Abstract
Machine learning is becoming increasingly popular in a variety of modern technology. However, research has demonstrated that machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples in their inputs. Potential attacks include poisoning datasets by perturbing input samples to mislead a machine learning model into producing undesirable results. Such perturbations are often subtle and imperceptible from a human’s perspective. This paper investigates two methods of verifying the visual fidelity of image based datasets by detecting perturbations made to the data using QR codes. In the first method, a verification string is stored for each image in a dataset. These verification strings can be used to determine whether an image in the dataset has been perturbed. In the second method, only a single verification string stored and is used to verify whether an entire dataset is intact.
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Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the NSW Cybersecurity Network grant, the NUW Alliance grant and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61572382 and 61702401) that were awarded for this research.
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Appendix
Appendix
Example results for ‘peppers’ image (a) input image; (b) dithered \(LL_{2}\) sub-band; (c) visual depiction of the verification string; (d) \(S_{R}\) after JPEG compression; (e) \(S_{R}\) after noise; (f) \(S_{R}\) after blurring; (g) reconstructed QR code from (d); (h) reconstructed QR code from (e); (i) reconstructed QR code from (f).
Example results for ‘mandrill’ image (a) input image; (b) dithered \(LL_{2}\) sub-band; (c) visual depiction of the verification string; (d) \(S_{R}\) after JPEG compression; (e) \(S_{R}\) after noise; (f) \(S_{R}\) after blurring; (g) reconstructed QR code from (d); (h) reconstructed QR code from (e); (i) reconstructed QR code from (f).
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Chow, YW. et al. (2019). Protecting the Visual Fidelity of Machine Learning Datasets Using QR Codes. In: Chen, X., Huang, X., Zhang, J. (eds) Machine Learning for Cyber Security. ML4CS 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11806. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30619-9_23
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30619-9_23
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