Abstract
Immigrants on Grindr takes place in northwest Europe from 2015 to 2019, when public debates about immigration and the “refugee crisis” became increasingly intertwined with the topic of sexuality. Nativist politicians strategically linked (particularly Muslim) immigrants to homophobia; and if they mentioned LGBTQ immigrants at all, they did so to confirm the image that northwest Europe is tolerant of sexual and gender minorities, while immigrants and Muslims are oppressive. LGBTQ immigrants, however, identified other concerns in Europe, including racism in white-majority spaces, both offline and online. Immigrants on Grindr focuses on newcomers in the greater Copenhagen area and their experiences connecting with locals via social-networking “apps” geared mainly at gay and bi men, and some trans and queer people, such as Grindr. Profile texts, interviews with recent immigrants, and public discussions guide the book.
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Notes
- 1.
Andrew DJ Shield, Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution: Perceptions and Participation in Northwest Europe (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 1–3, 7fn7–9. Wilders delivered the first quotation to the Danish People’s Party in July 2008, and the latter to the Free Press Society in Sweden in October 2012.
- 2.
All translations (e.g. of Danish government platforms, newspaper articles, academic publications) in this book are by the author. Government platforms are all available online; this 2016 platform was entitled, “For et friere, rigere og mere trygt danmark” [For a Freer, Richer, and More Safe Denmark]. See also Andrew Shield, “When Pro-Gay Means Anti-Muslim,” The Murmur (21 March 2017): 44–45.
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Milla Mølgaard, “Hver tredje nydanske homoseksuelle har overvejet selvmord” [One in Three New Danish Homosexuals Has Contemplated Suicide”], Politiken, 30 September 2015, https://politiken.dk/forbrugogliv/sundhedogmotion/art5591593/Hver-tredje-nydanske-homoseksuelle-har-overvejet-selvmord.
- 5.
Britta Søndergaard, “Hver tredje homoseksuelle nydansker har overvejet selvmord” [One in Three Homosexual New Danes Has Contemplated Suicide], Kristeligt Dagblad, 30 September 2015, https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/danmark/hver-tredje-homoseksuelle-nydansker-har-overvejet-selvmord.
- 6.
Jan Sjunesson, quoted in Daniel Sallegren [in Swedish], “Arrangören bakom Järva Pride vill se fler förortsparader” [Organizers of Järva Pride Want to See More Suburban Parades], Gaybladet.se (30 July 2015), last accessed Autumn 2019 via http://gaybladet.se/arrangoren-bakom-jarva-pride-vill-se-fler-forortsparader-234987/.
- 7.
Bjarke Følner et al., Nydanske LGBT-personers levevilkår [New-Danish LGBT People’s Living Conditions] (Copenhagen: Als Research, 2015).
- 8.
E.g. Mølgaard; Søndergaard; Mads Bonde Broberg and Simon Roliggaard Andersen, “Undersøgelse: Hver ottende indvandrerhomo er blevet udsat for vold” [Every Eighth Immigrant Homo (or Gay/Lesbian ) Has Been Exposed to Violence], Jyllands-Posten, 1 October 2015, https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE8072616/Unders%C3%B8gelse-Hver-ottende-indvandrerhomo-er-blevet-udsat-for-vold/.
- 9.
Mølgaard.
- 10.
Lila Abu-Lughod, “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others,” American Anthropologist 104, no. 3 (September 2002): 785; Lila Abu-Lughod, Do Muslim Women Need Saving? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).
- 11.
Carl Christian Ebbesen at Oscar Bar & Café (10 November 2017). Recorded and translated by self. “Save them from it” (or “Save them out of it”) translated from “red dem ud af det.”
- 12.
At the time of writing this, DF’s most recent Facebook posts called for constituents to reject the following: halal meat, special religious considerations for Muslims, and financial support for refugees in the municipalities: Dansk Folkparti on Facebook ; accessed November 2017 via https://www.facebook.com/danskfolkeparti/.
- 13.
DF wanted to pass a “Rights of the Child” bill that would have insisted on a child’s right to a father and a mother: [in Danish] “The Danish People’s Party says no to homosexuals’ right to adopt children – a no that we stick firmly to. And we say a resounding no to church weddings for homosexuals. And we do this out of respect for children, for marriage, for the law, for tradition and for the church.”
Pia Kjærsgaard, “Pia Kjærsgaards ugebrev: Homoseksuelle kirke-vielser er ikke en kamp for værdier men en kamp imod ægteskabet” [Pia Kjærsgaard’s Weekly Letter: Homosexual Church-Weddings Are Not a Struggle for Rights, but a Struggle Against Marriage], Press Release of the Danish People’s Party , 22 March 2010, https://danskfolkeparti.dk/pia-kjaersgaards-ugebrev-homoseksuelle-kirke-vielser-er-ikke-en-kamp-for-vaerdier-men-en-kamp-imod-aegteskabet/.
- 14.
E.g. the political debate at VerdensKulturCentret in June 2015.
- 15.
Anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant rhetoric in LGBTQ spaces relates to the theory of “homonationalism,” a term coined by Jasbir Puar in 2009 (using mainly U.S.-American examples). Whereas studies of homonationalism tend to focus on how LGBTQ people use xenophobic and Islamophobic rhetoric to win acceptance for LGBTQ rights, the pro-gay, anti-immigrant rhetoric outlined in this book focuses more on how mainstream politicians strategically nod to LGBTQ rights in order to justify anti-immigrant policies. Jasbir Puar, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007).
- 16.
See also: Jesus G. Smith , “‘No Fats, Fems, or Blacks’: The Role of Sexual Racism in Online Stratification and Sexual Health for Gay Men” (PhD diss., Texas A&M University, 2017).
- 17.
Sabaah Debat, “Tænder ikke på asiater” [I’m Not Turned on by Asians], 19 February 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvSuHQPFWGw.
- 18.
“Grindr and Sex Culture,” Panel at Copenhagen Pride with Kristian Møller, Fahad Saeed, Niels Jansen, and Andrew Shield, 16 August 2017, http://kanal-1.dk/14-grindr-sexkultur-lystfulde-politiske-hadefulde-perspektiver/.
- 19.
Alexander Dhoest, “Media, Visibility and Sexual Identity Among Gay Men with a Migration Background,” Sexualities 19, no. 4 (2016): 412–431; Alexander Dhoest, and Lukasz Szulc, “Navigating Online Selves: Social, Cultural and Material Contexts of Social Media Use by Diasporic Gay Men,” Social Media + Society 2, no. 4 (2016): 1–10.
- 20.
Andrew DJ Shield, “New in Town: Gay Immigrants and Geosocial Dating Apps,” in LGBTQs, Media, and Culture in Europe, ed. Alexander Dhoest, Lukasz Szulc, and Bart Eeckhout (London: Routledge, 2017), 244–261.
- 21.
See also Andrew DJ Shield, “‘Looking for North Europeans Only’: Identifying Five Racist Patterns in an Online Subculture,” Kult (the Journal of Nordic Postcolonial Studies), no. 15 (2018).
- 22.
All interviewees provided informed consent about their participation in a research project that would be disseminated in international publications and presentations. Interviewees were told that pseudonyms would be used, and most agreed. In two cases, interviewees enthusiastically offered their real names; but I chose to pseudonymize them, partly so that I would not seek their approval before publication. Having completed ethnographic research in the United States, I have undergone training in research ethics by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The interviews involved no risk to the interviewees with one exception: the possible sharing of sensitive information including “outing” an informant. Some constellations of information are more personally identifiable than others; thus, I redacted neighborhoods of residence, occupations, areas of study, and references to extended families in Scandinavia. Chapter 3 discusses my avoidance of “personally identifiable information ” and other considerations about anonymity; see also Sven Brinkmann and Steinar Kvale, InterViews. Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (London: Sage, 2015), 68–69.
- 23.
Scandinavian words or phrases scattered the conversation, such as technical terms related to immigration. Arabic was not used beyond rapport-building.
- 24.
This phrasing is consistent with their 2015 Press Kit, which proclaimed that Grindr was a “lifestyle brand” that “connect[ed] gay men to the world that brings them happiness,” and which had “supplanted the gay bar and online dating sites as the best way for gay men to meet the right person.” “Fact Sheet [2015],” Press and News, Grindr; downloaded Summer 2015 via Grindr.com.
- 25.
“Fact Sheet [2017],” Press and News, Grindr; downloaded March 2017 via Grindr.com. Emphasis added.
- 26.
Grindr, “About,” last accessed Fall 2017 via https://www.grindr.com/. Emphasis added.
- 27.
Robert V. Kozinets, Netnography: Redefined (Los Angeles: Sage, 2015). When Kozinets wrote the 2009 edition of Netnography, he estimated that there were “at least 100 million,” though perhaps more, who participated in online communities as part of their regular social experience (22fn1). In the 2015 edition, he noted that there were 1.3 billion active monthly users of Facebook , as well as 6.9 billion mobile-phone subscriptions (including individuals with multiple phone subscriptions) (2 and 22fn1).
- 28.
Lene Myong, “Adopteret: Fortællinger om transnational og racialiseret tilblivelse” [Adopted: Tales of Transnational and Racialised Origins] (PhD diss., Aarhus University, Copenhagen, 2009); Rikke Andreassen and Uzma Ahmed-Andresen, “I Can Never Be Normal: A Conversation About Race, Daily Life Practices, Food and Power,” European Journal of Women’s Studies 21, no. 1 (2014): 27–28.
Note: This section is one of several about race in Denmark; see also Chapters 2 (race online, literature), 3 (self-reflections on race), 5 (racism), and 6 (racial drop-down menus ).
- 29.
The former Soviet Union also had a unique history of race reporting on censuses.
- 30.
E.g. Andreassen and Uzma Ahmed-Andresen, 27. See also Rikke Andreassen and Kathrine Vitus, eds., Affectivity and Race: Studies from Nordic Contexts (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015).
- 31.
Andreassen and Ahmed-Andresen, 28. Rikke Andreassen noted in 2014, “Despite the different etymological meanings of these terms, they are often used interchangeably” in Denmark.
- 32.
Myong.
- 33.
Andreassen and Uzma Ahmed-Andresen, 28.
- 34.
Ylva Habel, “Whiteness Swedish Style,” Slut 2 (2008): 41–51.
- 35.
Anna Adeniji, “Searching for Words: Becoming Mixed Race, Black and Swedish,” in Afro-Nordic Landscapes: Equality and Race in Northern Europe, ed. Michael McEachrane (London: Routledge, 2014), 156.
- 36.
Nordic scholarship increasingly examines racialized (and postcolonial) positions, including critical reflections on whiteness, inspired by theorists such as Stuart Hall, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, and Homi Bhabha. See Suvi Keskinen and Rikke Andreassen, “Developing Theoretical Perspectives on Racialisation and Migration,” The Journal of Nordic Migration Research 7, no. 2 (June 2017): 64–69 (Special issue: “Developing Theoretical Perspectives on Racialisation and Migration.”). On whiteness and the myth of “colorblindness ” in a Danish context, see discussion of Myong in Chapter 6.
- 37.
Elisabeth Eide and Kaarina Nikunen, “Introduction: Change of Climate,” in Media in Motion: Cultural Complexity and Migration in the Nordic Region, ed. Elisabeth Eide et al. (Surrey, UK: Routledge, 2011), 14–15.
- 38.
Rikke Andreassen and Lene Myong, “Race, Gender, and Researcher Positionality Analysed Through Memory Work,” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 7, no. 2 (2017): 97.
- 39.
See, for example, the following selection in English: Peter Hervik, “Limits of Tolerance and Limited Tolerance: How Tolerant Are the Danes?” in Racism in Metropolitan Areas, ed. Rik Pinxten and Ellen Preckler (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005); Peter Hervik, The Annoying Difference: The Emergence of Danish Neonationalism, Neoracism and Populism in the Post-1989 World (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2011); Susi Meret and Birte Siim, “Gender, Populism and Politics of Belonging: Discourses of Right-Wing Populist Parties in Denmark, Norway and Austria,” in Negotiating Gender and Diversity in an Emergent European Public Sphere, ed. Birte Siim and Monika Mokre (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Adeniji.
- 40.
Bolette Blaagaard and Rikke Andreassen, “The Disappearing Act: The Forgotten History of Colonialism, Eugenics and Gendered Othering in Denmark,” in Teaching ‘Race’ with a Gendered Edge, ed. Brigitte Hipfl and Kristín Loftsdóttir (Utrecht: ATGENDER, 2012), 91–103.
