Advertisement

Soft Power pp 23-83 | Cite as

Power in International Relations: Understandings and Varieties

  • Hendrik W. Ohnesorge
Chapter
First Online:
  • 455 Downloads
Part of the Global Power Shift book series (GLOBAL)

Abstract

In this chapter, the author first addresses the centrality and complexity of the phenomenon of power in international relations. Starting from definitional approximations to the five-letter word, he discusses various conceptions of power and identifies its different varieties. In doing so, he subscribes to the established dichotomy of hard and soft power in international affairs today. Furthermore, the relational and contextual nature of power are established and different approaches to its measurement explored.

In the chapter’s second major part, the author addresses the notion of soft power. To that end, he explores the terminological origins of the concept and reveals its deep historical roots, which can be traced back to classical writings in Chinese as well as Western philosophical and political thought. Subsequently, the author discusses the ways the forces of attraction take effect in international relations and examines the concept against the backdrop of International Relations theories, crucially emphasizing its non-normative nature. Finally, the chapter addresses major points of criticism directed toward the concept of soft power.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Alcock, Norman Z. and Alan G. Newcombe. “The Perception of National Power.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 14, No. 3 (September 1970), pp. 335–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Andrei, Verena and Volker Rittberger. “Macht, Interessen und Normen: Auswärtige Kulturpolitik und Außenpolitiktheorien illustriert am Beispiel der deutschen auswärtigen Sprachpolitik.” In Kultur und Außenpolitik: Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis, edited by Kurt-Jürgen Maaß, pp. 13–38. Baden Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Anholt, Simon. “Soft Power.” Internationale Politik (January/February 2014), pp. 48–53.Google Scholar
  4. Anter, Andreas. Theorien der Macht: Zur Einführung. Hamburg: Junius, 2012.Google Scholar
  5. Arquilla, John and David Ronfeldt. The Emergence of Noopolitik: Toward an American Information Strategy. Santa Monica, Cal.: RAND Corporation, 1999.Google Scholar
  6. Arquilla, John and David Ronfeldt. “Noopolitik: A New Paradigm for Public Diplomacy.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, edited by Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, pp. 352–365. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
  7. Augustus. Meine Taten: Res Gestae Divi Augusti. Edited by Ekkehard Weber. München: Heimeran Verlag, 1975 (Aug. RG).Google Scholar
  8. Avey, Paul C., Michael C. Desch, James D. Long, Daniel Maliniak, Susan Peterson, and Michael J. Tierney. “The FP Survey: Who Inhabits the Ivory Tower?” Foreign Policy, No. 191 (January/February 2012), pp. 90–93.Google Scholar
  9. Baldwin, David A. “Interdependence and Power: A Conceptual Analysis.” International Organization, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Autumn 1980), pp. 471–506.Google Scholar
  10. Baldwin, David A. “Power and International Relations.” In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons, pp. 273–297. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2013.Google Scholar
  11. Barnett, Michael and Raymond Duvall. “Power in International Politics.” International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Winter 2005), pp. 39–75.Google Scholar
  12. Baumann, Peter and Gisela Cramer. “Power, Soft or Deep? An Attempt at Constructive Criticism.” Las Torres de Lucca: International Journal of Political Philosophy, No. 10 (January-June 2017), pp. 177–214.Google Scholar
  13. Berenskoetter, Felix and M. J. Williams, eds. Power in World Politics. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
  14. Bierling, Stephan G. “Das Ende des langen Booms? Die amerikanische Wirtschaft unter Bill Clinton und George W. Bush.” In Die Clinton-Präsidentschaft: Ein Rückblick, edited by Stephan G. Bierling and Reinhard C. Meier-Walser, pp. 27–34. München: Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung, 2001.Google Scholar
  15. Blanchard Jean-Marc F. and Fujia Lu. “Thinking Hard about Soft Power: A Review and Critique of the Literature on China and Soft Power.” Asian Perspective Vol. 36, No. 4 (2012), pp. 565–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Boswell, Terry and Albert Bergesen. “American Prospects in a Period of Hegemonic Decline and Economic Crisis.” In America’s Changing Role in the World System, edited by Terry Boswell and Albert Bergesen, pp. 3–13. New York, N.Y.: Praeger, 1987.Google Scholar
  17. Brands, Hal. “The Era of American Primacy is Far from Over.” The National Interest, August 24, 2016. Online at: http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/the-era-american-primacy-far-over-17465 (accessed August 25, 2016).
  18. Brooks, Peter. “Iran: Our Military Options.” The Heritage Foundation, January 23, 2006. Online at: http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2006/01/iran-our-military-options (accessed February 13, 2015).
  19. Brooks, Stephen G. and William C. Wohlforth. “Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold War: Reevaluating a Landmark Case for Ideas.” International Security, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Winter 2000/2001), pp. 5–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Broyard, Anatole. “Book of The Times: Human vs. Humanitarian.” The New York Times, December 22, 1975, p. L27.Google Scholar
  21. Burns, James MacGregor. Leadership. New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 2010.Google Scholar
  22. Carr, Edward H. The Twenty Years’ Crisis: 1919-1939, An Introduction to the Theory of International Relations. Reissued with a New Introduction and Additional Material by Michael Cox. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.Google Scholar
  23. Carter, Jimmy. “Our Nation’s Past and Future: Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in New York City.” New York, N.Y., July 15, 1976. Online at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25953 (accessed September 5, 2017).
  24. Carter, Jimmy. “Energy and National Goals: Address to the Nation.” Washington, D.C., July 15, 1979. In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1979, Book II – June 23 to December 31, 1979, pp. 1235–1241. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1980.Google Scholar
  25. Center for Strategic and International Studies. CSIS Commission on Smart Power: A Smarter, More Secure America. Washington, D.C.: The CSIS Press, 2007.Google Scholar
  26. Cicero, M. Tullius. Über die Gesetze: De Legibus/Stoische Paradoxien: Paradoxa Stoicum. Edited, Translated, and Annotated by Rainer Nickel. München: Artemis & Winkler, 1994 (Cic. Leg./Cic. Parad.).Google Scholar
  27. Cicero, M. Tullius. Der Staat: De Re Publica. Edited and Translated by Rainer Nickel. Mannheim: Artemis & Winkler, 2010 (Cic. Rep.).Google Scholar
  28. Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Translated by Colonel J. J. Graham. New and Revised Edition with Introduction and Notes by Colonel F. N. Maude, Volume 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1918.Google Scholar
  29. Clegg, Stewart R. and Mark Haugaard, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Power. London: SAGE Publications, 2009.Google Scholar
  30. Cline, Ray S. The Power of Nations in the 1990s: A Strategic Assessment. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1994.Google Scholar
  31. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Confirmation Hearing.” Washington, D.C., January 13, 2009. Online at: http://www.cfr.org/elections/transcript-hillary-clintons-confirmation-hearing/p18225 (accessed February 12, 2015).
  32. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Leading Through Civilian Power: Redefining American Diplomacy and Development.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 6 (November/December 2010), pp. 13–24.Google Scholar
  33. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “American Global Leadership: Remarks at the Center for American Progress.” Washington, D.C., October 12, 2011. Online at: http://www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/10/175340.htm (accessed February 12, 2015).
  34. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Hard Choices. New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 2014.Google Scholar
  35. Cohen, Eliot A. “Presidents and Their Generals: A Conversation with Eliot Cohen.” The American Interest, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Autumn 2010), pp. 6–14.Google Scholar
  36. Colby, Elbridge and Paul Lettow. “Have We Hit Peak America? The Sources of U.S. Power and the Path to National Renaissance.” Foreign Policy, No. 207 (July/August 2014), pp. 54–63.Google Scholar
  37. Commuri, Gitika. “‘Are You Pondering What I am Pondering?’ Understanding the Conditions Under Which States Gain and Loose Soft Power.” In Power in the 21st Century: International Security and International Political Economy in a Changing World, edited by Enrico Fels, Jan-Frederik Kremer, and Katharina Kronenberg, pp. 43–57. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Cox, Robert W. “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1981), pp. 126–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Cronin, Vincent. Napoleon: Eine Biographie. Hamburg: Classen Verlag, 1973.Google Scholar
  40. Cull, Nicholas J. Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past, CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy. Los Angeles, Cal.: Figueroa Press, 2011.Google Scholar
  41. Curry, Anne. The Battle of Agincourt: Sources & Interpretations. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2000.Google Scholar
  42. Curry, Anne. Henry V: Playboy Prince to Warrior King. London: Penguin Books, 2018.Google Scholar
  43. Dahl, Robert A. “The Concept of Power.” Behavioral Science, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1957), pp. 201–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Dickens, Charles. The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit. London: Chapman and Hall, 1844.Google Scholar
  45. Donilon, Tom. “We’re No. 1 (and We’re Going to Stay That Way).” Foreign Policy, July 3, 2014. Online at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/07/03/were-no-1-and-were-going-to-stay-that-way/ (accessed February 10, 2015).
  46. Dowding, Keith, ed. Encyclopedia of Power. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: SAGE Publications, 2011.Google Scholar
  47. Doyle, Charles C., Wolfgang Mieder, and Fred Shapiro. The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
  48. Drezner, Daniel W. “Does Obama Have a Grand Strategy? Why We Need Doctrines in Uncertain Times.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 4 (July/August 2011), pp. 57–68.Google Scholar
  49. Drezner, Daniel W. “Get Smart: How to Cram for 2012.” Foreign Policy, No. 187 (July/August 2011), p. 32.Google Scholar
  50. Duffey, Joseph. “How Globalization Became U.S. Public Diplomacy at the End of the Cold War.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, edited by Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, pp. 325-334. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
  51. Ellis, John. “The Superstring: Theory of Everything, or of Nothing?.” Nature, Vol. 323, No. 6089 (1986), pp. 595–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Elman, Colin and Miriam Fendius Elman. “Negotiating International History and Politics.” In Bridges and Boundaries: Historians, Political Scientists, and the Study of International Relations, edited by Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius Elman, pp. 1–36. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001.Google Scholar
  53. Etheridge, Eric. “How ‘Soft Power’ Got ‘Smart.’” The New York Times, January 14, 2009. Online at: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/14/how-soft-power-got-smart/ (accessed August 12, 2016).
  54. Fels, Enrico. “Power Shift? Power in International Relations and the Allegiance of Middle Powers.” In Power in the 21st Century: International Security and International Political Economy in a Changing World, edited by Enrico Fels, Jan-Frederik Kremer, and Katharina Kronenberg, pp. 3–28. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Fels, Fels. “Dancing with the Dragon: Indonesia and Its Relations to a Rising China.” In Indonesia’s Search for Democracy: Political, Economic, and Social Developments, edited by Matthias Heise and Kathrin Rucktäschel, pp. 163–190. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Fels, Enrico. “Beyond Military Interventions? The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and its Quest for cuius regio, eius dicio.” In Military Interventions: Considerations from Philosophy and Political Science, edited by Christian Neuhäuser and Christoph Schuck, pp. 149–191. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Fels, Enrico. Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. Cham: Springer International, 2017.Google Scholar
  58. Ferguson, Niall. “Think Again: Power.” Foreign Policy, No. 134 (January/February 2003), pp. 18–22 & 24.Google Scholar
  59. Ferguson, Niall. Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Press, 2004.Google Scholar
  60. Foreign Policy Staff. “The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers.” Foreign Policy, November 28, 2011. Online at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/28/the-fp-top-100-global-thinkers-3/ (accessed February 10, 2015).
  61. Foreign Policy Staff. “Does the Academy Matter?.” Foreign Policy, No. 205 (March/April 2014), pp. 60–69.Google Scholar
  62. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, 1977.Google Scholar
  63. Frankfurter Allgemeine Archiv. Online at: https://fazarchiv.faz.net (accessed August 2, 2018).
  64. Fraser, Matthew. Weapons of Mass Distraction: Soft Power and American Empire. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, 2003.Google Scholar
  65. Freedom House. “Freedom in the World: Electoral Democracies.” Online at: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Electoral%20Democracy%20Numbers,%20FIW%201989-2013.pdf (accessed August 15, 2018).Google Scholar
  66. Friedberg, Aaron L. “Same Old Song: What the Declinists (and Triumphalists) Miss.” The American Interest, Vol. 5, No. 2 (November/December 2009), pp. 28–35.Google Scholar
  67. Friedensburg, Ferdinand. Die mineralischen Bodenschätze als weltpolitische und militärische Machtfaktoren. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1936.Google Scholar
  68. Friedrich der Große. “Abriß der preußischen Regierung und der Grundsätze, auf denen sie beruht, nebst einigen politischen Betrachtungen.” In Ausgewählte Schriften, edited by Ulrike-Christine Sander, pp. 73–82. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2011.Google Scholar
  69. Friedrich der Große. “Fürstenspiegel, oder Unterweisung des Königs für den jungen Herzog Karl Eugen von Württemberg.” In Ausgewählte Schriften, edited by Ulrike-Christine Sander, pp. 47–51. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2011.Google Scholar
  70. Fucks, Wilhelm. Formeln zur Macht: Prognosen über Völker, Wirtschaft, Potentiale. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1965.Google Scholar
  71. Fukuyama, Francis. “The End of History.” National Interest, No. 16 (Summer 1989), pp. 3–18.Google Scholar
  72. Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1992.Google Scholar
  73. Fukuyama, Francis. “The Neoconservative Moment.” The National Interest, No. 76 (Summer 2004), pp. 57–68.Google Scholar
  74. Furlong, Paul and David Marsh. “A Skin Not a Sweater: Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science.” In Theory and Methods in Political Science, edited by David Marsh and Gerry Stoker, pp. 184–211. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Gallarotti, Giulio M. Cosmopolitan Power in International Relations: A Synthesis of Realism, Neoliberalism, and Constructivism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
  76. Gallarotti, Giulio M. “Smart Power: Definitions, Importance, and Effectiveness.” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3 (2015), pp. 245–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Garrison, Jim. America’s Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power. San Francisco, Cal.: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2004.Google Scholar
  78. Gaskarth, Jamie. British Foreign Policy: Crises, Conflicts and Future Challenges. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.Google Scholar
  79. Geiger, Till. “The Power Game, Soft Power and the International Historian.” In Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, pp. 83–107. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
  80. Gelb, Leslie H. Power Rules: How Common Sense Can Rescue American Foreign Policy. New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 2009.Google Scholar
  81. German, F. Clifford. “A Tentative Evaluation of World Power.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1960), pp. 138–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Gilboa, Eytan. “Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, Public Diplomacy in a Changing World (March 2008), pp. 55–77.Google Scholar
  83. Goldsmith, Benjamin E. and Yusaku Horiuchi. “In Search of Soft Power: Does Foreign Public Opinion Matter for US Foreign Policy?.” World Politics, Vol. 64, No. 3 (July 2012), pp. 555–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Goldstein, Joshua S. and Jon C. Pevehouse. International Relations. New York, N.Y.: Pearson Longman, 2014.Google Scholar
  85. Greenstein, Fred I. “The Impact of Personality on the End of the Cold War: A Counterfactual Analysis.” Political Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 1 (March 1998), pp. 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Gu, Xuewu. “Global Power Shift: Soft, Hard and Structural Power.” In Die Gestaltung der Globalität: Annährungen an Begriff, Deutung und Methodik, edited by Ludger Kühnhardt and Tilman Mayer, pp. 53-60. Bonn: Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung, Discussion Paper C198, 2010.Google Scholar
  87. Gu, Xuewu. “Strukturelle Macht: Eine dritte Machtquelle?” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, Vol. 41, No. 3 (2012), pp. 259–276.Google Scholar
  88. Gu, Xuewu. Die Große Mauer in den Köpfen: China, der Westen und die Suche nach Verständigung. Hamburg: Edition Körber-Stiftung, 2014.Google Scholar
  89. Gu, Xuewu. “Ist Globalität gestaltbar?.” In Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität, edited by Ludger Kühnhardt and Tilman Mayer, pp. 1527–1541. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Gu, Xuewu. Theorien der Internationalen Beziehungen: Einführung. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 2018.Google Scholar
  91. Guzzini, Stefano. “The Concept of Power: A Constructivist Analysis.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2005), pp. 495–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Guzzini, Stefano. Power, Realism and Constructivism. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.Google Scholar
  93. Haass, Richard N. “13 International Relations Buzzwords That Need to Get Taken to the Woodshed.” Foreign Policy, February 3, 2017. Online at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/03/13-international-relations-buzzwords-that-need-to-get-taken-to-the-woodshed/ (accessed March 26, 2017).
  94. Hall, Todd. “An Unclear Attraction: A Critical Examination of Soft Power as an Analytical Category.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2010), pp. 189–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Hamilton, Alexander. “Federalist No. 33.” In The Federalist Papers, edited by Clinton Rossiter, pp. 197–201. New York, N.Y.: Signet Classic, 2003.Google Scholar
  96. Hamilton, Edith. The Greek Way. London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993.Google Scholar
  97. Han, Byung-Chul. Was ist Macht? Stuttgart: Reclam, 2005.Google Scholar
  98. Harshe, Rajen. “Culture, Identity and International Relations.” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 37 (September 16-22, 2006), pp. 3945 & 3947–3951.Google Scholar
  99. Hatscher, Christoph R. Charisma und Res Publica: Max Webers Herrschaftssoziologie und die Römische Republik. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000.Google Scholar
  100. Haugaard, Mark. Power: A Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
  101. Haugaard, Mark and Stewart R. Clegg. “Introduction: Why Power is the Central Concept of the Social Sciences.” In The SAGE Handbook of Power, edited by Stewart R. Clegg and Mark Haugaard, pp. 1–24. London: SAGE Publications, 2009.Google Scholar
  102. Hawking, Stephen W. “Gödel and the End of Physics.” University of Cambridge Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, July 20, 2002. Online at: http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/events/strings02/dirac/hawking/ (accessed June 17, 2014).
  103. Heinze, Richard. “Auctoritas.” Hermes, Vol. 60 (1925), pp. 348–366.Google Scholar
  104. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. With an Essay by the Late W. G. Pogson Smith. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909.Google Scholar
  105. Hübner, Dietmar. “Der Ort der Macht: Potestas und auctoritas als Deutungslinien für Markt und Medien.” Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, Vol. 58, No. 3 (2010), pp. 395–415.Google Scholar
  106. Huntington, Samuel P. “The United States: Decline or Renewal?.” Adelphi Papers, Vol. 29, No. 235 (1989), pp. 63–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Huntington, Samuel P. “Democracy’s Third Wave.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 1991), pp. 12–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.Google Scholar
  109. Ifantis, Kostas. “Soft Power: Overcoming the Limits of a Concept.” In Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft, edited by B. J. C. McKercher, pp. 441–452. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
  110. Inboden, William. “What is Power? And How Much of It Does America Have?.” The American Interest, Vol. 5, No. 2 (November/December 2009), pp. 15–19 & 22–27.Google Scholar
  111. International Churchill Society. “Quotes Falsely Attributed to Winston Churchill: Jaw-Jaw.” Online at: https://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/quotes-falsely-attributed (accessed September 9, 2017).
  112. Internet Live Stats. “Total Number of Websites.” Online at: http://www.internetlivestats.com/total-number-of-websites/ (accessed August 2, 2018).Google Scholar
  113. Internet Live Stats. “Trends & More (Statistics).” Online at: http://www.internetlivestats.com/statistics/ (accessed August 2, 2018).Google Scholar
  114. Jarausch, Konrad H. “Intellectual Dissonance: German-American (Mis-)Understandings in the 1990s.” In The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation between Two Cultures, 1800-2000, edited by Frank Trommler and Elliott Shore, pp. 219–233. New York, N.Y.: Berghahn Books, 2001.Google Scholar
  115. Joffe, Josef. “The Default Power: The False Prophecy of America’s Decline.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 5 (September/October 2009), pp. 21–35.Google Scholar
  116. Kaarbo, Juliet and James Lee Ray. Global Politics. Boston, Mass.: Wadsworth, 2011.Google Scholar
  117. Kagan, Frederick W. “Power and Persuasion” The Wilson Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Summer 2005), pp. 57–65.Google Scholar
  118. Kagan, Robert. “Not Fade Away.” The New Republic, January 11, 2012. Online at: http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/magazine/99521/america-world-power-declinism (accessed February 10, 2015).
  119. Kagan, Robert. “Power and Weakness.” Policy Review, No. 113 (June/July 2002), pp. 3–28.Google Scholar
  120. Kaplan, Abraham. The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Sciences. San Francisco, Cal.: Chandler Publishing Company, 1964.Google Scholar
  121. Kathe, Steffen R. Kulturpolitik um jeden Preis: Die Geschichte des Goethe-Instituts von 1951 bis 1990. München: Martin Meidenbauer, 2005.Google Scholar
  122. Keck, Zachary. “The Hard Side of Soft Power.” The Diplomat, July 24, 2013. Online at: http://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-hard-side-of-soft-power/ (accessed June 1, 2016).
  123. Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, 1987.Google Scholar
  124. Keohane, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in World Political Economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
  125. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. “Transnational Relations and World Politics: An Introduction.” International Organization, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Summer 1971), pp. 329–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. “Power and Interdependence.” Survival, Vol. 15, No. 4 (1973), pp. 158–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Power and Independence: World Politics in Transition. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown and Company, 1977.Google Scholar
  128. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. “Power and Interdependence Revisited.” International Organization, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Autumn 1987), pp. 725–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. “Power and Interdependence in the Information Age.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 5 (September/October 1998), pp. 81–94.Google Scholar
  130. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Power and Independence: World Politics in Transition. Boston, Mass.: Longman, 2012.Google Scholar
  131. Kilbane, Mark. “Military Psychological Operations as Public Diplomacy.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, edited by Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, pp. 187–192. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
  132. Kingsbury, Paul, Michael McCall, and John W. Rumble, eds. The Encyclopedia of Country Music. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
  133. Kivimäki, Timo. “‘Reason’ and ‘Power’ in Territorial Disputes: The South China Sea.” Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 30, No. 3 (2002), pp. 525–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  134. Kounalakis, Markos and Andras Simonyi. The Hard Truth about Soft Power, CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 5, 2011, Los Angeles, Cal.: Figueroa Press, 2011.Google Scholar
  135. Krige, John. “Technological Leadership and American Soft Power.” In Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, pp. 121–136. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
  136. Kugler, Jacek and William Domke. “Comparing the Strength of Nations.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (April 1986), pp. 39–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. Kühnhardt, Ludger. Von der ewigen Suche nach Frieden: Immanuel Kants Vision und Europas Wirklichkeit. Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1996.Google Scholar
  138. Kühnhardt, Ludger. “Globality: Concept and Impact.” In The Bonn Handbook of Globality, Volume 1, edited by Ludger Kühnhardt and Tilman Mayer, pp. 19–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019.Google Scholar
  139. Kurlantzick, Joshua. Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
  140. Layne, Christopher. “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power.” In Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, pp. 51–82. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
  141. Lebow, Richard Ned. “The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism.” International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 249–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. Lebow, Richard Ned. A Cultural Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
  143. Lebow, Richard Ned and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds. International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War. New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
  144. Lee, Geun. “A Theory of Soft Power and Korea’s Soft Power Strategy.” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 2009), pp. 205–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  145. Legro, Jeffrey W. and Andrew Moravcsik. “Is Anybody Still a Realist?.” International Security, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Fall 1999), pp. 5–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  146. Leonard, Mark. What Does China Think? New York: PublicAffairs, 2008.Google Scholar
  147. Levitt, Theodore. “The Globalization of Markets.” Harvard Business Review, May 1983. Online at: https://hbr.org/1983/05/the-globalization-of-markets (accessed September 28, 2015).
  148. Lewis, C. S. The Chronicles of Narnia: Book 1, The Magician’s Nephew. New York, N.Y.: HarperTrophy, 1994.Google Scholar
  149. Lock, Edward. “Soft Power and Strategy: Developing a ‘Strategic’ Concept of Power.” In Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, pp. 32–50. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
  150. Locke, John. “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.” Great Books of the Western World, edited by Robert Maynard Hutchins, Volume 35, pp. 83–395. Chicago, Ill.: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952.Google Scholar
  151. Lukes, Steven. Power: A Radical View. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.Google Scholar
  152. Lukes, Steven. “Power and the Battle for the Hearts and Minds.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2005), pp. 477–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  153. Lukes, Steven. “Power.” In The Oxford Companion to International Relations, edited by Joel Krieger, Volume 2, pp. 197–199. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
  154. Maaß, Kurt-Jürgen. “Vielfältige Umsetzungen – Ziele und Instrumente der Auswärtigen Kulturpolitik.” In Kultur und Außenpolitik: Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis, edited by Kurt-Jürgen Maaß, pp. 47–54. Baden Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  155. Madison, James. “Helvidius Number I.” In The Pacificus-Helvidius Debates of 1793-1794: Toward the Completion of the American Founding, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Edited and with an Introduction by Morton J. Frisch, pp. 55–64. Indianapolis, Ind.: Liberty Fund, 2007.Google Scholar
  156. Mann, James. Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet. New York, N.Y.: Viking, 2004.Google Scholar
  157. Mattern, Janice Bially. “Why ‘Soft Power’ Isn’t So Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2005), pp. 583–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  158. Mattern, Janice Bially. “Why ‘Soft Power’ Isn’t So Soft: Representational Force and Attraction in World Politics.” In Power in World Politics, edited by Felix Berenskoetter and M.J. Williams, pp. 98–119. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
  159. Mayer, Tilman, Robert Meyer, Lazaros Miliopoulos, H. Peter Ohly, and Erich Weede. “Globalisierung im Fokus von Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft: Einführende Betrachtungen.” In Globalisierung im Fokus von Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft: Eine Bestandsaufnahme, edited by Tilman Mayer, Robert Meyer, Lazaros Miliopoulos, H. Peter Ohly, and Erich Weede, pp. 9–25. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  160. Mead, Walter Russell. “America’s Sticky Power.” Foreign Policy, No. 141 (March/April 2004), pp. 46–53.Google Scholar
  161. Mead, Walter Russell. Power, Terror, Peace, and War: America’s Grand Strategy in a World at Risk. New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.Google Scholar
  162. Meagher, Robert E. “A Man Is Defined by His Longings.” The New York Times, October 12, 1971, p. L43.Google Scholar
  163. Mearsheimer, John J. “Anarchy and the Struggle for Power.” In Essential Readings in World Politics, edited by Karen Mingst and Jack Snyder, pp. 60–79. New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton and Company, 2008.Google Scholar
  164. Montesquieu. Reflections on the Causes of the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire. London: Geo. B. Whittaker, 1825.Google Scholar
  165. Moravcsik, Andrew. “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics.” International Organization, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Autumn 1997), pp. 513–533.Google Scholar
  166. Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 2006.Google Scholar
  167. Morriss, Peter. Power: A Philosophical Analysis. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
  168. Murdoch, Adrian. Rome’s Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest. Stroud: The History Press, 2008.Google Scholar
  169. Nippel, Wilfried. “The Roman Notion of Auctoritas.” In The Concept of Authority: A Multidisciplinary Approach, From Epistemology to the Social Sciences, edited by Pasquale Pasquino and Pamela Harris, pp. 13–34. Rome: Fondazione Adriano Olivetti, 2007.Google Scholar
  170. Nisbet, Robert. “The Twilight of Authority.” The Public Interest, Vol. 15 (Spring 1969), pp. 3–9.Google Scholar
  171. Nisbet, Robert. Twilight of Authority. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
  172. Nossel, Suzanne. “Smart Power.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 2 (March/April 2004), pp. 131–142.Google Scholar
  173. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Neorealism and Neoliberalism.” World Politics, Vol. 40, No. 2 (January 1988), pp. 235–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  174. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books, 1990.Google Scholar
  175. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Soft Power.” Foreign Policy, No. 80 (Autumn 1990), pp. 153–171.Google Scholar
  176. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “The Power We Must Not Squander.” The New York Times, January 3, 2000. Online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/03/opinion/the-power-we-must-not-squander.html (accessed October 10, 2015).
  177. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “The Decline of America’s Soft Power: Why Washington Should Worry.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 3 (May/June 2004), pp. 16–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  178. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York, N.Y.: PublicAffairs, 2004.Google Scholar
  179. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Soft Power and Higher Education.” Forum Futures 2005. EDUCAUSE, January 1, 2005. Online at: https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ffp0502s.pdf (accessed February 19, 2015), pp. 11–14.Google Scholar
  180. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Think Again: Soft Power.” Foreign Policy, February 23, 2006. Online at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2006/02/23/think-again-soft-power/ (accessed February 13, 2015).
  181. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Foreword.” In Soft Power Superpowers: Cultural and National Assets of Japan and the United States, edited by Watanabe Yasushi and David L. McConnell, pp. ix–xiv. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2008.Google Scholar
  182. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Notes for a Soft-Power Research Agenda.” In Power in World Politics, edited by Felix Berenskoetter and M.J. Williams, pp. 162–172. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
  183. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 4 (July/August 2009), pp. 160–163.Google Scholar
  184. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Harvard Professor Joseph Nye on Hard and Soft Power: ‘It Is Pointless to Talk to Al-Qaida.’” Interview conducted by Gabor Steingart and Gregor Peter Schmitz, Der Spiegel, 34/2009, August 17, 2009. Online at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/harvard-professor-joseph-nye-on-hard-and-soft-power-it-is-pointless-to-talk-to-al-qaida-a-643189-2.html (accessed July 17, 2018).Google Scholar
  185. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Responding to My Critics and Concluding Thoughts.” In Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, pp. 215–227. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
  186. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “The Future of American Power: Dominance and Decline in Perspective.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 6 (November/December 2010), pp. 2–12.Google Scholar
  187. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. The Future of Power. New York, N.Y.: PublicAffairs, 2011.Google Scholar
  188. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “China’s Soft Power Strategy.” In Bridging the Trust Divide: Cultural Diplomacy and Fostering Understanding Between China and the West, edited by Helmut K. Anheier and Bernhard Lorentz, pp. 30–33. Essen: Stiftung Mercator, 2012.Google Scholar
  189. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Hard, Soft, and Smart Power.” In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, edited by Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur, pp. 559–574. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
  190. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “The Information Revolution and Power.” Current History, Vol. 133, No. 759 (2014), pp. 19–22.Google Scholar
  191. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. Is the American Century Over?. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015.Google Scholar
  192. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Soft Power: The Origins and Political Progress of a Concept.” Palgrave Communications, Vol. 3 (February 21, 2017). Online at: https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms20178 (accessed August 14, 2017).
  193. Organski, A. F. K. World Politics. New York, N.Y.: Alfred Knopf, 1958.Google Scholar
  194. Oxford Dictionary of English, edited by Angus Stevenson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
  195. Paliwoda, Stanley J. and Stephanie Slater. “Globalisation Through the Kaleidoscope.” International Marketing Review, Vol. 26, No. 4/5 (2009), pp. 373–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  196. Patterson, James T. Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
  197. Patton, George S. War as I Knew It. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995.Google Scholar
  198. Pierson, Paul. “Power and Path Dependence.” In Advances in Comparative-Historical Analysis, edited by James Mahoney and Kathleen Thelen, pp. 123–146. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
  199. Pratkanis, Anthony. “Public Diplomacy in International Conflicts: A Social Influence Analysis.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, edited by Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, pp. 111–153. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
  200. Reagan, Ronald. “Remarks on the Occasion of 83rd Birthday Gala.” Simi Valley, Cal., February 3, 1994. Online at: http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreagan83rdbirthday.htm (accessed November 16, 2015).
  201. Riley, Patrick. “The General Will Before Rousseau.” In Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Critical Assessment of Leading Political Philosophers, Volume III: Political Principles and Institutions, edited by John T. Scott, pp. 135–162. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar
  202. Robert, Rüdiger. “Globalisierung als Herausforderung für das politische System.” In Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Politisches System und Globalisierung, Eine Einführung, edited by Rüdiger Robert, pp. 27–47. Münster: Waxmann, 2007.Google Scholar
  203. Robertson, Thomas S. “The Process of Innovation and the Diffusion of Innovation.” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31, No. 1 (January 1967), pp. 14–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  204. Rödder, Andreas. 21.0: Eine kurze Geschichte der Gegenwart. München: C. H. Beck, 2015.Google Scholar
  205. Roselle, Laura, Alister Miskimmon, and Ben O’Loughlin. “Strategic Narrative: A New Means to Understand Soft Power.” Media, War & Conflict, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2014), pp. 70–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  206. Rowland, Robert C. and John M. Jones. Reagan at Westminster: Foreshadowing the End of the Cold War. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
  207. Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. “Can One or a Few Cases Yield Theoretical Gains?” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, pp. 305–336. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
  208. Russell, Bertrand. Power: A New Social Analysis. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1938.Google Scholar
  209. Schneider, Cynthia P. “Culture Communicates: US Diplomacy at Work.” In The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, edited by Jan Melissen, pp. 147–168. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.Google Scholar
  210. Schroeder, Paul W. “Historical Reality vs. Neorealist Theory.” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 108–148.Google Scholar
  211. Schwarz, Hans-Peter. “America, Germany, and the Atlantic Community after the Cold War.” In The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1990: A Handbook, Volume II: 1968-1990, edited by Detlef Junker, associated editors Philipp Gassert, Wilfried Mausbach, and David B. Morris, pp. 535–565. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
  212. Scott-Smith, Giles. “Exchange Programs and Public Diplomacy.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, edited by Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, pp. 50–55. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
  213. Scott-Smith, Giles. “Soft Power in an Era of US Decline.” In Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, pp. 165–181. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
  214. Shambaugh, David. China Goes Global: The Partial Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
  215. Singer, J. David and Melvin Small. The Wages of War, 1816-1965: A Statistical Handbook. New York, N.Y.: John Wiley, 1972.Google Scholar
  216. Snow, Nancy. “Rethinking Public Diplomacy.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, edited by Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor, pp. 3–11. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
  217. Solomon, Ty. “The Affective Underpinnings of Soft Power.” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2014), pp. 720–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  218. Stoll, Richard J. and Michael D. Ward, eds. Power in World Politics. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1989.Google Scholar
  219. Su Changhe. “Soft Power.” In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, edited by Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur, pp. 544–558. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
  220. Süßmilch, Johann Peter. Die göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des menschlichen Geschlechts, aus der Geburt, dem Tode und der Fortpflanzung desselben erwiesen. Göttingen: Jürgen Chrom Verlag, 1988.Google Scholar
  221. Taylor, A. J. P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954.Google Scholar
  222. The New York Times Article Archive. Online at: http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/nytarchive.html (accessed August 2, 2018).Google Scholar
  223. Thussu, Daya. De-Americanizing Soft Power Discourse?. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 2, 2014. Los Angeles, Cal.: Figueroa Press, 2012.Google Scholar
  224. Treverton, Gregory F. America, Germany, and the Future of Europe. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
  225. Van Ham, Peter. “Power, Public Diplomacy, and the Pax Americana.” In The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, edited by Jan Melissen, pp. 47–66. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.Google Scholar
  226. Vasilevskyte, Simona. “Discussing Soft Power Theory After Nye: The Case of Geun Lee’s Theoretical Approach.” Regional Studies, No. 7 (2013), pp. 145–157.Google Scholar
  227. Virmani, Arvind. “VIP2: A Simple Measure of a Nation’s (Natural) Global Power.” Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, July 2005. Online at: http://www.icrier.org/pdf/VIPP4.pdf (accessed July 24, 2014).
  228. Walker, Christopher. “The Hijacking of ‘Soft Power.’” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 2016), pp. 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  229. Waltz, Kenneth N. Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1959.Google Scholar
  230. Waltz, Kenneth N. “Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics.” In Neorealism and its Critics, edited by Robert O. Keohane, pp. 322–345. New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
  231. Waltz, Kenneth N. “Structural Realism after the End of the Cold War.” International Security, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Summer 2000), pp. 5–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  232. Weber, Max. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Translated by A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons, Edited with an Introduction by Talcott Parsons. New York, N.Y. Free Press, 1947.Google Scholar
  233. Wells, Peter S. The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
  234. Wells, Peter S. The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest. New York, N.Y.: Norton & Company, 2003.Google Scholar
  235. Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.” International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 391–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  236. Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
  237. Whiton, Christian. Smart Power: Between Diplomacy and War. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2013.Google Scholar
  238. Wilson, Ernest J., III. “Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, Public Diplomacy in a Changing World (March 2008), pp. 110–124.Google Scholar
  239. Wirsching, Andreas. Der Preis der Freiheit: Geschichte Europas in unserer Zeit. München: C. H. Beck, 2012.Google Scholar
  240. Wohlforth, William C. “Realism and the End of the Cold War.” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/1995), pp. 91–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  241. Zaharna, R. S. The Cultural Awakening in Public Diplomacy, CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 4, 2012. Los Angeles, Cal.: Figueroa Press, 2012.Google Scholar
  242. Zahran, Geraldo and Leonardo Ramos. “From Hegemony to Soft Power: Implications of a Conceptual Change.” In Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, pp. 12–31. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
  243. Zakaria, Fareed. “The Future of American Power: How America Can Survive the Rise of the Rest.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 3 (May/June 2008), pp. 18–43.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Authors and Affiliations

  • Hendrik W. Ohnesorge
    • 1
  1. 1.Center for Global StudiesUniversity of BonnBonnGermany

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options