bacal K, Katagiri T, Yamamoto T, Sakurai Y. Incidence of cancer among female flight attendants: a meta-analysis. J Travel Med. 2006;13(3):127–32. PubMed PMID: 16706942. Epub 2006/05/19. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Buja A, Lange JH, Perissinotto E, Rausa G, Grigoletto F, Canova C, et al. Cancer incidence among male military and civil pilots and flight attendants: an analysis on published data. Toxicol Ind Health. 2005;21(10):273–82. PubMed PMID: 16463960. Epub 2006/02/09. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sanlorenzo M, Wehner MR, Linos E, et al. The risk of melanoma in airline pilots and cabin crew: a meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(1):51–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Fink CA, Bates MN. Melanoma and ionizing radiation: is there a causal relationship? Radiat Res. 2005;164(5):701–10. PubMed PMID: 16238450. Epub 2005/10/22. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Linet MS, Kim KP, Miller DL, Kleinerman RA, Simon SL, Berrington de Gonzalez A. Historical review of occupational exposures and cancer risks in medical radiation workers. Radiat Res. 2010;174(6):793–808. PubMed PMID: 21128805. PMCID: PMC4098897. Epub 2010/12/07. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Kutting B, Drexler H. UV-induced skin cancer at workplace and evidence-based prevention. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2010;83(8):843–54. PubMed PMID: 20414668. Epub 2010/04/24. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gies P, Wright J. Measured solar ultraviolet radiation exposures of outdoor workers in Queensland in the building and construction industry. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;78(4):342–8. PubMed PMID: 14626661. Epub 2003/11/25. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Glanz K, Buller DB, Saraiya M. Reducing ultraviolet radiation exposure among outdoor workers: state of the evidence and recommendations. Environ Health. 2007;6:22. PubMed PMID: 17686155. PMCID: PMC1995198. Epub 2007/08/10. eng.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Salas R, Mayer JA, Hoerster KD. Sun-protective behaviors of California farmworkers. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47(12):1244–9. PubMed PMID: 00043764-200512000-00009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Reinau D, Weiss M, Meier CR, Diepgen TL, Surber C. Outdoor workers’ sun-related knowledge, attitudes and protective behaviours: a systematic review of cross-sectional and interventional studies. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(5):928–40. PubMed PMID: 23252833. Epub 2012/12/21. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Horsham C, Auster J, Sendall MC, Stoneham M, Youl P, Crane P, et al. Interventions to decrease skin cancer risk in outdoor workers: update to a 2007 systematic review. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:10. PubMed PMID: 24397996. PMCID: PMC4028889. Epub 2014/01/09. eng.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Buller DB, Andersen PA, Walkosz BJ, Scott MD, Cutter GR, Dignan MB, et al. Randomized trial testing a worksite sun protection program in an outdoor recreation industry. Health Educ Behav. 2005;32(4):514–35. PubMed PMID: 16009748. Epub 2005/07/13. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Andersen PA, Buller DB, Voeks JH, Walkosz BJ, Scott MD, Cutter GR, et al. Testing the long-term effects of the go sun smart worksite health communication campaign: a group-randomized experimental study. J Commun. 2008;58(3):447–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Mayer JA, Slymen DJ, Clapp EJ, Pichon LC, Eckhardt L, Eichenfield LF, et al. Promoting sun safety among US Postal Service letter carriers: impact of a 2-year intervention. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(3):559–65. PubMed PMID: 17267715. PMCID: PMC1805012. Epub 2007/02/03. eng.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Woolley T, Lowe J, Raasch B, Glasby M, Buettner PG. Workplace sun protection policies and employees’ sun-related skin damage. Am J Health Behav. 2008;32(2):201–8. PubMed PMID: 18052860. Epub 2007/12/07. eng.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Walkosz BJ, Buller DB, Andersen PA, Scott MD, Cutter GR. The sustainability of an occupational skin cancer prevention program. J Occup Environ Med. 2015;57(11):1207–13. PubMed PMID: 26539769. PMCID: PMC4638159. Epub 2015/11/06. eng.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Lomas A, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath-Hextall F. A systematic review of worldwide incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(5):1069–80. PubMed PMID: 22251204. Epub 2012/01/19. eng.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Malcolm R. Sim & Sarah Kelly

  2. Investigational Medicine Unit, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

    Stephanie S. H. Tan

  3. Skin and Cancer Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Rosemary L. Nixon

Authors
  1. Malcolm R. Sim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephanie S. H. Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sarah Kelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rosemary L. Nixon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Malcolm R. Sim .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Sisko Anttila

  2. Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Paolo Boffetta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sim, M.R., Tan, S.S.H., Kelly, S., Nixon, R.L. (2020). Malignant Neoplasms of the Skin. In: Anttila, S., Boffetta, P. (eds) Occupational Cancers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30766-0_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30766-0_23

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30765-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-30766-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation