Abstract
The Anthropocene presents society with a super-wicked problem comprised of multiple contingent and conflicting issues driven by a complex array of change agents. Super-wicked problems cannot be adequately addressed using siloed decision-making approaches developed by hierarchical institutions using science that is compartmentalized by discipline. Adaptive solutions will rest on human ingenuity that fosters transformation toward sustainability. To successfully achieve these objectives, conservation and natural resource practitioners need a paradigm that transcends single-institution interests and decision-making processes. We propose a platform for an emerging and evolutionary step change in sustainability planning: landscape conservation design (LCD). We use existing governance and adaptation planning principles to develop an iterative, flexible innovation systems framework—the “iCASS Platform.” It consists of nine principles and five attributes—innovation, convening stakeholders, assessing current and plausible future landscape conditions, spatial design, and strategy design. The principles are organized around four cornerstones of innovation: people, purpose, process, and product. The iCASS Platform can facilitate LCD via processes that aim to create and empower social networks, foster stakeholder involvement, engender co-production and cross-pollination of knowledge, and provide multiple opportunities for deliberation, transparency, and collaborative decision-making. Our intention is to pivot from single-institution, siloed assessment and planning to stakeholder-driven, participatory design, leading to collaborative decision-making and extensive landscape conservation.
This chapter is a reprint of a chapter in Landscape and Urban Planning Volume 176, August 2018, Pages 64–74 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.04.008). Reprint with kind permission of Elsevier. License order number 4570171307086 of April 16, 2019.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Allen TFH, Hoekstra TW (2015) Toward a unified ecology, 2nd edn. Columbia University Press, New York, NY
Ansell C, Gash A (2008) Collaborative governance in theory and practice. J Public Adm Res Theor 18(4):543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
Aplet GH, McKinley PS (2017) A portfolio approach to managing ecological risks of global change. Ecosyst Health Sustain 3(2):e01261. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1261
Argyris C (1976) Single-loop and double-loop models in research on decision making. Adm Sci Q 21(3):363–375. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391848
Arid Lands Initiative (2014) The arid lands initiative—Shared priorities for conservation at a landscape scale. Summary Prepared by Sonia A. Hall (SAH Ecologia LLC) and the Arid Lands Initiative Core Team. Wenatchee, Washington, 39 pp
Armitage D, Berkes F, Doubleday N (eds) (2010) Adaptive co-management: collaboration, learning, and multi-level governance. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C
Barberg B (2015) Harnessing the power source for collective impact: mutually reinforcing activities. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015 from https://collectiveimpactforum.org/sites/default/files/Harnessing%20the%20Power%20Source%20for%20Collective%20Impact%20v4.pdf
Berkes F (2009) Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. J Environ Manage 90(5):1692–1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.001
Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (2003) Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Bosomworth K, Harwood A, Leith P, Wallis P (2015) Adaptation pathways: a playbook for developing options for climate change adaptation in natural resource management. Retrieved from https://terranova.org.au/repository/southern-slopes-nrm-collection/adaptation-pathways-a-playbook-for-developing-options-for-climate-change-adaptation-in-natural-resource-management/scarp-adaptation-pathways-a-playbook-final.pdf
Brown T (2009) Change by design: how design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY
Butler JRA, Suadnya W, Yanuartati Y, Meharg S, Wise RM, Sutaryono Y et al (2016) Priming adaptation pathways through adaptive co-management: design and evaluation for developing countries. Clim Risk Manage 12:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.01.001
Campellone R, Bartuszevige A, Chouinard T, Lujan J, Miewald T, Murry B et al (2014) An analytical framework for conservation design at landscape-scales (landscape conservation design). Available at https://osf.io/vpmcj/
Carcasson M (2013) Tackling wicked problems through deliberative engagement. Colorado Municipalities, pp 9–13. Retrieved 14 Nov 2015 from http://www.academia.edu/4789230/Carcasson-_Tackling_wicked_problems_through_deliberative_engagement_Colorado_Municipalities
Carnegie Airborne Observatory (2018) Whoweare [HTML]. Retrieved from https://cao.carnegiescience.edu
Carson L (2009) Deliberative public participation and hexachlorobenzene stockpiles. J Environ Manage 90(4):1636–1643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.05.019
Center for Large Landscape Conservation (n.d.) Donor Resource Document. Retrieved 5 Apr 2017 from http://largelandscapes.org
Chesapeake Conservancy (2018) Conservation Innovation Center [HTML]. Retrieved from http://chesapeakeconservancy.org/conservation-innovation-center/
Conservation Biology Institute (n.d.) LCC conservation planning atlases [HTML]. Retrieved from https://consbio.org/products/projects/conservation-planning-atlases
Cope B, Kalantzis M (2011) ‘Design’ in principle and practice: A reconsideration of the terms of design engagement. Des J 14(1):45–63. https://doi.org/10.2752/175630610X12877385838768
Council on Environmental Quality (2011) Implementing climate change adaptation planning in accordance with Executive Order 13514: Federal leadership in environmental, energy, and economic performance. Federal Agency Climate Change Adaptation Planning: Supporting Document. Washington, DC: The Executive Office of the President. Retrieved 14 Nov 2015 from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ceq/adaptation_support_document_3_3.pdf
Crona B, Parker J (2012) Learning in support of governance: Theories, methods, and a framework to assess how bridging organizations contribute to adaptive resource governance. Ecol Soc 17(1):32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04534-170132
De Groot RS, Alkemade R, Braat L, Hein L, Willemen L (2009) Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecol Complex 7(3):260–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006
Department of the Interior, U.S (2017) Landscape-level management (604 DM 1). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
Dignan A (2013) The operating model that is eating the world. The Ready. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015 from https://medium.com/the-ready/the-operating-model-that-is-eating-the-world-d9a3b82a5885#.ycnm0jodz
Erlhoff M, Marshall T (2008) Design dictionary: perspectives on design terminology. Berlin: Birkhäuser
Fisichelli N, Schuurman G, Hoffman C (2016) Is ‘resilience’ maladaptive? Towards an accurate lexicon for climate change adaptation. Environ Manage 57(4):753–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0650-6
Folke C, Carpenter S, Elmqvist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS, Walker B (2002) Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. Ambio 31(5):437–440. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.5.437
Folke C, Carpenter S, Walker B, Scheffer M, Chapin T, Rockström J (2010) Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecol Soc 15(4), 20. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015 from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art20
Fulton Suri J (2008) Informing our intuition: design research for radical innovation. Rotman Mag. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015 from https://www.ideo.com/images/uploads/news/pdfs/Informing_Our_Intuition.pdf
Funtowicz SO, Ravetz JR (1994) Uncertainty, complexity and post-normal science. Environ Toxicol Chem 13(12):1881–1885. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131203
Groves CR, Game ET (2016) Conservation planning: Informed decisions for a healing the planet. Roberts and Company Publishers, Greenwood Village, Colorado
Hanleybrown F, Kania J, Kramer M (2012) Channeling change: making collective impact work. Stanford Soc Innov Rev 20, 1–8. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015 from http://ssir.org/articles/entry/channeling_change_making_collective_impact_work
Hansen L, Gregg RM, Arroyo V, Ellsworth S, Jackson L, Snover A (2012) The state of adaptation in the United States: an overview. Washington, DC: EcoAdapt. Retrieved 10 Oct 2015 from http://www.cakex.org/virtual-library/state-adaptation-united-states-overview
Hartz-Karp J (2007) How and why deliberative democracy enables co-intelligence and brings wisdom to governance. J Pub Deliberation 3(2), 1–9. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015 from http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=201621&local_base=GEN01-ERA02
Heinrichs H, Martens P, Michelsen G, Wiek A (2015) Sustainability science: an introduction. Springer, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7242-6
Iizuka M (2013) Innovation systems framework: still useful in the new global context? UNU- MERIT Working Paper Series, 2013–005, 20 pp. Retrieved 14 Nov 2015 from http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/abstract/?id=4868
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. In: Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, Bilir TE (eds) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp. Retrieved 20 June 2015 from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-PartA_FINAL.pdf
Iversen OS, Halskov K, Leong TW (2012) Values-led participatory design. CoDesign 8(2):87–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2012.672575
Jacobson C, Robertson AL (2012) Landscape conservation cooperatives: bridging entities to facilitate adaptive co-governance of social-ecological systems. Hum Dimensions Wildlife 17(5):333–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2012709310
Jankowski P, Fraley G, Pebesma E (2014) An exploratory approach to spatial decision support. Comput Environ Urban Syst 45:101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2014.02.008
Kania J, Kramer M (2011) Collective impact. Stanford Soc Innov Rev, pp 36–41. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015 from http://ssir.org/articles/entry/collectiveimpact
Kates RW, Travis WR, Wilbanks TJ (2012) Transformational adaptation when incremental adaptations to climate change are insufficient. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(19):7156–7161. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115521109
Knight AT, Rodrigues ASL, Strange N, Tew T, Wilson KA (2013) Designing effective solutions to conservation planning problems. In: Macdonald DW, Willis KJ (eds) Key topics in conservation biology, vol 2. Wiley, Oxford, UK, pp 362–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118520178.ch20
Kuhlman T, Farrington J (2010) What is sustainability? Sustainability 2(11):3436–3448
Lackey RT (1998) Seven pillars of ecosystem management. Landscape Urban Plan 40(1):21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00095-9
Lauber BT, Stedman RC, Decker DJ, Knuth BA, Simon CN (2011) Social network dynamics in collaborative conservation. Hum Dimensions Wildlife 16(4):259–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2011.542556
Levin K, Cashore B, Bernstein S, Auld G (2012) Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Policy Sci 45:125–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-012-9151-0
Malerba F (2002) Sectoral systems of innovation and production. Res Policy 31(2), 247–264 Retrieved 14 Nov 2015 from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00139-1
Melillo JM, Richmond TC, Yohe GW (eds) (2014) Climate change impacts in the United States: The third national climate assessment. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, U.S. https://doi.org/10.7930/J0Z31WJ2
Minnesota Prairie Plan Working Group (2011). Minnesota prairie conservation plan. Minnesota Prairie Plan Working Group, Minneapolis, MN, 55p
Moilanen A, Wilson KA, Possingham HP (eds) (2009) Spatial conservation prioritization: quantitative methods and computational tools, vol 6. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Naiman RJ (2013) Socio-ecological complexity and the restoration of river ecosystems. Inland Waters 3(4):391–410. https://doi.org/10.5268/IW-3.4.667
Nassauer JI (2012) Landscape as a medium and method for synthesis in urban eco- logical design. Landscape Urban Planning 106(3):221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.014
Nassauer JI, Opdam P (2008) Design in science: extending the landscape ecology paradigm. Landscape Ecol 23(6):633–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-008-9226-7
National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (2015) A review of the land- scape conservation cooperatives. The National Academies, Washington, DC. Advance online publication https://doi.org/10.17226/21829
National Fish, Wildlife and Plants Climate Adaptation Partnership (2012) National fish, wildlife and plants climate adaptation strategy. Washington, DC: Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Council on Environmental Quality, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. http://dx.doi.org/%2010.3996/082012-FWSReport-1
National Park Service (2013) Using scenarios to explore climate change: A handbook for practitioners. National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO
National Wind Coordinating Collaborative (2018) About NWCC [HTML]. Retrieved from https://www.nationalwind.org/about-nwcc
Network for Landscape Conservation (n.d.) Retrieved 23 Aug 2017 from http://www.largelandscapenetwork.org
Norris PE, O’Rourke M, Mayer AS, Halvorsen KE (2016) Managing the wicked problem of transdisciplinary team formation in socio-ecological systems. Landscape Urban Planning 154:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.01.008
Ojha HR, Hall A, Sulaiman R (2013) Adaptive collaborative approaches in natural resources governance. Routledge, New York, NY
Oregon State University (2018) Integrated landscape assessment project [HTML]. Retrieved from http://inr.oregonstate.edu/ilap
Pahl-Wostl C (2009) A conceptual framework for analyzing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environ Change 19(3):354–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001
Pierre J (2000) Debating governance: authority, steering, and democracy. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Plummer R, Crona B, Armitage DR, Olsson P, Tengö M, Yudina O (2012) Adaptive comanagement: a systematic review and analysis. Ecol Soc 17(3):11. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04952-170311
Puget Sound Partnership (2014) The 2014/2015 action agenda for puget sound. Retrieved from http://www.psp.wa.gov/2014_action_agenda_download.php
Raymond CM, Fazey I, Reed MS, Stringer LC, Robinson GM, Evely AC (2010) Integrating local and scientific knowledge for environmental management. J Environ Manage 91(8):1766–1777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.023
Roozenburg NFM, Eekels J (1995) Product design: fundamentals and methods. Wiley, New York, NY
Rowland ER, Cross MS, Hartmann H (2014) Considering multiple futures: scenario planning to address uncertainty in natural resource conservation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. Retrieved 16 Jan 2016 from http://www.fws.gov/home/climatechange/pdf/Scenario-Planning-Report.pdf
Salter J, Robinson J, Wiek A (2010) Participatory methods of integrated assessment—a review. Wiley Interdisc Rev Clim Change 1(5):697–717. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.73
Sayer J, Sunderland T, Ghazoul J, Pfund J, Sheil D, Meijaard E et al (2013) Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(21):8349–8356. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210595110
Schmitz OJ, Lawler JJ, Beier P, Groves C, Knight G, Boyce DA Jr et al (2015) Conserving biodiversity: Practical guidance about climate change adaptation approaches in support of land-use planning. Nat Areas J 35(1):190–203. https://doi.org/10.3375/043.035.0120
