Skip to main content

The Origins of Rights Discourse

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Human Rights Redefining Legal Thought

Part of the book series: Studies in the History of Law and Justice ((SHLJ,volume 16))

  • 270 Accesses

Abstract

In light of their huge contemporary significance, the history of human rights has been the subject of reams of scholarship. In addition, as the use and meaning of the word ‘right’ has changed considerably over the course of time, not least because of the disagreements over visions of history, notions of this history are largely at odds with each other. Hence, before presenting the historical background to the research, a brief overview of the histories of human rights will illuminate the problems relating to that history.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For a critical review of the “traditional” histories of human rights, see Hoffman (2011a). For a review of the recent debates on the histories of human rights, see Alston (2013), pp. 2061–2081.

  2. 2.

    Lauren (2003), pp. 5–10; Ishay (2008), pp. 16–61; James (2007), pp. 7–9.

  3. 3.

    Schiavone (2012), pp. 199‒200, 286‒287. For a discussion on the meaning of ius in Roman law, see Tuck (1979), pp. 7–13; Tierney (1997), pp. 15–19.

  4. 4.

    Bauman (2000), pp. 1–9, quote at p. 8.

  5. 5.

    Honoré (2002), p. ix.

  6. 6.

    Tierney (1997); Tuck (1979); Brett (1997).

  7. 7.

    Tuck (1979), pp. 19–20.

  8. 8.

    Tierney (1997), p. 42.

  9. 9.

    Tierney (1972), pp. 67–72; Tuck (1979), pp. 20–22.

  10. 10.

    Turner (2003), p. 8. A similar decree was issued by Alfonso IX of the Kingdom of León in 1188 (see Procter 1980, pp. 51–53).

  11. 11.

    Boucher (2009), p. 245.

  12. 12.

    Headley (2008), pp. 27–28, 71–74.

  13. 13.

    Tierney (1997), pp. 255–287; James (2007), pp. 11–12.

  14. 14.

    Headley (2008).

  15. 15.

    Bates (2010), pp. 20–21; Lauren (2003), pp. 14–15, 26–28; Headley (2008), pp. 108–130.

  16. 16.

    Ishay (2008), pp. 64–116; Lauren (2003), pp. 14–21, 28–36; James (2007), pp. 11–18; Bates (2010), pp. 20–23.

  17. 17.

    Witte (2007), p. 2. Witte does not argue that Calvin or his followers would have invented human rights, but on the contrary that “leaders of both the Reformation and the Enlightenment inherited many more rights and liberties than they invented” (ibid. p. 23).

  18. 18.

    Ishay (2008), pp. 77–78.

  19. 19.

    Mahoney (2007), p. 1. See also Donnelly (1989), p. 64.

  20. 20.

    Hunt (2007).

  21. 21.

    Zuckert (1994), pp. 3–15; Headley (2008), pp. 133–136.

  22. 22.

    Israel (2012), p. 12.

  23. 23.

    Thomas Paine captured the revolutionary ardor of both the Americans and the French in his Common Sense and Rights of Man (see, e.g., Aldridge 1959). In general, see, e.g., Hunt (2007), pp. 113–175. On the rather complicated relationship between revolutionary ideology and social circumstances, see Bailyn (1967); Chartier (1991); Israel (2012, 2014).

  24. 24.

    Vincent (1986), p. 26; Klug (2000), pp. 69–70.

  25. 25.

    Simpson (2001), p. 30.

  26. 26.

    Lauren (2003), pp. 28–35; Headley (2008), pp. 130–133.

  27. 27.

    Ishay (2008), pp. 73–75, 109–111, 120–126, 155–172; Lauren (2003), pp. 38–58, 63–70.

  28. 28.

    Forsythe (2005), pp. 13–23.

  29. 29.

    Tuchman (1966), pp. 229–288.

  30. 30.

    Normand and Zaidi (2008), pp. 42–43.

  31. 31.

    Hochschild (2005); Martinez (2012); Blackburn (2011a).

  32. 32.

    Borgwardt (2005), pp. 65–66.

  33. 33.

    Sarkin (2007), p. 127.

  34. 34.

    Afshari (2007), pp. 34–35, 42.

  35. 35.

    Northedge (1986), pp. 1–69; Mazower (1998), pp. 41–57. On the other hand, Jeremy Sarkin argues that since the 16th century, various international treaties between European nations have included protection of the rights of various peoples, and The Hague Conventions merely stated their existence in written form (Sarkin 2007, pp. 148, 151).

  36. 36.

    Weitz (2008), pp. 1340–1341.

  37. 37.

    Simpson (2001), p. v. On the other hand, Michael Addo notes that “Careful analyses rather suggest that the international human rights normative framework set out in the Charter of the United Nations and in use since, owes its character to – and for that reason – is inextricably linked with the ad hoc system of international concern for human rights before then” (Addo 2010, p. 139).

  38. 38.

    See, e.g., Henkin (1990), p. 1; Whelan (2010), p. 11.

  39. 39.

    Burgers (1992) arguing that the modern idea of human rights emerged in the interwar era and during the Second World War with the original intent to secure international peace.

  40. 40.

    Borgwardt (2005). Arguing that Roosevelt’s efforts to universalize New Deal policies in the Atlantic Charter in 1941 “marked a defining, inaugural moment for what we now know as the modern doctrine of human rights” (ibid., p. 4).

  41. 41.

    Burke (2010), Jensen (2016). See also Klose (2013) (focusing on the dissonance between human rights rhetoric and colonial violence).

  42. 42.

    Tierney (1997), Footnote 23 on p. 18.

  43. 43.

    Hoffman (2011b); Iriye et al. (2012). The most recent histories on human rights also include, e.g., Keys (2014); Jensen (2016); Robertson (2015). For a brief survey on the recent historiography of human rights, see Jensen (2016), pp. 8–11.

  44. 44.

    Hoffman (2011a), p. 4.

  45. 45.

    Moyn (2010), p. 3.

  46. 46.

    Moyn (2014), p. 4.

  47. 47.

    Pagels (1979).

  48. 48.

    See, e.g., Sellars (2002).

  49. 49.

    Martinez (2012), p. 13.

  50. 50.

    Hoffman (2011a), p. 3; Moyn (2010), pp. 5–8.

  51. 51.

    Hunt (2007), p. 20.

  52. 52.

    Hoffman (2011a), Footnote 6.

  53. 53.

    Witte (2007), pp. 20–23, quote at p. 23 (footnote omitted).

  54. 54.

    Iriye and Goedde (2012), pp. 3–24.

  55. 55.

    Cmiel (2012), p. 35.

  56. 56.

    Donnelly (1989), pp 26–27.

  57. 57.

    Alston (2013), pp. 2070–2071.

  58. 58.

    It seems that much of the critique of the so-called traditional or conventional history of human rights, so-called because in my opinion there is no such thing, ignores these possibilities of emphasis. For example, in 2003 Balakrishnan Rajagopal criticized the ‘elitist’ history of human rights for being Western and state-oriented, and excluding Third World activism and discourse (Rajagopal 2003, pp. 174–176, 186–188), but he does not seem to explicate what, in fact, he means by human rights in this regard (although see ibid. pp. 189–194 where some aspects are concerned).

  59. 59.

    Ishay (2008), p. 18.

  60. 60.

    Donnelly (1989), p. 49. See also Donnelly’s analysis of the differences between human rights and Islam in ibid. pp. 50–52. For criticism of the views identifying religious doctrines with human rights, see Pagels (1979); Afshari (2007), pp. 3–4, Footnote 8.

  61. 61.

    The idea of a changing conception of human rights is, of course, quite a typical one. For instance, Francesca Klug has expressed this idea as follows: “The idea of rights has changed over time because people have acted together to claim rights in different circumstances and with varying goals in mind” (Klug 2000, p. 10). In addition, According to William Talbott, “the proposition that human beings should have certain legally protected basic rights is a partly moral, partly empirical discovery based on thousands of years of accumulated experience of human social existence” (Talbott 2005, p. 3 (italics in the original)).

  62. 62.

    Martinez (2013), p. 237.

  63. 63.

    Mazower (1998), p. xii.

  64. 64.

    Iriye and Goedde (2012), p. 6. The cited argument seems true, although, it must be noted, I am not sure whether anyone has ever argued otherwise.

  65. 65.

    By saying this, I do not mean that human rights should be considered the end point or zenith of this history. On the contrary, I mean that human rights mark the modern conception of justice, encapsulating most of the values that are considered essential for human life today. Their relevance in the future, however, is unknown and uncertain.

  66. 66.

    Various scholars have discredited Moyn’s thesis. The most profound and well-grounded of these critiques is Cargas (2016). See also, e.g., Bass (2010), pp. 35–39; Blackburn (2011b), pp. 126–138; Anderson (2012), pp. 549–562; Alston (2013), pp. 2069–2077. Since there is no need to repeat everything here, a few salient points will suffice. Although we should not regard history as evolution, we cannot disregard it altogether, as Moyn seems to be doing. Moyn does point out that there was a huge growth in rights talk in the late 1970s and that a massive human rights movement was also established then, but that does not change the fact that the human rights agenda was created earlier. Moyn’s goal, then, seems to be simply to discredit the “traditional” account of human rights history, even though no such thing exists. After all, Moyn’s argument that the history of human rights is traditionally presented as heroic or evolutionary is not well-founded. For example, Ishay’s (2008) point is precisely to demonstrate that the history of rights has been fragmented, proceeding from crisis to crisis, sometimes making a change and sometimes not.

  67. 67.

    Hallberg et al. (1999), pp. 33–34, 75–78, 86–96.

  68. 68.

    Kennedy (2006), pp. 25–36.

  69. 69.

    Wieacker (1995), pp. 341–346.

  70. 70.

    Björne (1979), pp. 112–119; Klami (1977), pp. 45–81.

  71. 71.

    Björne (2002), pp. 169–171, 208–239.

  72. 72.

    Heikkinen (1999), pp. 131–134. Economic growth was not constant, of course, and also included periods of downturn and recession.

  73. 73.

    See in general, Kekkonen (1987).

  74. 74.

    Viljanen (1986), pp. 83–95.

  75. 75.

    Jyränki (1996), pp. 739–740.

  76. 76.

    Jyränki (1973), pp. 47–48.

  77. 77.

    Viljanen (1986), pp. 39–72.

  78. 78.

    Jyränki (1973), pp. 62–68.

  79. 79.

    Naiskysymyksen periaatteita, p. 269 (“Human rights are the apple of the eye of social issues” (translation by JS) “Ihmisoikeudet ne ovat sosialisten kysymysten silmäteränä”); Ihanteet ja aika, p. 7 (the emancipation of slaves and the education of people are general aims in achieving freedom and human rights (translation by JS) orjien vapauttaminen ja kansan sivistäminen “on yleinen pyrkiminen vapauden ja ihmisoikeuksien saavuttamiseen.”); Naisasia Ameriikassa, pp. 124–143.

  80. 80.

    Saksan sosialidemokraattien puoluepäiviltä Jenassa, p. 272 (referring to the convention of the German Socialist Democratic Party).

  81. 81.

    Työväenliike ja isänmaallisuus, p. 6.

  82. 82.

    Esikoisoikeus hernerokasta, pp. 230–231.

  83. 83.

    Polvinen (1984), pp. 101–170.

  84. 84.

    See, e.g., Uola (2002).

  85. 85.

    Böök (1900).

  86. 86.

    Ibid., pp. 238–239.

  87. 87.

    Ibid., pp. 240–243, and especially page 243.

  88. 88.

    Ibid., pp. 246–247. The original reads: “näemme vihdoinkin, kuinka ihmis- ja kansalaisoikeudet 19:nnen vuosisadan päättyessä ovat, yhtenä uuden ajan valtio-oikeudellisen historian johtavana aatteena, niin juurtuneet sivistyskansojen oikeustajuntaan, ettei mikään sen ajan hallitus, näitä oikeuksia syrjäyttämällä, ikinä saata teoissaan vastata sen rukouksen sisällystä, mikä kansojen ylimpäin maallisten valtiasten puolesta lausutaan vanhassa teoksessa kuningasten ja päälliköiden hallituksesta ‘Om Styrilse Konunga ock Höfdinga’” (footnote omitted). “as the 19th century closes we can finally see how human rights and the rights of the citizen, as a leading idea in the modern history of constitutional law, are so embedded in the legal consciousness of civilized nations that no contemporary government violating these rights could ever answer the prayer that is said for earthy rulers in the ancient work on the governance of kings and chiefs” (translation by JS).

  89. 89.

    Viljanen (1986), pp. 137, 140.

  90. 90.

    See Tyynilä (2005).

  91. 91.

    Lilius (1905), pp. 200–204.

  92. 92.

    Ibid., pp. 200–201.

  93. 93.

    Ibid., pp. 203–204.

  94. 94.

    Jyränki (1996), pp. 741–743; Viljanen (1986), pp. 124–158.

  95. 95.

    Viljanen (1986), p. 159.

  96. 96.

    Erich (1908), pp. 111, 124.

  97. 97.

    Vares (1998); Klami (1977), pp. 32–33, 79–80, 147–148.

  98. 98.

    Jyränki (1973), pp. 134–135. However, the notion that industrial rights enjoyed constitutional protection had not gained widespread support by 1909 when the constitutional committee supported it while contemplating prohibition (ibid., pp. 162–164).

  99. 99.

    Klami (1977), pp. 187–190.

  100. 100.

    Serlachius (1907), pp. 37–43, 69–75.

  101. 101.

    Lilius (1910), p. 146.

  102. 102.

    See LM (1909), pp. 78–89.

  103. 103.

    Lilius (1910), p. 147.

  104. 104.

    Lilius (1906), pp. 106–111, 133–138.

  105. 105.

    Lilius (1905).

  106. 106.

    Lilius (1907).

  107. 107.

    Lilius (1906), pp. 134–135.

  108. 108.

    Lilius (1907), p. 210.

  109. 109.

    Ståhlberg (1912a), pp. 1, 4.

  110. 110.

    Ståhlberg (1912b), pp. 367–390; Ståhlberg (1913a), pp. 113–147; Ståhlberg (1913b), pp. 213–267.

  111. 111.

    On the events of independence, see Hentilä (2006), pp. 100–105; Lappalainen (1985), pp. 50–85; Lindman (1968), pp. 162–203; Jyränki (1989a), pp. 472–475. The fact that the parliament proclaimed itself the highest authority in Finland in November 15 signified a de facto declaration of independence. However, the Russian acts of recognition on December 31, 1917 and January 4, 1918 signified de jure independence, since it was only after Russian recognition that other countries were able to recognize Finland in terms of international law.

  112. 112.

    For a detailed account of the monarchy question, see Lindman (1968), pp. 251–278, 306–317.

  113. 113.

    Hentilä (2006), pp. 106–134; Ylikangas (2007), pp. 218–219, 231–232.

  114. 114.

    Kekkonen (2016), pp. 135–149, and see also Kekkonen (1991).

  115. 115.

    Jyränki (1989a), pp. 487–489; Kekkonen (1998), pp. 57–62.

  116. 116.

    Viljanen (1986), pp. 97–119, 182; Lindman (1968), pp. 331–426.

  117. 117.

    See Jyränki (1977), pp. 98–111; Lindman (1968), pp. 373–375. For an analysis of the constitutional ideas of the “red” side of the Civil War, see Nieminen (1974).

  118. 118.

    Viljanen (1986), pp. 191–245.

  119. 119.

    Jyränki (1989b), pp. 945–946.

  120. 120.

    Kennedy (2006), pp. 37–62.

  121. 121.

    Pihlajamäki (2000), pp. 349–350.

  122. 122.

    Helin (1988), pp. 276, 315–318, 322–324, 357–360, 362–365; Björne (2007), pp. 223–225.

  123. 123.

    Erich (1924), pp. 214–256; Hermanson (1928), pp. 30–39; Wrede (1931), pp. 190–192.

  124. 124.

    Hermanson (1928), p. 30; Erich (1924), p. 215.

