Skip to main content

Diagnostic Adjuncts for Screening and Surveillance in Head and Neck Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 473 Accesses

Abstract

Head and neck cancers tend to be diagnosed at a late stage. This has prognostic implications for the patient. Research interest has been directed to developing diagnostic and screening adjuncts that would facilitate earlier diagnosis of this condition. Adjuncts include vital staining, visual light-based adjuncts, exfoliative-based techniques, molecular biology, and in vivo microscopy. These will be discussed in this chapter. Although these techniques have not been shown to be as effective as a thorough clinical oral examination, they remain as an area of interest and active research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. WHO. World cancer report 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  2. AJCC. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G, Muwonge R, Thara S, Mathew B, Rajan B, Trivandrum Oral Cancer Screening Study Group. Effects of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1927–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Holmes JD, Dierks EJ, Homer LD, Potter BE. Is detection of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer by a dental care provider associated with a lower stage at diagnosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:285–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/oral-cancer-screening1.

    Google Scholar 

  6. https://www.aafp.org/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all/oral-cancer.html.

    Google Scholar 

  7. American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2013. Accessed at http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rethman MP, Carpenter W, Cohen EE, Epstein J, Evans CA, Flaitz CM, et al. Evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding screening for oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141(5):509–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lee JJ, Hung HC, Cheng SJ, Chiang CP, Liu BY, Yu CH, Jeng JH, Chang HH, Kok SH. Factors associated with underdiagnosis from incisional biopsy of oral leukoplakic lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104:217–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Abbey LM, Kaugars GE, Gunsolley JC, Burns JC, Page DG, Svirsky JA, Eisenberg E, Krutchkoff DJ, Cushing M. Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability in the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995;80:188–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rosenberg D, Cretin S. Use of meta-analysis to evaluate tolonium chloride in oral cancer screening. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;67:621–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW. Sensitivity and specificity of Orascan® toluidine blue mouthrinse in the detection of oral cancer and precancer. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25:97–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Onofre MA, Sposto MR, Navarro CM. Reliability of toluidine blue application in the detection of oral epithelial dysplasia and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91:535–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Epstein JB, Güneri P. The adjunctive role of toluidine blue in detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;17:79–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Awan K, Yang Y, Morgan P, Warnakulasuriya S. Utility of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity—a clinical and histological assessment. Oral Dis. 2012;18:728–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Awadallah M, Idle M, Patel K, Kademani D. Management update of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125:628–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. McMahon J, Devine JC, McCaul JA, McLellan DR, Farrow A. Use of Lugol’s iodine in the resection of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48:84–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Petruzzi M, Lucchese A, Baldoni E, Grassi FR, Serpico R. Use of Lugol’s iodine in oral cancer diagnosis: an overview. Oral Oncol. 2010;46:811–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Epstein JB, Scully C, Spinelli J. Toluidine blue and Lugol’s iodine application in the assessment of oral malignant disease and lesions at risk of malignancy. J Oral Pathol Med. 1992;21:160–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rashid A, Warnakulasuriya S. The use of light-based (optical) detection systems as adjuncts in the detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2015;44:307–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lingen MW, Kalmar JR, Karrison T, Speight PM. Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2008;44:10–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mehrotra R, Singh M, Thomas S, Nair P, Pandya S, Nigam NS, Shukla P. A cross-sectional study evaluating chemiluminescence and autofluorescence in the detection of clinically innocuous precancerous and cancerous oral lesions. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141:151–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Epstein JB, Gorsky M, Lonky S, Silverman S Jr, Epstein JD, Bride M. The efficacy of oral lumenoscopy (ViziLite) in visualizing oral mucosal lesions. Spec Care Dentist. 2006;26:171–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Oh ES, Laskin DM. Efficacy of the ViziLite system in the identification of oral lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:424–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Huber MA. Adjunctive diagnostic techniques for oral and oropharyngeal cancer discovery. Dent Clin N Am. 2018;62:59–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bhatia N, Matias MAT, Farah CS. Assessment of a decision making protocol to improve the efficacy of VELscope™ in general dental practice: a prospective evaluation. Oral Oncol. 2014;50:1012–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Poh CF, Anderson DW, Durham JS, Chen J, Berean KW, MacAulay CE, Rosin MP. Fluorescence visualization-guided surgery for early-stage oral cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142:209–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Leston JS, Dios PD. Diagnostic clinical aids in oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2010;46:418–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Awan KH, Morgan PR, Warnakulasuriya S. Evaluation of an autofluorescence based imaging system (VELscope™) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. Oral Oncol. 2011;47:274–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pavlova I, Williams M, El-Naggar A, Richards-Kortum R, Gillenwater A. Understanding the biological basis of autofluorescence imaging for oral cancer detection: high-resolution fluorescence microscopy in viable tissue. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:2396–404.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Sciubba JJ. Improving detection of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions. Computer-assisted analysis of the oral brush biopsy US Collaborative OralCDx Study Group. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:1445–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Eisen D. Brush biopsy ‘saves lives’. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002;133:688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sciubba JJ. Brush biopsy ‘bridges the gap’. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002;133:692.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Farran H. Overwhelmingly positive. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002;133:692.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Patton LL, Epstein JB, Kerr AR. Adjunctive techniques for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis. A systematic review of the literature. JADA. 2008;139:896–905.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Macey R, Walsh T, Brocklehurst P, Kerr AR, Liu JL, Lingen MW, Ogden GR, Warnakulasuriya S, Scully C. Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5:CD010276.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kämmerer PW, Koch FP, Santoro M, Babaryka G, Biesterfeld S, Brieger J, Kunkel M. Prospective, blinded comparison of cytology and DNA-image cytometry of brush biopsies for early detection of oral malignancy. Oral Oncol. 2013;49:420–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ye X, Zhang J, Tan Y, Chen G, Zhou G. Meta-analysis of two computer-assisted screening methods for diagnosing oral precancer and cancer. Oral Oncol. 2015;51:966–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cheng YS, Rees T, Wright J. A review of research on salivary biomarkers for oral cancer detection. Clin Transl Med. 2014;3:3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Kaur J, Jacobs R, Huang Y, Salvo N, Politis C. Salivary biomarkers for oral cancer and pre-cancer screening: a review. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22:633–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Graveland AP, Bremmer JF, de Maaker M, Brink A, Cobussen P, Zwart M, Braakhuis BJ, Bloemena E, van der Waal I, Leemans CR, Brakenhoff RH. Molecular screening of oral precancer. Oral Oncol. 2013;49:1129–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yang EC, Tan MT, Schwarz RA, Richards-Kortum RR, Gillenwater AM, Vigneswaran N. Noninvasive diagnostic adjuncts for the evaluation of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions: current limitations and future directions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;125:670–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Adhi M, Duker JS. Optical coherence tomography – current and future applications. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2013;24:213–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Lingen MW, Abt E, Agrawal N, Chaturvedi AK, Cohen E, D’Souza G, Gurenlian J, Kalmar JR, Kerr AR, Lambert PM, Patton LL, Sollecito TP, Truelove E, Tampi MP, Urquhart O, Banfield L, Carrasco-Labra A. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of potentially malignant disorders in the oral cavity: a report of the American Dental Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017;148:712–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. https://www.ahns.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Early-Detection-of-Pre-Malignant-Oral-Cancer-FINAL.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James Murphy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Murphy, J., Qaisi, M. (2020). Diagnostic Adjuncts for Screening and Surveillance in Head and Neck Cancer. In: Kademani, D. (eds) Improving Outcomes in Oral Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30094-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30094-4_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30093-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-30094-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics