Abstract
Chapter 3 details how working-class people in the UK are more likely to experience environmental deprivation, for example, in terms of air pollution, transport, proximity to landfill sites, flood risk, food poverty, fuel poverty and access to green space.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agyeman, J. (2001) ‘Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Short Change, Systematic Indifference and Sustainable Development’, Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 3(1): 15–30.
Allen, B.L. (2003) Uneasy Alchemy: Citizens and Experts in Louisiana’s Chemical Corridor Disputes, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bateman, I.J., Day, B., Georgiou, S., and Lake, I. (2006) The aggregation of environmental benefit values: Welfare measures, distance decay and total WTP. Ecological Economics 60: 450–460.
BBC. (2015) Boomeco fined over Avonmouth fly infestation. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-33723422.
BBC. (2017) Churngold Recycling firm fined for dumping toxic waste. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-40441778, 6 July 2017.
BCC. (2015) Our resilient future: a framework for climate and energy security. Bristol City Council. https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/33423/Our+Resilient+Future+A+Framework+for+Climate%20+and+Energy+Security/2ee3fe3d-efa5-425a-b271-14dca33517e6.
BCC. (2017a) Avonmouth and Lawrence Weston, Statistical Ward Profile 2017 A. https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/436737/Avonmouth+and+Lawrence+Weston.pdf/16c104ba-fa07-43b4-b1be-4893ed77de83.
BCC. (2017b) Clifton, Statistical Ward Profile 2017. https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/436737/Clifton.pdf/2205b281-7330-4e4c-a09a-8de549221929.
BCC. (2017c) Hartcliffe and Withywood, Statistical Ward Profile 2017. https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/436737/Hartcliffe+and+Withywood.pdf/49d31847-00da-471c-95c8-82630662e073.
BCC. (2019) Child Poverty. https://opendata.bristol.gov.uk/explore/dataset/child-poverty-by-lsoa/information/.
Bell, K. (2014) Achieving Environmental Justice. Bristol: Policy Press.
Boardman, B., et al. (1999) Equity and the Environment: Guidelines for Green and Socially Just Government, London: Catalyst Trust and Friends of the Earth (FoE).
Bowling, A., Barber, J., Morris, R., and Ebrahim, S. (2006) Do perceptions of neighbourhood environment influence health? Baseline findings from a British survey of aging. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60: 476–483.
Braver, E.R. (2003) Race, Hispanic origin, and socioeconomic status in relation to motor vehicles occupant death rates and risk factors among adults. Accident Analysis Prevention, 35: 295–309.
Brown, C., Walpole, M., Simpson, L., and Tierney, M. (2011) Introduction to the UK National Ecosystem Assessment. In: The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. UK National Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP-WCMCB.
Bullard, R. (2000) Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality, Boulder, AZ: West View Press.
Burt, J., Stewart, D., Preston, S., and Costley, T. (2013) Monitor of Engagement with the Natural Environment Survey (2009–2012): Difference in access to the natural environment between social groups within the adult English population. Natural England Data Reports, Number 003.
Campaign for Better Transport. (2018) Buses in Crisis A report on bus funding across England and Wales 2010–2018. http://bettertransport.org.uk/sites/default/files/research-files/Buses-in-Crisis-2018_0.pdf.
CPRE. (2018) National Parks and AONBs: access for all, says CPRE. https://www.cpre.org.uk/media-centre/latest-news-releases/item/5026-national-parks-aonbs-access-for-all-says-cpre.
Currie, G., and Delbosc, A. (2010) Modelling the social and psychological impacts of transport disadvantage. Transportation, 37(6): 953–966.
Davis, A., Hill, K., Hirsch, D., and Padley, M. (2016) A Minimum Income Standard for the UK in 2016. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
DECC. (2016) Fuel Poverty Statistics Report. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/557400/Annual_Fuel_Poverty_Statistics_Report_2016_-_revised_30.09.2016.pdf.
Defra. (2011) The Natural Choice: securing the value of nature. https://web.archive.org/web/20110725050649/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk:80/document/cm80/8082/8082.pdf.
Defra. (2013) Sustainable Development Indicators. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/223992/0_SDIs_final__2_.pdf.
DfT. (2013) National Travel Survey, Department for Transport. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-travel-survey-2013.
DfT. (2017) Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2016, Department for Transport https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2016.
Edwards, P., et al. (2007) Deaths from injury in children and employment status in family: analysis of trends in class specific death rates, BMJ, 333: 119–121.
EHRC. (2016) Race report: Healing a divided Britain. Equality and Human Rights Commission. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/race-reporthealing-divided-britain.
Ellaway, A., Morris, G., Curtice, J., Robertson, C., Allardice, G., and Robertson, R. (2009) Associations between health and different types of environmental incivility: a Scotland-wide study. Public Health, 123: 708–713.
End Child Poverty. (2016) http://www.endchildpoverty.org.uk/povertyin-your-area-2016/.
Environment Agency. (2007) Using Science to Create a Better Place: Addressing environmental inequalities: cumulative environmental impacts. Bristol: Environment Agency.
Environment Agency. (2015a) Earthminded (Avonmouth) 3rd Feb 2015 Blow Pink Smoke all over Avonmouth. https://issuu.com/bristolnews/docs/car_form_2015_02_03_incident.
Environment Agency. (2015b) Avonmouth: Dust Monitoring. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/avonmouth-fly-and-dust-issues/avonmouth-dust-monitoring.
Factor, R., Yair, G., and Mahalel, D. (2010) Who by accident? The social morphology of car accidents. Risk Analysis, 30: 1411–1423.
Fairburn, J., Butler, B., and Smith, G. (2009) Environmental justice in South Yorkshire: Locating social deprivation and poor environments using multiple indicators. Local Environment, 14(2): 139–154.
FIA. (2017) https://www.fiafoundation.org/.
Fielding, J., and Burningham, K. (2005) Environmental inequality and flood Hazard. Local Environment, 10(4):1–17.
FoE. (2000) Pollution Injustice. London: Friends of the Earth.
FoE. (2001) Pollution and Poverty – Breaking the Link. London: Friends of the Earth.
Garthwaite, K. (2016) Hunger Pains: Life Inside Foodbank Britain. Bristol: Policy Press.
Gentleman, A. (2014) Vulnerable man starved to death after benefits were cut, The Guardian, 28th February 2014.
Hasselberg, M., Vaez, M., and Laflamme, L. (2005) Socioeconomic aspects of the circumstances and consequences of car crashes among young adults. Social Science and Medicine. 60: 287–295.
Hughes, A., and Kumari, M. (2017) Unemployment, underweight, and obesity: Findings from Understanding Society (UKHLS). Preventive Medicine, 97: 19–25.
IPPR. (2018a) Institute for Public Policy Research, Beyond Eco – the Future of Fuel Poverty Support. https://www.ippr.org/files/2018-07/fuel-poverty-june18-summary.pdf.
Ising, H., and Kruppa, B. (2004) Health effects caused by noise: evidence in the literature from the past 25 years. Noise and Health 6(22): 5–13.
Johnson, C., Penning-Rowsell, E., and Parker, D. (2007) Natural and imposed injustices: the challenges in implementing “fair” flood risk management policy in England. The Geographical Journal, 173(4): 374–390.
Joseph Rowntree Foundation. (2018) A Minimum Income Standard for the UK 2008–2018: continuity and change by Abigail Davis, Donald Hirsch, Matt Padley and Claire Shepherd. York: JRF.
Kenyon, S. (2006) The ‘accessibility diary’: Discussing a new methodological approach to understand the impact of Internet use upon personal travel and activity participation. Journal of Transport Geography, 14(2): 123–134.
Kruize, H., Droomers, M., van Kamp, I., and Ruijsbroek, A. (2014) What Causes Environmental Inequalities and Related Health Effects? An Analysis of Evolving Concepts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11(6): 5807–5827.
Lerner, S. (2005) Diamond: A Struggle for Environmental Justice in Louisiana’s Chemical Corridor. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lowe, C., Whitfield, G., Sutton, L., et al. (2011) Road user safety and disadvantage. Department for Transport. Road Safety Research Report No. 123. 201.
Lucas, K. (2012) Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transport Policy, 20: 105–113.
Maas, J., Verheij, R.A., Groenewegen, P.P., et al. (2006) Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60: 587–592.
Maas, J., Verheij, R.A., de Vries, S., et al. (2009) Morbidity is related to a green living environment. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 63(12): 967–973.
Macintyre, S., Macdonald, L., and Ellaway, A. (2008) Do poorer people have poorer access to local resources and facilities The distribution of local resources by area deprivation in Glasgow, Scotland. Social Science and Medicine, 67: 900–914.
Marmot, M. (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives. Report to the Department of Health. http://www.marmotreview.org/13.
Martuzzi, M., Mitis, F., and Forastiere, F. (2010) Inequalities, inequities, environmental justice in waste management and health. European Journal of Public Health, 20(1): 21–26.
Mcdonald, B.C., Joost, A., De Gouw, J.B. et al. (2018) Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions. Science. 359(6377): 760–764.
Mckenzie, L. (2015) Getting By: Estates, Class and Culture in Austerity Britain. Bristol: Policy Press.
Milojevic, A., Niedzwiedz, C.L., Pearce, J. et al. (2017) Socioeconomic and urban-rural differentials in exposure to air pollution and mortality burden in England. Environmental Health 16(1): 104.
Mitchell, G., and Dorling, D. (2003) An environmental justice analysis of British air quality. Environmental Planning A, 35: 909–929.
Mitchell, R., and Popham, F. (2008) Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet 372: 1655–1660.
Mitchell, G., Norman, P., and Mullin, K. (2015) Who benefits from environmental policy? An environmental justice analysis of air quality change in Britain, 2001–2011. Environmental Research Letters, 10(10): 105009.
Mottus, R., Gale, C., Starr, J., and Deary, I. (2012) ‘On the street where you live’ Neighbourhood deprivation and quality of life among community-dwelling older people in Edinburgh, Scotland, Social Science and Medicine, 74: 1368–1374.
Namdeo, A., and Stringer, C. (2008) Investigating the relationship between air pollution, health and social deprivation in Leeds, UK. Environment International, 34: 585–591.
NEA. (2017) Bridging the Gap: Addressing the cost of living facing UK households this winter, National Energy Action. https://www.nea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Bridging-the-Gap-NEA.pdf.
NEF. (2017) National Energy Foundation. http://www.nef.org.uk/knowledgehub/energy-in-the-home/fuel-poverty.
ODPM (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister). (2004) The English Indices of Deprivation (revised), London: ODPM.
Ofgem. (2012) https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ofgem-publications/59153/eradicating-fuel-poverty-and-protecting-vulnerable-customers-nov-2012-pdf.
Ofgem. (2017a) Understanding the profits of the large energy suppliers. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/gas/retail-market/retail-market-monitoring/understanding-profits-large-energy-suppliers.
ONS. (2017) Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/excesswintermortalityinenglandandwales/2015to2016provisionaland2014to2015final.
Oxfam. (2014) Flood Risk.
Oxfam. (2015) Extreme Carbon Inequality, Why the Paris climate deal must put the poorest, lowest emitting and most vulnerable people first. https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/mb-extremecarbon-inequality-021215-en.pdf.
Pye, S.K., King, K., and Sturman, J. (2006) Air Quality and Social Deprivation in the UK: An Environmental Inequalities Analysis-Final Report to Defra, Contract rmp/2035. https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/0701110944_AQinequalitiesFNL_AEAT_0506.pdf.
Richardson, E., Shortt, N., and Mitchell, R. (2010) The mechanism behind environmental inequality in Scotland: which came first, the deprivation or the landfill? Environment and Planning A, 42: 223–240.
RSPB. (2010) Every Child Outdoors. In Syal, R. One in eight workers struggle to afford food, finds TUC survey. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/sep/07/one-in-eight-workers-struggle-to-afford-food-findstuc-survey?CMP=share_btn_tw, Thursday 7 September 2017.
Saunders, P. (2007) A systematic review of the evidence of an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes in populations living in the vicinity of landfill waste disposal sites. In Population Health and Waste Management: Scientific Data and Policy Options. Report of a WHO Workshop Rome, Italy, 29–30 March 2007; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
SDRN. (2004) Environment and Social Justice Review: Rapid Research and Evidence Review. Revised Version, December 2004. London: Policy Studies Institute.
Siegler, V., et al. (2010) Social inequalities in fatal accidents and assaults: England and Wales, 2001–03, Office for National Statistics, Health Statistics Quarterly 48, Winter 2010.
Stephens, C., et al. (2001) Environmental justice: Rights and means to a healthy environment for all. https://friendsoftheearth.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/environmental_justice.pdf.
Sustainable Development Commission. (2010) Improving Young People’s Lives: The role of the environment in building resilience, responsibility and employment chances.
Taylor, A., and Loopstra, R. (2016) Too Poor to Eat: Food insecurity in the UK. London: Food Foundation.
‘The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health’. (2017) http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32345-0/fulltext and http://www.thelancet.com/commissions/pollution-and-health.
Titheridge, H., Christie, N., Mackett, R., Hernández, D.-O., and Ye, R. (2014) Transport and Poverty: A review of the evidence. London: UCL.
TUC. (2017) 1 in 8 workers are skipping meals to make ends meet – we need action on pay now. https://www.tuc.org.uk/blogs/1-8-workers-are-skippingmeals-make-ends-meet-%E2%80%93-we-need-action-pay-now.
UK Working Group on the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer. (2013) Breast Cancer an Environmental Disease. https://tippingpointnorthsouth.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/breast-cancer-summary.pdf.
Ulrich, R.S. (1984) View through window may influence recovery from surgery. Science 224: 420–421.
United Nations Human Development Report 2015. (2015) New York: United Nations Development Programme.
Vrijheid, M. (2000) Health effects of residence near hazardous waste landfill sites: A review of epidemiologic literature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1081: 101–112.
Walker, G., and Burningham, K. (2011) Flood risk, vulnerability and environmental justice: evidence and evaluation of inequality in a UK context. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9550048.pdf.
Walker, G., Burningham, K., Fielding, J., Smith, G., Thrush, D., and Fay, H. (2007) Addressing environmental inequalities: flood risk. Bristol: Environment Agency.
Walker, G., Mitchell, G., Fairburn, J., and Smith, G. (2003a) Environmental Quality and Social Deprivation. Phase II: National Analysis of Flood Hazard, IPC Industries and Air Quality (Bristol: The Environment Agency), p 133. R&D Project Record E2-067/1/PR1.
Walker, G., Fairburn, J., Smith, G., and Mitchell, G. (2003b) Deprived Communities Experience Disproportionate Levels of Environmental Threat. Bristol: Environment Agency.
Walker, G., Mitchell, G., Fairburn, J., and Smith, G. (2005a) Industrial Pollution and Social Deprivation: Evidence and Complexity in Evaluating and Responding to Environmental Inequality. Local Environment, 10 (4): 361–377l.
Walker, G., Gordon, M., Fairburn, J., and Smith, G. (2005b) Environmental Quality and Social Deprivation Phase II: National Analysis of Flood Hazard, IPC Industries and Air Quality; Environment Agency: Bristol, UK, 2005.
Wheeler, B. (2004) Health-related environmental indices and environmental equity in England and Wales. Environment and Planning A, 36(5): 803–822.
Whittle, R., et al. (2010) After the Rain – learning the lessons from flood recovery in Hull, final project report for ‘Flood, Vulnerability and Urban Resilience: a real-time study of 36 local recovery following the floods of June 2007 in Hull’, Lancaster University, Lancaster UK.
WHO. (2018b) WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (update 2018). http://www.who.int/airpollution/data/en/.
Wynes, S., and Nicholas, K.A. (2017) The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions. Environmental Research Letters 12: 074024.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bell, K. (2020). Carrying the Environmental Burdens. In: Working-Class Environmentalism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29519-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29519-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29518-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29519-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)