  125. 125.

    Wrede (1931), p. 190.

  126. 126.

    Puhakka (1925), pp. 95–104.

  127. 127.

    Sundström (2001).

  128. 128.

    Puhakka (1925), p. 96.

  129. 129.

    Erich (1924), p. 217.

  130. 130.

    Erich (1922), pp. 163–179.

  131. 131.

    Björkstén (1925–1926).

  132. 132.

    This article was adopted from the German constitution of 1919.

  133. 133.

    Kotonen (1930), pp. 158–159.

  134. 134.

    Sundström (1998).

  135. 135.

    According to Veli-Pekka Viljanen, there were three main interpretations of the right to work in interwar Finland. Kotonen regarded it as a social right. In addition, it was seen to protect people’s freedom to work, and regarded simply as a programmatic declaration. (See Viljanen 1986, pp. 234–235).

  136. 136.

    Vares (2001).

  137. 137.

    Haataja (1937), pp. 392–393, 397–398.

  138. 138.

    Hallberg (2005).

  139. 139.

    Merikoski (1932), p. 95.

  140. 140.

    Ibid., p. 109 (translated by JS). The original reads: “perusoikeudet ovat erikoisen pysyväisyyden omaavia julkisoikeudellisia normeja, joiden kautta valtio itseään eräissä suhteissa rajoittaen luo valtansa alaiselle yksilölle valtion toiminnoista riippumattomaksi jäävän vapauspiirin” (italics omitted).

  141. 141.

    Merikoski (1935b), p. 209. Merikoski wrote about the freedom of assembly but related its genesis to fundamental rights in general. The original reads: Perusoikeus “on tulos valtiollisten aatesuuntain välisistä taisteluista. Sen vuoksi tämän vapauden juridinen sisältö riippuu hyvin läheisesti sen syntyvaiheista ja siitä minkä sisällön [se] on saanut poliittisena iskusanana.” (Ibid.) A constitutional right “is a result of the conflict between constitutional ideologies. Therefore the legal substance of a particular freedom is closely dependent on its origins, as well as on the meaning it has been given as a political catchphrase” (translation by JS).

  142. 142.

    Merikoski (1935a), pp. 44–47.

  143. 143.

    Merikoski (1935a), Footnote 50 on p. 47.

  144. 144.

    Forsström (2004).

  145. 145.

    Hakkila (1939), on rights see pp. 30–86.

  146. 146.

    Ibid., p. 30, 37–40.

  147. 147.

    Tikka (2008), pp. 212–213.

  148. 148.

    Hobsbawm (1996), pp. 103–141; Alnaes (2007), pp. 417–579; Berend (1998), pp. 247–357.

  149. 149.

    Ylikangas (2007), pp. 233–239; Paasivirta (1984), pp. 212–215, 218–224, 346–351; Siltala (1985), pp. 31–186; Björne (1977), pp. 18–25.

  150. 150.

    Kekkonen (1998), pp. 68–69.

  151. 151.

    Kangas (1985), pp. 80–81.

  152. 152.

    Reijonen (1980), pp. 49–135, 146.

  153. 153.

    See Kalemaa (2014), pp. 111–120.

  154. 154.

    Mauriala (2005), esp. pp. 44–56, 125–127, 142–157, 197–201; Mäkinen (1989), esp. pp. 11–12, 51–71, 109–111, 125–136, 165–178, 206–219, 300–307.

  155. 155.

    Tulenkantajat, Näytenumero 1928, pp. 1–3.

  156. 156.

    Mauriala (2005), pp. 263–269. This turn in the political thinking by the Tulenkantajat is dealt with in several unpublished Master’s theses. See Niemi (2007); Mieskonen (2011); Kosunen (2011).

  157. 157.

    Vala (1935).

  158. 158.

    Vuokila (1999), pp. 7–19.

  159. 159.

    Lausumia kuolemanrangaistuksesta (1934); Kuolemanrangaistusta vastaan (1935); Kuolemanrangaistusta ja fashismia vastaan! (1935).

  160. 160.

    Vuokila (1999), pp. 20–25, Footnote 48. The founding members of the Union included, for example, Väinö Lassila, Oskar von Schoultz, Greta Klörich, Cay Sunström, Toivo Pekkanen, Karl Nickul, Erkki Vala, Maissi Erkko, Mikko Ampuja, Hiski Mikkonen, and Mauri Ryömä.

  161. 161.

    Ihmisoikeuksien liiton kokouksen pöytäkirjat ptk 20.11.1935, 3 §; ptk 1.3.1936, 1 § (KA).

  162. 162.

    Vuokila (1999), pp. 31–47.

  163. 163.

    Helsingin kaupungin RO:lle, pp. 3–5 (KA). This defense was also published in the national daily newspaper Helsingin Sanomat (HS) 26.9.1936.

  164. 164.

    Ihmisoikeuksien liiton kokouksen pöytäkirja, 1.11.1935, 4§ (KA). The original reads: Tavoitteena on “ihmisoikeuksien turvaaminen ja demokraattisen valtiojärjestyksen ja kulttuurin säilyttäminen ja kehittäminen”. The purpose is “to safeguard human rights, as well as the maintenance and development of democracy and culture” (translation by JS).

  165. 165.

    Ihmisoikeuksien liiton säännöt 4 § (KA).

  166. 166.

    Kehoitus pöytäkirjan 20.11.1935 liitteenä (KA); Ihmisoikeuksien puolesta: Ihmisoikeuksien liiton aikakausilehti, No 1 (Näytenumero) 15.1.1936, p. 1. See also Vuokila (1999), p. 48.

  167. 167.

    Ihmisoikeuksien puolesta No 1, 15.1.1936, pp. 2–3.

  168. 168.

    Ihmisoikeuksien puolesta No 1, 15.1.1936, p. 3.

  169. 169.

    Ihmisoikeuksien puolesta No 1, 15.1.1936, p. 4.

  170. 170.

    Ihmisoikeuksien puolesta: Ihmisoikeuksien liiton aikakausilehti, No 2, 28.2.1936, p. 4.

  171. 171.

    Ihmisoikeuksien liiton kokouksen pöytäkirjat ptk 30.12.1935; ptk 9.10.1937 2 §; ptk 25.10.1937, 2 §; Julkilausuma Valtioneuvostolle päivätty 6.11.1937; ptk 26.3.1938 (KA).

  172. 172.

    Ihmisoikeuksien liiton kokouksen pöytäkirjat, ptk 13.2.1938, 12 §; ptk 19.3.1938, 3 §; Esitelmäsarja Vankilauudistukset ja nykyaikainen käsitys rikollisuudesta (KA).

  173. 173.

    Ihmisoikeuksien puolesta: Ihmisoikeuksien liiton aikakausilehti No 3–4, 25.4.1936, p. 9–11.

  174. 174.

    Ihmisoikeuksien puolesta No 3–4, 25.4.1936, p. 4–7; Ihmisoikeuksien liiton kokouksen pöytäkirjat, ptk 15.4.1936, 3 §; ptk 8.5.1936, 3 §; ptk 5.11.1938; lehdistölle lähetetyt lausunnot päivätty 18.11.1938 (KA).

  175. 175.

    Ihmisoikeuksien puolesta No 3–4, 25.4.1936, pp. 4–5.

  176. 176.

    Vuokila (1999), pp. 61–63. The targets were Erik Jansson, a Swede who had been arrested in Germany for distributing anti-Nazist journals, and Carl von Ossietzky, a German pacifist who had been arrested for revealing that Germany used weapons banned by the Treaty of Versailles.

  177. 177.

    See, e.g., Burgers (1992), pp. 450–458.

  178. 178.

    The Ligue des Droits de l’Homme was founded in 1898 in France and exists to this day. It had a notable impact on French politics as early as the first half of the 20th century. Its democratic program and endeavors to protect human rights were similar to those of the Finnish Union of Human Rights. (On the French Ligue, see Irvine 2007).

  179. 179.

    See, e.g., Pihlajamäki (2009), pp. 195–197.

  180. 180.

    Helin (1988), pp. 274–276.

  181. 181.

    Malminen (2007), pp. 75–87.

  182. 182.

    Kangas (1976), pp. 4–20.

  183. 183.

    Rinne (2011), pp. 42–49. Brusiin does not appear to have been a member of the Union of Human Rights although he knew people working for it (ibid., p. 51).

References

Literature

  • Addo MK (2010) The legal nature of international human rights. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Afshari R (2007) On historiography of human rights: reflections on Paul Gordon Lauren’s: the evolution of international human rights: visions seen. Hum Rts Q 29:1–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldridge AO (1959) Man of reason: the life of Thomas Paine. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Alnaes K (2007) Pimeyden aika: Euroopan historia 1900–1945 (trans: Eskelinen H). Helsinki, Otava

    Google Scholar 

  • Alston P (2013) Does the past matter? On the origins of human rights. Harv L R 126:2043–2081

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson C (2012) Human rights: a reckoning. Harv Int L J 53:549–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailyn B (1967) The ideological origins of the american revolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass GJ (2010) The old new thing. New Republic, 35–39, 20 Oct 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates E (2010) History. In: Moeckli D, Shah S, Sivakumaran S (eds) International human rights law. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 17–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman RA (2000) Human rights in ancient rome. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Berend IT (1998) Decades of crisis: central and eastern Europe before world war II. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Björkstén SR (1925–1926) Förvärvade rättigheter och lagars retroaktivitet: En studie i finländsk statsförfattningsrätt. JFT 1925:457–493, JFT 1926:119–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Björne L (1977) “…syihin ja lakiin eikä mielivaltaan…”: Tutkimus Turun hovioikeuden poliittisista oikeudenkäynneistä vuosina 1918–1939. Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Björne L (1979) Oikeusjärjestyksen kehityksestä. Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Björne L (2002) Den konstruktiva riktningen: Den nordiska rättsvetenskapens historia, del III, 1871–1910. Institutet för rättshistorisk forskning, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Björne L (2007) Realism och skandinavisk realism: Den nordiska rättsvetenskapens historia, del IV, 1911–1950. Institutet för rättshistorisk forskning, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn R (2011a) The American crucible: slavery, emancipation and human rights. Verso, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn R (2011b) Reclaiming human rights. New Left Rev 2011:126–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgwardt E (2005) A new deal for the world: America’s vision for human rights. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher D (2009) Limits of ethics in international relations: natural law, natural rights, and human rights in transition. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brett AS (1997) Liberty, right, and nature: individual rights in later scholastic thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgers JH (1992) The road to San Francisco: the revival of the human rights idea in the twentieth century. Hum Rights Q 14:447–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke R (2010) Decolonization and the evolution of international human rights. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Böök E (1900) Ihmisen ja kansalaisen oikeudet: Yleissilmäys erään valtio-oikeudellisen aatteen historiaan. Valvoja 4:237–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Cargas S (2016) Questioning Samuel Moyn’s revisionist history of human rights. Hum Rights Q 38:411–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chartier R (1991) The cultural origins of the French revolution (trans: Cochrane LG). Duke University Press, Durham

