Abstract
The causes of failed ankle arthrodesis are numerous. Failure can be defined in multiple ways including nonunion, bone loss, avascular bone, infection, wound breakdown, and continued pain. Successful boney fusion does not always translate to clinical success. Prominent implants, adjacent joint overload, subfibular impingement, limb malalignment, foot deformity, and chronic pain are additional reasons for clinical failure in the setting of radiographic union.
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Fortin, P.T., Beaman, D.N. (2020). Revision of Nonunion and Malunion: Ankle Arthrodesis. In: Berkowitz, M., Clare, M., Fortin, P., Schon, L., Sanders, R. (eds) Revision Surgery of the Foot and Ankle. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29969-9_19
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