- 41.
The 36-kilometer radius used in quantitative data collection (see Chapter 3) includes a bit of Roskilde (Denmark), but stops short of other cities in the region, such as Helsingør (Denmark), Lund (Sweden), and Helsingborg (Sweden). The radius does not include the parts of northern and eastern Sealand that are sometimes included in the greater metropolitan area of Copenhagen.
- 42.
The acceptance rate dropped from 85% in 2015, to 72% in 2016. Denmark had 3479 applications in 2017 (with Syrians as the largest group), of whom 36% were accepted. Michala Clante Bendixen, “How Many Are Coming, and from Where?” Refugees.dk (information on refugees in Denmark), last accessed Fall 2019 via http://refugees.dk/en/facts/numbers-and-statistics/how-many-are-coming-and-from-where/. Note: this website has been updated consistently for several years.
- 43.
Though the number of applicants dropped in Sweden since 2016, the number of people granted asylum still remained (disproportionately) higher in Sweden than Denmark: 27,205 applications were accepted in 2017, and 11,217 in 2018. Swedish Migration Agency, “Asylum Decisions [Year]”, last accessed Fall 2019 via https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/Statistics.html.
Works Cited
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Abu-Lughod, Lila. “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.” American Anthropologist 104, no. 3 (September 2002): 783–790.
Adeniji, Anna. “Searching for Words: Becoming Mixed Race, Black and Swedish.” In Afro-Nordic Landscapes: Equality and Race in Northern Europe, edited by Michael McEachrane, 149–162. London: Routledge, 2014.
Als Research [Press Release]. “Nydanske LGBT-personers levevilkår” [New-Danish LGBT-Peoples’ Living Conditions]. Als Research, 1 October 2015. http://www.alsresearch.dk/news/174/61/01-10-15-Nydanske-LGBT-personers-levevilkar.
Andreassen, Rikke, and Lene Myong. “Race, Gender, and Researcher Positionality Analysed Through Memory Work.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 7, no. 2 (2017): 97–104.
Andreassen, Rikke, and Uzma Ahmed-Andresen. “I Can Never Be Normal: A Conversation About Race, Daily Life Practices, Food and Power.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 21, no. 1 (2014): 25–42.
Bendixen, Michala Clante. “How Many Are Coming, and from Where?” Refugees.dk (information on refugees in Denmark). Last accessed Fall 2017 via http://refugees.dk/en/facts/numbers-and-statistics/how-many-are-coming-and-from-where/.
Blaagaard, Bolette, and Rikke Andreassen. “The Disappearing Act: The Forgotten History of Colonialism, Eugenics and Gendered Othering in Denmark.’ In Teaching ‘Race’ with a Gendered Edge, edited by Brigitte Hipfl and Kristín Loftsdóttir, 91–103. Utrecht: ATGENDER, 2012.
Brinkmann, Sven, and Steinar Kvale. InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. London: Sage, 2015.
Broberg, Mads Bonde, and Simon Roliggaard Andersen. “Undersøgelse: Hver ottende indvandrerhomo er blevet udsat for vold” [Every Eighth Immigrant Gay Has Been Exposed to Violence]. Jyllands-Posten, 1 October 2015. https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE8072616/Unders%C3%B8gelse-Hver-ottende-indvandrerhomo-er-blevet-udsat-for-vold/.
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Dhoest, Alexander, and Lukasz Szulc. “Navigating Online Selves: Social, Cultural and Material Contexts of Social Media Use by Diasporic Gay Men.” Social Media + Society 2, no. 4 (2016): 1–10.
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Grindr. “About.” Accessed Fall 2017 via https://www.grindr.com/.
Grindr. “Fact Sheet [2015].” Press and News. Downloaded Summer 2015 via Grindr.com.
Grindr. “Fact Sheet [2017].” Press and News. Downloaded March 2017 via Grindr.com.
“Grindr and Sex Culture.” Panel at Copenhagen Pride with Kristian Møller, Fahad Saeed, Niels Jansen, and Andrew Shield, 16 August 2017. Archived and last accessed Autumn 2017 via http://kanal-1.dk/14-grindr-sexkultur-lystfulde-politiske-hadefulde-perspektiver/.
Habel, Ylva. “Whiteness Swedish Style.” Slut 2 (2008): 41–51.
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Kjærsgaard, Pia. “Pia Kjærsgaards ugebrev: Homoseksuelle kirke-vielser er ikke en kamp for værdier men en kamp imod ægteskabet” [Pia Kjærsgaard’s Weekly Letter: Homosexual Church-Weddings Are Not a Struggle for Rights, but a Struggle Against Marriage]. Press Release of the Danish People’s Party, 22 March 2010. https://danskfolkeparti.dk/pia-kjaersgaards-ugebrev-homoseksuelle-kirke-vielser-er-ikke-en-kamp-for-vaerdier-men-en-kamp-imod-aegteskabet/.
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Mølgaard, Milla. “Hver tredje nydanske homoseksuelle har overvejet selvmord” [One in Three New Danish Homosexuals Has Contemplated Suicide]. Politiken, 30 September 2015. politiken.dk/forbrugogliv/sundhedogmotion/art5591593/Hver-tredje-nydanske-homoseksuelle-har-overvejet-selvmord.
Myong, Lene. “Adopteret: Fortællinger om transnational og racialiseret tilblivelse” [Adopted: Tales of Transnational and Racialised Origins]. PhD diss., Aarhus University, Copenhagen, 2009.
Puar, Jasbir. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007.
Rychla, Lucie. “Every Third Homosexual of Non-Western Ethnic Descent Living in Denmark Has Considered Suicide.” CPH Post, 1 October 2015. http://cphpost.dk/news/every-third-homosexual-of-non-western-ethnic-descent-living-in-denmark-has-considered-suicide.html.
Sabaah. “[Debat:] Tænder ikke på asiater” [Debate: I’m Not Turned on by Asians], 19 February 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvSuHQPFWGw.
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Shield, Andrew DJ. “‘Looking for North Europeans Only’: Identifying Five Racist Patterns in an Online Subculture.” Kult 15 (June 2018): 87–106.
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Smith, Jesus G. “‘No Fats, Fems, or Blacks’: The Role of Sexual Racism in Online Stratification and Sexual Health for Gay Men.” PhD diss., Texas A&M University, 2017.
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Swedish Migration Agency, “Asylum Decisions [Year]”, last accessed Fall 2019 via https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/Statistics.html.
Further Readings
Further readings on immigration and sexual politics in northwest Europe, aside from those cited elsewhere in this book
Akin, Deniz. “Queer Asylum Seekers: Translating Sexuality in Norway.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (2016): 15.
Andersson, Magnus. “Multi-contextual Lives: Transnational Identifications Under Mediatised Conditions.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 16, no. 4 (2013): 1–18.
Andreassen, Rikke. “Gender as a Tool in Danish Debates About Muslims.” In Islam in Denmark: The Challenge of Diversity, edited by Jørgen S. Nielsen, 143–160. Lanham, UK: Lexington Books, 2012.
Bang Svendsen, Stine H. “Learning Racism in the Absence of ‘Race’.” The European Journal of Women’s Studies 21, no. 1 (2014): 9–24.
Bracke, Sarah. “From ‘Saving Women’ to ‘Saving Gays’: Rescue Narratives and Their Dis/continuities.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 19, no. 2 (2012): 237–252.
Buhl, Frederik Kristensen. “Det, vi så i Köln, har vi aldrig tidligere set i Europa” [What We Saw in Cologne, We Never Saw Before in Europe]. Politiken, 16 January 2016. https://politiken.dk/udland/int_europa/art5607045/%C2%BBDet-vi-s%C3%A5-i-K%C3%B6ln-har-vi-aldrig-tidligere-set-i-Europa%C2%AB.
Cava, Mica. Visceral Cosmopolitanism: Gender, Culture and the Normalisation of Difference. London: Bloomsbury, 2007.
Dhoest, Alexander, Lukasz Szulc, and Bart Eeckhout, eds. LGBTQs, Media, and Culture in Europe. London: Routledge, 2017.
Drud-Jensen, Mads Ted, and Sune Prahl Knudsen. Ondt i Røven [Pain in the Ass]. Copenhagen: Høst, 2005.
El-Tayeb, Fatima. European Others: Queering Ethnicity in Postnational Europe. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
Farris, Sara. In the Name of Women’s Rights: The Rise of Femonationalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017.
Fauser, Margit. Migrants and Cities: The Accommodation of Migrant Organizations in Europe. Farnham, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012.
Gajjala, Radhika. Cyber Selves: Feminist Ethnographies of South Asian Women. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2004.
Horsti, Karina. “Overview of Nordic Media Research on Immigration and Ethnic Relations: From Text Analysis to the Study of Production, Use and Reception.” Nordicom Review 29, no. 2 (2008): 275–293.
Hübinette, Tobias, and Carina Tigervall. “To Be Non-white in a Colorblind Society: Conversations with Adoptees and Adoptive Parents in Sweden on Everyday Racism.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 30, no. 4 (2009): 335–353.
Hvilsom, Frank. “‘Efter Köln stiger jeg ikke ind i en elevator alene med en dansk kvinde’” [After Cologne, I’m Not Getting into an Elevator with a Danish Woman]. Politikeni, 16 January 2015. https://politiken.dk/indland/art5612834/%C2%BBEfter-K%C3%B6ln-stiger-jeg-ikke-ind-i-en-elevator-alene-med-en-dansk-kvinde%C2%AB.
Jivraj, Suhraiya, and Anisa de Jong. “The Dutch Homo-Emancipation Policy and Its Silencing Effects on Queer Muslims.” Feminist Legal Studies19, no. 2 (August 2011): 143–158 (Special Issue: Liabilities of queer antiracist critique).
Kallenbach, Christian. “Parti uddelte asylspray på gågaden: - Det er svinsk” [Party Gives Out Asylum Spray on the Streets: ‘This Is Disgusting’]. TV2, 25 September 2015. http://nyheder.tv2.dk/lokalt/2016-09-25-parti-uddelte-asylspray-paa-gaagaden-det-er-svinsk.
Klausen, Jytte. The Cartoons that Shook the World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.
Kristiansen, Cecilie Lund. “Flygtning: Man snakker ikke rigtig med pigerne i toget i Danmark” [Refugee: You Don’t Really Chat with the Girls on the Train in Denmark]. Politikeni, 30 January 2016. https://politiken.dk/indland/art5609347/Flygtning-Man-snakker-ikke-rigtig-med-pigerne-i-toget-i-Danmark.
Liljeström, Marianne, and Susanna Paasonen, eds. Working with Affect in Feminist Readings—Disturbing Differences. London: Routledge, 2010.
Mainsah, Henry. “‘I Could Well Have Said I Was Norwegian but Nobody Would Believe Me’: Ethnic Minority Youths’ Self-Representation on Social Network Sites.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 14, no. 2 (2011): 179–193.
Mainsah, Henry. “Transcending the National Imagery: Digital Online Media and the Transnational Networks of Ethnic Minority Youth in Norway.” In Media in Motion: Cultural Complexity and Migration in the Nordic Region, edited by Elisabeth Eide and Kaarina Nikunen, 201–218. Surrey, UK: Routledge, 2011.
Mepschen, Paul, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Evelien H. Tonkens. “Sexual Politics, Orientalism and Multicultural Citizenship in the Netherlands.” Sociology 44 (2010): 962–979.
Nebeling Petersen, Michael. “‘… Med et regnbueflag i hånden’: Fortællinger om homoseksuelle inklusioner og homonationalisme” […With a Rainbow Flag in Hand’”: Stories About Gay Inclusions and Homonationalism]. Lambda Nordica 16, no. 1 (2011): 41–68.
Nebeling Petersen, Michael, Katherine Harrison, Tobias Raun, and Rikke Andreassen. “Introduction: Mediated Intimacies.” In Mediated Intimacies: Connectivities, Relationalities and Proximities, edited by Rikke Andreassen, Michael Nebeling Petersen, Katherine Harrison, Tobias Raun, 1–16. London: Routledge, 2017.
Østergård, Emil. “Livet i et walk-in-closet – om etniske minoritetshomoseksuelles håndtering af deres seksualitet” [Life in a Walk-in Closet: On Ethnic Minority Homosexuals’ Handling of Their Sexuality]. Masters thesis, Copenhagen University, 2015.
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Shield, A.D. (2019). “We all have a responsibility… to save them”: Immigrants, Gays, and Those Caught in Between. In: Immigrants on Grindr. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30394-5_1
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