    Google Scholar 

  • Cmiel K (2012) The recent history of human rights. In: Iriye A, Goedde P, Hitchcock WI (eds) The human rights revolution: an international history. Oxford University Press p, New York, pp 27–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly J (1989) Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  • Erich R (1908) Yleisen äänioikeuden “rajoituksista”. LM 1908:111–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Erich R (1922) Expropriation och indragning till staten: Några synpunkter i fråga om “Lex Pulkkinen”. JFT 1922:163–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Erich R (1924) Suomen valtio-oikeus, I osa 2. nidos. Porvoo, WSOY

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe DP (2005) The humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Haataja K (1937) Missä määrin maan pakollinen luovuttaminen maareformitarkoituksia varten voidaan katsoa juridisesti oikeutetuksi? LM 1937:375–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakkila E (1939) Suomen tasavallan perustuslait sekä eräitä niihin liittyviä lakeja, asetuksia ja säännöstöjä. WSOY, Porvoo

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg P et al (1999) Perusoikeudet. Werner Söderström Lakitieto, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Headley JM (2008) The Europeanization of the world: on the origins of human rights and democracy. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Heikkinen S (1999) Aineen voitot: 1800-luvun elintaso. In: Haapala P (ed) Talous, valta ja valtio: Tutkimuksia 1800-luvun Suomesta. Tampere, vastapaino, pp 131–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Helin M (1988) Lainoppi ja metafysiikka: Tutkimus skandinaavisen oikeusrealismin tieteenkuvasta ja sen vaikutuksesta Suomen siviilioikeuden tutkimuksessa vuosina 1920–1960. Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Henkin L (1990) The age of rights. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hentilä S (2006) Itsenäistymisestä jatkosodan päättymiseen 1917–1944. In: Jussila O, Hentilä S, Nevakivi J (eds) Suomen poliittinen historia 1809–2006. Helsinki, WSOY, pp 99–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermanson R (1928) Suomen valtiosääntö pääpiirteittäin. WSOY, Porvoo

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm E (1996) The age of extremes: a history of the world, 1914–1991. Vintage Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild A (2005) Bury the chains: the British struggle to abolish slavery. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman S-L (2011a) Introduction: genealogies of human rights. In: Hoffman S-L (ed) Human rights in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman S-L (ed) (2011b) Human rights in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Honoré T (2002) Ulpian: pioneer of human rights. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt L (2007) Inventing human rights: a history. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriye A, Goedde P (2012) Introduction: human rights as history. In: Iriye A, Goedde P, Hitchcock WI (eds) The human rights revolution: an international history. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 3–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriye A, Goedde P, Hitchcock WI (eds) (2012) The human rights revolution: an international history. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine WD (2007) Between justice and politics: the Ligue des droits de l’homme, 1898–1945. Stanford University Press, Stanford

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishay MR (2008) The history of human rights: from ancient times to the globalization era. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel J (2012) Democratic enlightenment: philosophy, revolution and human rights 1750–1790. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel J (2014) Revolutionary ideas: an intellectual history of the french revolution from the rights of man to Robespierre. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • James SA (2007) International human rights: origins and development. LFB Scholarly Publishing, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen SLB (2016) The making of international human rights: the 1960s, decolonization, and the reconstruction of global values. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jyränki A (1973) Perustuslaki ja yhteiskunnan muutos: Tutkimus varallisuusoikeuksien ja taloudellisen toiminnan vapauden perustuslainsuojan kehittymisestä tulkinnan avulla v. 1863─1919. Helsinki, Tammi

    Google Scholar 

  • Jyränki A (1977) Vallanjako vai eduskunnan valta? Suomalaisen presidialismin juuria. Oikeustiede – Jurisprudentia IX:75–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Jyränki A (1989a) Lakien laki: Perustuslaki ja sen sitovuus eurooppalaisessa ja pohjoisamerikkalaisessa oikeusajattelussa suurten vallankumousten kaudelta toiseen maailmansotaan. Lakimiesliiton kustannus, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Jyränki A (1989b) Leo Mehcelin ja suomalainen perustuslakikäsitys. LM 1989:939–947

    Google Scholar 

  • Jyränki A (1996) Perusoikeuksien historiasta Suomessa. LM 1996:739–752

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalemaa K (2014) Sankareita vai pelkureita: Suomalaisen aseistakieltäytymisen historia. Tammi, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Kangas U (1976) Piirteitä Otto Brusiinin ajatusmaailmasta. Yleisen oikeustieteen laitoksen julkaisuja, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Kangas U (1985) Kansallissosialistinen oikeusajattelu ja sen herättämät vastareaktiot Suomessa. Turun yliopisto, Turku

    Google Scholar 

  • Kekkonen J (1987) Merkantilismista liberalismiin: Oikeushistoriallinen tutkimus elinkeinovapauden syntytaustasta Suomessa vuosina 1855–1979. Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Kekkonen J (1991) Laillisuuden haaksirikko: Rikosoikeudenkäyttö Suomessa vuonna 1918. Lakimiesliiton kustannus, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Kekkonen J (1998) Suomalaisen oikeuskulttuurin suuri linja 1898–1998. Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Kekkonen J (2016) Kun aseet puhuvat: Poliittinen väkivalta Espanjan ja Suomen sisällissodissa. Art House, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy D (2006) Three globalizations of law and legal thought: 1850–2000. In: Trubek DM, Santos A (eds) The new law and economic development. A critical appraisal. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 19–73