Termorshuizen JW, Opdam P (2009) Landscape services as a bridge between landscape ecology and sustainable development. Landscape Ecol 24(8):1037–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-008-9314-8
The Nature Conservancy (2017) Ecoregional assessments [HTML]. Retrieved from https://www.conservationgateway.org/Search/Pages/results.aspx?k=Ecoregional%20Assessments&a=&r=
The Pajaro Compass (2016) Pajaro compass document and appendices. A network for voluntary conservation [PDF]. Retrieved from http://pajarocompass.org/resources/documents/
Toomey AH, Knight AT, Barlow J (2016) Navigating the space between research and implementation in conservation. Conserv Lett. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12315
Tress B, Tress G, Fry G, Opdam P (eds) (2005) From landscape research to landscape planning: Aspects of integration, education and application. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands
United Nations (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement: Proposal by the President (Draft Decision). FCCC/CP/2015/L.9, p 31. Retrieved 14 Nov 2015 from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf
United Nations Environment Program (2000) Report of the fifth meeting of the conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity (UNEP/CBD/COP/5). Decision V/6. Ecosystem Approach (CBD, 2000). Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7148
United Nations Environment Program (2011) Report on how to improve sustainable use of biodiversity in a landscape perspective. (UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/15/13), 14 p. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-15/official/sbstta-15-13-en.pdf
Voss JP, Bauknecht D, Kemp R (eds) (2006) Voss JP, Bauknecht D, Kemp R (eds) (2006). Reflexive governance for sustainable development. Edward Elgar Publishing. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham
Waddock S (2013) The wicked problems of global sustainability need wicked (good) leaders and wicked (good) collaborative solutions. J Manage Glob Sustain 1(1):91–111. https://doi.org/10.13185/JM2013.01106
Walker B, Holling CS, Carpenter SR, Kinzig A (2004) Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 9(2), 5. Retrieved 19 Dec 2015 from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/
Watson JEM, Rao M, Ai-Li K, Yan X (2012) Climate change adaptation planning for biodiversity conservation: a review. Adv Clim Change Res 3(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00001
Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (2018) Crucial habitat assessment tool: mapping fish and wildlife across the West [HTML]. Retrieved from http://www.wafwachat.org/
Williams BK, Szaro RC, Shapiro CD (2009) Adaptive management: The U.S. department of the interior technical guide. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Wu J (2013) Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes. Landscape Ecol 28(6):999–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9894-9
Wyborn C (2015) Connectivity conservation: boundary objects, science narratives and the co-production of science and practice. Environ Sci Policy 51:292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.019
Wyborn C, Bixler RP (2013) Collaboration and nested environmental governance: scale dependency, scale framing, and cross-scale interactions in collaborative conservation. J Environ Manage 123(15):58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.014
Acknowledgements
We wish to dedicate this article to the memory of our co-author, John Pierce, who passed away on February 23, 2018. John was the Chief Wildlife Scientist for the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, where he worked for over 30 years. John truly embodied the spirit of landscape conservation: passionate, innovative, and committed to collaboration. He had a unique ability to inspire others and will be greatly missed by all.
We thank, with great appreciation, the following for their contribution in development of this essay: Amanda Robertson, Anisa Romero, and the Landscape Conservation Design Minimum Standards Working Group—an ad hoc group of conservation professionals—for their assistance in developing an unpublished report (Campellone et al. 2014) that provided background information for this paper. The paper is benefited greatly from the thoughtful critical review of Catherine Doyle-Capitman, Sean Finn, Natalie Sexton, Scott Schwenk, and Steve Traxler. The authors acknowledge financial support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Headquarters Office, National Wildlife Refuge System.
Disclaimer The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or any other agency. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix: Supplementary Data
Appendix: Supplementary Data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.04.008.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Campellone, R.M. et al. (2019). The iCASS Platform: Nine Principles for Landscape Conservation Design . In: Mueller, L., Eulenstein, F. (eds) Current Trends in Landscape Research. Innovations in Landscape Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30069-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30069-2_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30068-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-30069-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)