Abstract
Pattern and order were a theme close to the heart of orthodox churchmen of the early-mid-seventeenth century. For clerical families, as exemplars for the rest of society, it was particularly important to demonstrate conformity to patriarchal expectations. This chapter considers the ways in which family structures and patterns broke down under the pressures of Civil War, and the ejection of loyalist clergy from their livings, with varying consequences for loyalist families. In the worst cases, there was a negative impact down to subsequent generations. For others, group loyalties and identities were ultimately strengthened by such experiences, with existing family patterns reinforced towards a more affective model of family life.
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Notes
- 1.
Bod, MS J. Walker.
- 2.
Exodus 25:8.
- 3.
Matthew Griffith, Bethel, or a Forme for Families (1633), pp. 7–8, 365, 367.
- 4.
John Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. O.L. Dick, (Harmondsworth, 1962), pp. 25–6.
- 5.
John Hales, Golden Remains (1711), p. 186.
- 6.
A. Fletcher, ‘The Protestant idea of marriage’, in A. Fletcher, P. Roberts (eds) Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 181; R. O’Day, Women’s Agency in Early Modern Britain and the American Colonies (Harlow, 2007), pp. 8, 141; J. Catty, Writing Rape, Writing Women: Unbridled Speech (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. xviii; Griffith, Bethel, p. 8; John Walker, An Attempt Towards Recovering an Account of the Numbers and Sufferings of the Clergy of the Church of England (London, 1714).
- 7.
For the role of fear in early modern childrearing see S. Tarbin, ‘Raising Girls and Boys: Fear, Awe and Dread in the Early Modern Household’, in S. Broomhall (ed.), Authority, Gender and Emotions in Late Medieval and Early Modern England (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. 106–30.
- 8.
Bod, MS J Walker C5, fo. 142r (hence cited as WMS C5.142r).
- 9.
WMS C8.29r.
- 10.
WMS C4.132r.
- 11.
WMS C4.36v.
- 12.
See N. Tadmor, Family & Friends in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge, University Press, 2001), p. 20 on the early modern concept of the household-family.
- 13.
WMS C8.36v, 38v, 39.
- 14.
M. Eisner, ‘Long-term historical trends in violent crime’, in Crime and Justice 30 (2003), pp. 83–142; BL Add MS: 5829, fo. 9r; 15,672, fo. 44; 22,084, fo. 141v, 144v; WMS C7.113.
- 15.
Tarbin, ‘Raising Girls and Boys’, p. 106; Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent–Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge, University Press, 1983).
- 16.
WMS C8.48v, 138r, 142r; TNA PROB 11/541/207, will of John Croker, clerk, Woolfardisworthy, Devon, 1714.
- 17.
WMS C1.192r.
- 18.
See WMS: C1.44r; C2.133r; C8.82v.
- 19.
Quoted in A. Flather, Gender, and Space in Early Modern England (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2007), p. 7.
- 20.
See Aubrey, Brief Lives, pp. 147–9; WMS C8.39.
- 21.
WMS C8.38r.
- 22.
WMS: C1.162r; C3.64r, 120r, 378r; C4.59r.
- 23.
WMS C5.142r, 143, 145v.
- 24.
M. Stieg, Laud’s Laboratory (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press/London & Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1983), pp. 69, 74.
- 25.
J. Foster (ed.), Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714 (Oxford, 1891), www.british-history.ac.uk/alumni-oxon/1500-1714; http://theclergydatabase.org.uk/.
- 26.
http://theclergydatabase.org.uk/; WMS C3.38r.
- 27.
Thomas Fuller, The Church-History of Britain (London, 1656), Book XI, pp. 183–4; Lord Brooke, A Discourse Opening the Nature of that Episcopacie Which is Exercised in England (London, 1641), pp. 3–4.
- 28.
I. Green, ‘Career prospects and clerical conformity in the early Stuart Church’, Past & Present, 90 (1981), pp. 87, 98; R. Hillyer, ‘The History of the Parson’s Wife’, unpublished M. Phil. (Kings College, London, 1971), pp. 286, 334.
- 29.
WMS: C1.179; C7.28r.
- 30.
WMS C8.165; Thomas Twining, Avebury in Wiltshire, the Remains of a Roman Work ... (London, 1723).
- 31.
WMS: C2.224r; C3.214r.
- 32.
WMS: C1.120, 246; C4.106.
- 33.
WMS: C7.44; C8.53; C11.29.
- 34.
TNA: C5/9/7; C3/436/65.
- 35.
TNA: C5/383/107; C5/23/108.
- 36.
WMS C7.131r.
- 37.
C. Brennan, ‘The Life and Times of Isaac Basire’, unpublished Ph.D. (Durham, 1987), p. 201; DCL Hunter, fo. 10, No. 122.
- 38.
Ibid.
- 39.
‘A supplement to Sir Thomas Browne’s Repertorium’, in Posthumous works of the learned Sir Thomas Browne (London, 1712), p. 50; WMS C2.148r.
- 40.
WMS: C2.283; C4.118; G.C. Moore Smith (ed.), ‘Extracts from the papers of Thomas Woodcock, ob. 1695’, Camden Miscellany, 11 (Camden, 3rd ser., 13, 1907), p. 89.
- 41.
WMS C2.178.
- 42.
Brune Ryves, Two Sermons (1652), p. 9; 2 Corinthians 5:8.
- 43.
Jeremy Taylor, Holy Living and Dying (London, 1834), p. 158; 2 Corinthians 12:14.
- 44.
WMS C2.211r; C4.22r.
- 45.
WMS C4.54r.
- 46.
TNA C 5/549/104 Ryves v Cooke, 1677; C 6/229/89 Cooke v Ryves, 1678; C 7/592/1 Ryves v Sewell, 1685; C 7/292/77 Ryves v Sewell, 1686.
- 47.
The Works of Thomas Otway, ed. J.C. Ghosh (Oxford, 1968), i, 4 & ii, 406, ‘The Poet’s Complaint of his Muse, or a Satyr against Libells’, lines 57–60, 76–9; Foster, Alumni.
- 48.
Jeremy Taylor, Holy Living and Dying (London, 1834), p. 158.
- 49.
Ghosh, Otway, i, 11 & ii, 410, line 173.
- 50.
WMS C1.132r.
- 51.
Rawl letters 100, fo. 213; Tanner letters 37, fos 36r, 223, 231.
- 52.
H.L. Douch (ed.)’.The history of Ruan Lanihorne, by the Rev. John Walker’, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall ns, 7 (2, 1974), pp. 108–52; WMS C11.57.
- 53.
TNA: C 5/549/104; C 6/229/89; C 7/592/1; C 7/292/77, ibid.; Ryves, Two Sermons, p. 31.
- 54.
Ghosh, Otway, I, 301, The Cheats of Scapin, Act II, Scene I, lines 7–8.
- 55.
WMS: C5.17, 303; C8.15; Foster, Alumni; Thomas Dring., A Catalogue of the Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen that have Compounded for their Estates (London, 1655), unpaginated; WR, p. 57; ODNB.
- 56.
WMS C4.75; Exodus 23: 19.
- 57.
LMA, Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy, A/CSC/7A, Court Book, 1678–1708.
- 58.
ODNB: James Wright.
- 59.
The Dramatic Works of John Wilson, ed. J. Maidment, W.H. Logan (Edinburgh, 1874), viii; there were many other lawyers later active in the Sons of the Clergy charity in its early years, see LMA, A/CSC/7A, Court Book.
- 60.
Rawl Letters 93, fo. 273; WMS C2.131r; TNA, PROB 11/291/841, will of Thomas Howell, late bishop of Bristol, 1650; Illustrations of the state of the church during the great rebellion’, Theologian and Ecclesiastic, 7 (1849), pp. 52–9; BL Harl, 4181, fo. 258; Anthony Wood, Athenae Oxonienses (London, 1813–20), iv, 806.
- 61.
WMS C3.38r.
- 62.
J. Berdan, Poems of John Cleveland, (New Haven,1905), pp. 12–14; B. Morris, The Poems of John Cleveland, Unpublished DPhil (University of Oxford, 1962), pp. 75, 79, 85; WMS C1.59r.
- 63.
- 64.
WMS C2.418v.
- 65.
WMS C2.219r.
- 66.
TNA: C 5/80/92, Berry v Freeman, 1690; E 134/11and12Anne/Hil20, 1712–1714.
- 67.
See T. Royle, Civil War: the War in Three Kingdoms (St Ives, 2004), pp. 169–83.
- 68.
D. Winterbotham, ‘Seventeenth-century life in the Irwell valley: the Seddon family of Prestolee and their neighbours’. Transactions of the Lancashire & Cheshire Antiquarian Society, 84 (1987), pp. 64–77; Lancashire Record Office, DDK 702/22, grievances against the Seddon family, c. 1660.
- 69.
P.A. Whittle, Bolton-le-moors (Bolton, 1855), pp. 36, 48.
- 70.
WMS C2.217.
- 71.
D Costa, Sir Arthur Hesilrige and the development of civil war in England, Unpublished DPhil (University of Oxford, 1989); ODNB.
- 72.
WMS C5.16r.
- 73.
WMS C5.139r.
- 74.
WMS C1.198–201.
- 75.
WMS C1.228r.
- 76.
John Nichols, The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester (London, 1800–4), iii, i. p 171; WMS C4.83.
- 77.
WMS: C2.91r, 231r; C4.330v; University of London, Senate House Library, MS 475, Henry Watkins, sequestration papers, 1646–7, fo. 21v.
- 78.
Wilson, Dramatic Works, pp. 1–110; Ghosh, Otway ii, 413, lines 285–6.
- 79.
J. Simmons, ‘James Wright’, English County Historians, ed. J. Simmons (East Ardsley, 1978), p. 48.
- 80.
Rawl Letters 98, fo. 98r; TNA PROB 11/542/372, will of Thomas Turner, 1714.
- 81.
WMS C1.39r; D. Kennedy, Poetic Sisters: Early Eighteenth-Century Women Poets (Lewisburg: Bucknell, 2013), pp. 28, 55.
- 82.
Memorial, St. Mary’s Church, Molland, Devonshire; CSPD, SP 29/385.178, 18 September 1676.
- 83.
Bod, MS Smith 48, fo. 19v.
- 84.
W.N. Darnell (ed.), The Correspondence of Isaac Basire (London, 1831), p. 240.
- 85.
C. Severn,(ed.), Diary of the Reverend John Ward, A.M, Vicar of Stratford-Upon-Avon (London, 1839), p. 158.
- 86.
TNA, PROB 11/338/417, John Cosin, will, 1672.
- 87.
WMS C7.28r.
- 88.
WMS C8.30v.
- 89.
WMS C1.218r.
- 90.
WMS C3.117r.
- 91.
WMS: C1.218r; C4.56r.
- 92.
WMS C2.471; See Bod Tanner letters: 28, fos 17–18; 37, fos 33, 231.
- 93.
WMS C2.416.
- 94.
M. Calderón-López, ‘“The truth disguis’d in obscure contraries”: Otway’s “message” in Don Carlos’, Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Theatre Research, 22 (1–2, 2007), p. 41.
- 95.
Richard Allestree, The Whole Duty of Man (London, 1704), p. 297.
- 96.
WMS C2.344.
- 97.
TNA, C 7/592/1.
- 98.
Quoted in Calderón-López, ‘The truth disguis’d’, p. 45; W. Chernaik, ‘Unhappy families: the family and the state in Otway, Lee, Filmer, and Dryden’, Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Theatre Research, 22 (1–2, 2007), p. 83.
- 99.
WMS C3.157r; John White, The First Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests (London, 1643), pp. 36–7.
- 100.
Whole Duty of Man, pp. 297, 310.
- 101.
WR, p. 151; ERO: Q/SR 351/25, 5 December 1651; Q/SR 351/48, 119, 6 December 1651 & 9 January 1651/2; ESRO: QR/101, fos 20, 45, 75; QI/EQ2, fo. 8v, 6 October 1653.
- 102.
WMS: C1.35r; C2.337r, 416r; C3.114r.
- 103.
WMS C1.143r.
- 104.
W. Ravenhill, W., Records of the Rising in the West, A.D. 1655 (Devizes, 1875), pp. 20, 55, 90–2, 96, 103.
- 105.
Rawl D 1361, fo. 389; M. Crum (ed.), The Poems of Henry King (Oxford, 1965), p. 20; J. Hannah (ed.), Poems and Psalms by Henry King (Oxford, 1843), p. lxxvii; ODNB: Henry King.
- 106.
CSPD: 1654, p. 302; 1657, pp. 130–1; P.E. Osmond, A Life of John Cosin (London, 1913), pp. 317–9; G. Ornsby, (ed.), The Correspondence of John Cosin (Surtees Soc., 52, 55, 1869–72), pp. 218, 238, 241, 266, 316.
- 107.
WMS C5.17.
- 108.
Rawl Letters 101, fos 137–139, 1685 and 1688.
- 109.
WMS E8.131r.
- 110.
LMA, A/CSC/7A and A/CSC/8, fo. 9.
- 111.
Francis Wilde, Prophecy Maintain’d (London, 1654); TNA SP 29/48, fo. 194, c. 1661.
- 112.
WMS: C2.231r; C3.56; C4.75; C8.45r.
- 113.
WMS C2.476r.
- 114.
Rawl letters 100 fo. 213r, May 1681.
- 115.
Ibid., 59, fo. 329, 3 March 1682.
- 116.
Ibid., 98, fo. 99v, 10 February 1691; 99, fo. 11r, 23 June 1692.
- 117.
Peter du Moulin, A sermon preached ... at the funeral of the Very Reverend Thomas Turner ... (London, 1672), p. 20.
- 118.
Rawl 98, fo. 99v.
- 119.
LMA, A/CSC/7A, fo. 34r, 11 June 1684.
- 120.
Calendar of Clarendon State Papers (Oxford, 1872), iv.638.
- 121.
LMA, A/CSC/7A, fo. 34r, 11 June 1684.
- 122.
Rawl letters 98, fo. 39.
- 123.
Whole Duty of Man, p. 298; Taylor, Holy Living and Dying, p. 157.
Abbreviations
- BL:
-
British Library
- Bod:
-
University of Oxford, Bodleian Library
- CCED:
-
Clergy of the Church of England Database
- CSPD:
-
Calendar of State Papers Domestic
- DCL:
-
Durham Cathedral Library
- DHC:
-
Devon Heritage Centre
- ERO:
-
Essex Record Office
- ESRO:
-
East Sussex Record Office
- Harl:
-
British Library, Harleian Manuscripts
- LMA:
-
London Metropolitan Archives
- LRO:
-
Leicestershire Record Office
- ODNB :
-
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- Rawl:
-
University of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson Manuscripts
- SHC:
-
Somerset Heritage Centre
- Tanner:
-
University of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Tanner Manuscripts
- TNA:
-
The National Archives
- WR :
-
A.G. Matthews (ed.), Walker Revised (Oxford, 1948)
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Rawl Letters 100, fo. 213, Thomas Godwyn to Archbishop William Sancroft, May 1681
Rawl Letters 101 fos 137–139, Giles Thornburgh to Archbishop William Sancroft, 1685 and 1688
Tanner Manuscripts
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The Clergy of the Church of England Database, http://theclergydatabase.org.uk/
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Theses
Brennan, Colin, ‘The Life and Times of Isaac Basire’, unpublished Ph.D. (Durham, 1987)
Hillyer, Ruth, ‘The History of the Parson’s Wife’, unpublished M.Phil. (Kings College London, 1971)
Morris, B., The Poems of John Cleveland, Unpublished DPhil (University of Oxford, 1962)
Costa, D., Sir Arthur Hesilrige and the development of civil war in England, Unpublished DPhil (University of Oxford, 1989)
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McCall, F. (2019). A Web of Crosses and Mercies Interlaced: Breakdown and Consolidation of Family Patterns Amongst Loyalist Anglicans Under the Pressures of Civil War. In: Berner, T., Underwood, L. (eds) Childhood, Youth and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29199-0_7
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