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Keys BJ (2014) Reclaiming American virtue: the human rights revolution of the 1970s. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Klami HT (1977) Oikeustaistelijat. Suomen oikeustiede Venäjän vallan aikana. WSOY, Porvoo

    Google Scholar 

  • Klose F (2013) Human rights in the shadow of colonial violence. The wars of independence in Kenya and Algeria. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Klug F (2000) Values for a godless age: the story of the UK’s new bill of rights. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosunen J (2011) “Me emme saa tätä kehitystä sallia!” Tulenkantajien humanistinen puolustus kansallista totalitarismia vastaan 1928–1939. Unpublished master’s thesis. Joensuu, Itä-Suomen yliopisto

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotonen A (1930) Mitä säätää hallitusmuodon 6 §:n 2 momentti? LM 1930:152–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuolemanrangaistusta ja fashismia vastaan! (1935) Akateeminen sosialistiseura, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuolemanrangaistusta vastaan (1935) Kirjapaino-Osakeyhtiö Sana, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Lappalainen JT (1985) Itsenäisen Suomen Synty. Gummerus, Jyväskylä

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauren PG (2003) The evolution of international human rights: visions seen. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Lausumia kuolemanrangaistuksesta (1934) Kirjapaino-Osakeyhtiö Sana, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • L[ilius] FO (1905) Nykyinen kokoontumis- ja yhtymisoikeutemme. LM 1905:200–204

    Google Scholar 

  • L[ilius] FO (1906) Vanhoja ja uusia laintulkitsemisteoriioja I–II. LM 1906:106–111, 133–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilius FO (1907) Palkollislainsäädäntömme uudistus. LM 1907:207–221

    Google Scholar 

  • L[ilius] FO (1910) Uusi suunta Saksan lakitieteessä. LM 1910:138–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindman S (1968) Suomen kansanedustuslaitoksen historia VI: Eduskunnan aseman muuttuminen 1917–1919. Eduskunnan historiakomitea, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney J (2007) The challenge of human rights: origins, development, and significance. Blackwell, Malden

    Google Scholar 

  • Malminen T (2007) So you thought transplanting law is easy? Fear of Scandinavian legal realism in Finland, 1918─1965. In: Husa J, Nuotio K, Pihlajamäki H (eds) Nordic law: between tradition and dynamism. Intersentia, Antwerp, pp 75–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez JS (2012) The slave trade and the origins of international human rights law. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez JS (2013) Human rights and history. HLR Forum 126:221–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauriala V (2005) Uutta aikaa etsimässä: Individualismi, moderni ja kulttuurikritiikki tulenkantajien elämässä 1920- ja 1930-luvuilla. Gaudeamus, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazower M (1998) Dark continent: Europe’s twentieth century. Vintage Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Merikoski V (1932) Kansalaisten perusoikeuksista. LM 1932:89–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Merikoski V (1935a) Hallinto-oikeudellinen tutkimus yhdistymisvapaudesta. Otava, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Merikoski V (1935b) Yhdistyslainsäädännön luonne. LM 1935:201–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Mieskonen M (2011) Toinen Tulenkantajuus. Tulenkantajien kulttuuriliikkeen aatteellinen ja käsitteellinen muutos 1929–1939. Unpublished master’s thesis. Turun yliopisto, Turku

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyn S (2010) The Last Utopia: human rights in history. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyn S (2014) The return of the prodigal: the 1970s as a turning point in human rights history. In: Eckel J, Moyn S (eds) The breakthrough: human rights in the 1970s. University of Pennsylvania Press p, Philadelphia, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäkinen K (1989) Unelma jälkikristillisestä kulttuurista ja uskonnosta: Tulenkantajien oppositio kansankirkollista arvomaailmaa vastaan 1924–1930. Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemi J (2007) Intellektuelli identiteettiä etsimässä. Erkki Vala Tulenkantajat-lehden poliittisena pakinoitsijana vuosina 1932–1939. Unpublished master’s thesis. Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieminen A (1974) Punaisen Suomen “punainen” perustuslaki. Oikeus 1(1974):3–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Normand R, Zaidi S (2008) Human rights at the UN: the political history of universal justice. Indiana University Press, Bloomington

    Google Scholar 

  • Northedge FS (1986) The league of nations: its life and times, 1920–1946. Leicester University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Paasivirta J (1984) Suomi ja Eurooppa 1914–1939. Kirjayhtymä, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagels E (1979) Human rights: legitimizing a recent concept. Ann AAPSS 442:57–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pihlajamäki H (2000) Rättskämpar och protorealister: Den tidiga kritiken mot konstruktivismen i Finland. JFT 2000:338–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Pihlajamäki H (2009) Kansan ja esivallan välissä: Suomalaisen asianajajakunnan historia. Edita, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Polvinen T (1984) Valtakunta ja rajamaa: N.I. Bobrikov Suomen kenraalikuvernöörinä 1898–1904. Porvoo, WSOY

    Google Scholar 

  • Procter ES (1980) Curia and Cortes in León and Castile, 1072–1295. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Puhakka YW (1925) Laki ja asetus Suomen oikeudessa. Helsinki, Otava

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopal B (2003) International law from below: development, social movements and third world resistance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reijonen M (1980) Uskonnonvapauden toteuttaminen Suomessa vuosina 1917–1922. Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinne M (2011) Tohtori Brusiinin oikeusopillinen elämä. Teos, Hämeenlinna

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts CNJ (2015) The contentious history of the international bill of human rights. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkin J (2007) The historical origins, convergence and interrelationship of international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international criminal law and public international law and their application since the nineteenth century. Hum Rights Int L Dis 1:125–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiavone A (2012) The invention of law in the west (trans: Carden J, Shugaar A). The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellars K (2002) The rise and rise of human rights. Sutton Publishing, Thrupp

    Google Scholar 

  • S[erlachius] A (1907) Oikeudenjakomme saksalaistumisesta. LM 1907:37–43, 69–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Siltala J (1985) Lapuan liike ja kyyditykset 1930. Otava, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson AWB (2001) Human rights and the end of empire: Britain and the genesis of the European convention. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Ståhlberg KJ (1912a) Elinkeino-oikeudet ja uusi lainsäädäntö. LM 1912:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Ståhlberg KJ (1912b) Yhdistysvapaus Suomessa. JFT 1912:367–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Ståhlberg KJ (1913a) Kokoontumisvapaus Suomessa. LM 1913:113–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Ståhlberg KJ (1913b) Painovapaus Suomessa. LM 1913:213–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbott WJ (2005) Which rights should be universal?. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney T (1972) Origins of papal infallibility, 1150–1350: a study on the concepts of infallibility, sovereignty, and tradition in the middle ages. E.J. Brill, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Tierney B (1997) The idea of natural rights: studies on natural rights, natural law, and church law, 1150–1625. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids

    Google Scholar 

  • Tikka M (2008) Terrorin aika: Suomen levottomat vuodet 1917–1921. Helsinki, Ajatus kirjat

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuchman BW (1966) The proud tower: a portrait of the world before the war, 1890–1914. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuck R (1979) Natural rights theories: their origin and development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Turner RV (2003) Magna carta: through the ages. Harlow, Longman

    Google Scholar 

  • Vala E (1935) Demokratian suurin vaara: Ihmisoikeuksien jatkuva rajoittaminen. Tulenkantajat 18/1935

    Google Scholar 

  • Viljanen V-P (1986) Kansalaisten yleiset oikeudet: Tutkimus suomalaisen perusoikeuskäsityksen muotoutumisesta autonomiakaudella ja itsenäisyyden ensi vuosina. Turun yliopisto, Turku

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent RJ (1986) Human rights and international relations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuokila H-L (1999) Ihmisoikeuksien ja demokratian puolesta. Ihmisoikeuksien liitto 1935–1939 ja 1949–1952. Helsingin yliopisto, Helsinki (unpublished Master’s thesis)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitz ED (2008) From Vienna to the Paris system: international politics and the entangled histories of human rights, forced deportations, and civilizing missions. Am Hist R 113:1313–1343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whelan DJ (2010) Indivisible human rights: a history. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wieacker F (1995) A history of private law in Germany. With a particular reference to Germany (trans: Weir T). Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Witte J Jr (2007) The reformation of rights: law, religion, and human rights in early modern calvinism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrede RA (1931) Suomen oikeus- ja yhteiskuntajärjestyksen pääpiirteet: Kansalaiskäsikirja. WSOY, Porvoo

    Google Scholar 

  • Ylikangas H (2007) Suomen historian solmukohdat. WSOY, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckert MP (1994) Natural rights and the new republicanism. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

Newspaper Articles at the Digital Collections of the National Library of Finland https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/etusivu

  • Esikoisoikeus hernerokasta, Raataja 20–21, 14.11.1908, pp 230–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihanteet ja aika, Excelsior – kalenteri, 1886, pp 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Naisasia Ameriikassa, Excelsior – kalenteri 1889, pp 124–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Naiskysymyksen periaatteita, Kirkollinen kuukauslehti 12:1882, pp 269–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Saksan sosialidemokraattien puoluepäiviltä Jenassa, Raataja 34, 27.10.1905, pp 271–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Työväenliike ja isänmaallisuus, Työmiehen illanvietto, 5.9.1902, p 6

    Google Scholar 

National Biography of Finland—Online Collection/Kansallisbiografia—verkkojulkaisu https://kansallisbiografia.fi/

  • Forsström J (2004) Hakkila, Esko. Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki 1997–. Last visited 4.2.2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg P (2005) Merikoski, Veli. Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki, 1997– . Last visited 4.2.2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundström M (1998) Kotonen, Anton. Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki, 1997–. Last visited 4.2.2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundström M (2001) Puhakka, Yrjö. Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki, 1997–. Last visited 4.2.2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyynilä M (2005) Lilius, Frans Oskar. Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki, 1997–. Last visited 4.2.2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Uola M (2002) Böök, Einar. Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki, 1997–. Last visited 4.2.2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Vares V (1998) Erich, Rafael. Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki, 1997–. Last visited 4.2.2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Vares V (2001) Haataja, Kyösti. Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki, 1997–. Last visited 4.2.2019

    Google Scholar 

Journals and Periodicals

Archives

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juhana Mikael Salojärvi .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Salojärvi, J. (2020). The Origins of Rights Discourse. In: Human Rights Redefining Legal Thought. Studies in the History of Law and Justice, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29533-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29533-2_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29532-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29533-2

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics