Abstract
The chapter deals with the subject of reuse, considered in the perspective of waste prevention. The chapter analyses the Member States approaches towards reuse and highlights the barriers and drivers that may influence its development as a widespread practice. Besides, the reuse businesses is considered also in the perspective of a range of “low-impacts” processes [1], that we could we could call “re”-processes. These processes, all starting from deconstruction/disassembly activities, can be identified as: rebuild, reclaim, recondition, reconstruct, refurbish, remanufacture, renew/renovate, repair, repurpose, restore, rework. In particular the chapter focuses of the remanufacturing practices.
This chapter is authored by Cinzia Talamo, Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Milan, Italy. e-mail: cinzia.talamo@polimi.it.
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- 1.
According to Bougrain and Laurenceau [6] disassembly means: “taking apart components without damaging, but not necessarily to reuse them” while “deconstruction is similar to disassembly but with thoughts towards reusing the components”. Conversely, the action of demolition is “a process of intentional destruction” that generates waste that can be recycled.
- 2.
See also (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circulareconomy/index_en.htm) for circular economy.
- 3.
Between the examples of waste prevention measures referred to the article 29, the Waste Framework Directive includes: “the promotion of the reuse and/or repair of appropriate dis-carded products or of their components, notably through the use of educational, economic, logistic or other measures such as support to or establishment of accredited repair and reuse centres and networks especially in densely populated regions”.
- 4.
Degradation: Detrimental change in physical condition, with time, use or external cause. Note 1 Degradation may lead to a failure. Note 2 In a system context, degradation may also be caused by failures within the system [13].
- 5.
Obsolescence: State of an object, determined by a process of transformation, that causes a situation of non-compliance between requirements and provided performances.
- 6.
In this field, the research RENetTA, recently funded by Fondazione Cariplo, is being developed in Politecnico di Milano. The reserch investigates the potential second life or the extension of the life of building products, characterized by short-term service life.
The research project aims at defining:
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key criteria for re-manufacturing: criteria for the design of components “to be re-manufactured”; interpretative keys to understand the re-manufacturing attitude of a component to be disassembled and re-manufactured; obstacles/barriers (e.g. legislative) and levers (e.g. guarantee conditions, certified environmental value, economic value);
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through a multi-sectoral analysis: organizational conditions; criteria for the start of re-manufacturing processes; levers for the launch of successful re-manufacturing processes from an economic and environmental point of view; economic, environmental and social benefits to be used as levers for the start up of re-manufacturing processes;
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rules to support the re-manufacturing processes: relationship rules (organizational, procedural, etc.); assembly, disassembly and processing procedures in relation to various technical elements (interior walls, finishes, floors, ceilings, external skin, windows frames); quality procedures, standards and methods for defining the characteristics of components easy to be re-manufactured; methods for exchanging materials and products; methods for sharing information and communication protocols; procedures of application of LC-based indicators aiming at identifying the environmentally and economically more effective strategies to be adopted in re-manufacturing processes (e.g. definition of the maximum advantageous physical distance between disassembly site and remanufacturer) [20].
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- 7.
There is a direct relationship between the number of trades and the number of internal components/fittings renewals, caused by the change of the owners and, therefore, by a change of their needs and requests.
- 8.
See the project BAMB (Buildings As Material Banks) that deals with the development of a building pass. The aim of the project is the reduction or elimination of construction and demolition waste. In the process, buildings are regarded as material banks (http://www.bamb2020.eu).
- 9.
Commission Decision 2000/532/EC [21].
- 10.
The analytical report was prepared by the EEA together with Eionet countries and the European Topic Centre on Waste and Materials in a Green Economy (ETC/WMGE). It presents an overview of findings from the analysis of information provided by European 32 countries, reviewing national approaches to material resource efficiency and exploring similarities and differences in policy responses. The analysis is based on the information provided by participating EEA member countries through the Eionet National Reference Centres on Resource Efficient Economy (NRCs) and the National Focal Points (NFPs). The main focus of the report is on policies and initiatives for material resources. The scope includes material flows entering or leaving an economy (biomass, non-metallic minerals, metal ores and fossil energy materials) as well as secondary (waste–derived) raw materials. Also within the scope are the transformations that materials undergo throughout their full life cycle, and initiatives to close material loops in the context of a circular economy.
- 11.
The EEA (2015) study “Waste prevention in Europe—the status in 2014” reviews by the waste prevention programmes in Europe. The review process covers programmes in the 28 European Union (EU) Member States and the three European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries, namely Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
The investigated waste prevention programmes contain a wide variety of policy instruments, but these can be grouped into four main types:
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information instruments, including labels, awareness-raising campaigns and pilot projects;
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regulatory instruments, setting binding standards and norms;
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economic instruments, including tax incentives, green public procurement and direct subventions;
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voluntary agreements, with clear and measurable targets, mainly initiated by business associations.
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- 12.
As an example, in Austria two limits for pre-demolition audits exist: 100 tons and 3.500 m³ of estimated CD waste produced.
- 13.
To give two examples:
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the French regulation for construction and building projects specifies how to identify waste from demolition and refurbishment of buildings. The buildings concerned are those, industrial or commercial, with a surface area of more than 1000 m2 for each floor or farm, that have been exposed to hazardous substances. The works concern the reconstruction and/or demolition of a major part of the structure of the building. The entity in charge must carry out the identification, before applying for the demolition permit or before accepting estimates for contracting, by specifying: the characteristics, the quantity and the location of material and waste, the modalities of management, which materials are re-used on site, recovered or eliminated. At the end of the works, the contracting authority writes an assessment of works indicating the nature and the amount of material actually re-used on site and that of waste that is recovered or eliminated. The contracting entity sends the form to the French Environment and Energy Management Agency which presents a yearly report to the Ministry in charge of construction. See: www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000025145228;
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the Dutch certification scheme for demolition processes (BRL SVMS-007) is a voluntary tool to improve the quality of the demolition process. Customers who prescribe to this certification scheme of procurement and tendering are assured of environmentally and safe demolition on site. The scheme is controlled by third parties and the Council of Accreditation. The certified demolition process follows four steps: pre-demolition audit; waste management plan; execution; final report. See: www.veiligslopen.nl/en/home.
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Migliore, M., Talamo, C., Paganin, G. (2020). Reuse as a Bridge Between Waste Prevention and the Circular Economy. In: Strategies for Circular Economy and Cross-sectoral Exchanges for Sustainable Building Products. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30318-1_3
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