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Raising Children Across Religious Boundaries in the Dutch Revolt

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Childhood, Youth and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe

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Abstract

This chapter investigates the significant role of kinship in the lives of children growing up in the religiously divided context of the Dutch Revolt through the experience of the nine children of Carlo della Faille and Cecile Grammaye. Raised in the Calvinist faith in the Dutch Republic but possessing kin on both sides of the border, eight of the nine children left the United Provinces for opportunities provided by kin in Antwerp and Italy after the death of their mother in 1591. The case of the children of Carlo and Cecile demonstrates how the financial, social and moral significance of the bonds of kinship opened up a space of toleration for the continuance of familial interactions and even the movement of adolescents across religious borders.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    All values cited are either in pounds Flemish or Holland guilders. The value of the guilder was tied to the Flemish pound at a rate of £1 Flemish to six guilders.

  2. 2.

    Geert Janssen, The Dutch Revolt and Catholic Exile in Reformation Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

  3. 3.

    For background on the children of Carlo della Faille and Cecile Grammaye, see Yves Schmitz, Les Della Faille, vol. 5, Branche des Comtes Della Faille de Leverghem (Brussels: Imprimerie F. Van Buggenhoudt, 1974), 3–70; Yves Schmitz, Les Della Faille, vol. 1bis, Branche des Comtes d’Assenede, Seigneurs d’Eecloo (Brussels: Imprimerie F. Van Buggenhoudt, 1971), 3–14.

  4. 4.

    Pieter della Faille, Bekeeringe Petri de la Faille, predikant te Coudekerck, uuyt de Calvinistische ketterye tot het H catholyck gelovve (Leuven, 1628).

  5. 5.

    Schmitz, Les Della Faille, vol. 5, 37–41; Christine Kooi, Calvinists and Catholics during Holland’s Golden Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 142.

  6. 6.

    Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 57–67; Erica Bastress-Dukehart, “Family, Property, and Feeling in Early Modern German Noble Culture: The Zimmerns of Swabia,” The Sixteenth Century Journal 32, no. 1 (2001): 1–19.

  7. 7.

    Susan Broomhall and Jacqueline van Gent, “In the Name of the Father: Conceptualizing ‘Pater Familias’ in the Letters of William the Silent’s Children,” Renaissance Quarterly 62, no. 4 (2009): 1130–1166; Linda A. Pollock, “Rethinking Patriarchy and the Family in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Family History 23, no. 1 (1998): 3–27.

  8. 8.

    The Grammaye family was also split between Calvinists and Catholics, but the Grammayes played a much smaller role in the lives of Carlo and Cecile’s children than the Della Failles.

  9. 9.

    This was especially true for families such as the Della Failles and Grammayes who immigrated from Flanders or Brabant to the United Provinces in the final decades of the sixteenth century. J. G. C. A. Briels, Zuid-Nederlandse Immigratie 1572–1630 (Haarlem: Fibula-Van Dishoeck, 1978); Janssen, The Dutch Revolt and Catholic Exile; Kooi, Calvinists and Catholics.

  10. 10.

    Benjamin J. Kaplan, Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).

  11. 11.

    For background on the Della Faille family at the end of the sixteenth century see Wilfrid Brulez, De Firma Della Faille en de internationale handel van Vlaamse firma’s in de 16e eeuw (Brussels: Paleis der Academièen, 1959); Jesse Sadler, “Family in Revolt: The Van der Meulen and Della Faille Families in the Dutch Revolt” (PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2015); Yves Schmitz, Les della Faille, 5 vols. (Brussels: Imprimerie F. Van Buggenhoudt, 1965–1974).

  12. 12.

    Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt, (London: Penguin Books, 1985).

  13. 13.

    Memory book of Carlo, Della Faille de Leverghem Archive, Private collection, Lozer, Belgium (hereafter DFL), inventory 16.

  14. 14.

    Brulez, Firma Della Faille.

  15. 15.

    Carlo’s mother Cornelia van der Capellen died in 1566. Lawsuit of Carlo against Jan de Oude, Lier, 16 May 1575, DFL 8; Lawsuit of Carlo against Jan de Oude, Antwerp, 19 and 21 May 1575, DFL 8.

  16. 16.

    The godparents of the children show Carlo and Cecile’s integration into the elite of Dordrecht. Memory book of Carlo, DFL 16; Schmitz, Les Della Faille, vol. 5, 12–14.

  17. 17.

    The accounts of the estate of Jan della Faille de Oude estimated the paternal inheritance of each of the nine heirs to be £5000 on 26 December 1583. DFL 12. For Jan de Oude’s testament, see Gisela Jongbloet-van Houtte, ed. Brieven en andere bescheiden betreffende Daniel van der Meulen, 1584–1600, Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën: Grote serie (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986), cxliv–clix.

  18. 18.

    The movements and political positions of the Della Faille siblings are widely discussed in the collection of letters sent to Daniel van der Meulen in 1584 and 1585. Jongbloet-van Houtte, Daniel van der Meulen.

  19. 19.

    Judgement of the arbitrators, Antwerp, 13 September 1617, DFL 8; Sadler, “Family in Revolt.”

  20. 20.

    Amicable administration and division of inheritance was both difficult and essential for the continued unity of the sibling group. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 63–65; Erica Bastress-Dukehart, “Sibling Conflict within Early Modern German Noble Families,” Journal of Family History 33, no. 1 (2008): 61–80; David Warren Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 247–256; Julie Hardwick, The Practice of Patriarchy: Gender and the Politics of Household Authority in Early Modern France (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 143–158.

  21. 21.

    Hester and Daniel van der Meulen were engaged and married in Holland while Daniel served as a representative for the city of Antwerp at the States General. Jongbloet-van Houtte, Daniel van der Meulen; Sadler, “Family in Revolt.”

  22. 22.

    Jacques della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Haarlem, 21 November 1589, Daniël van der Meulen en Hester de la Faille, zijn vrouw, 1550–1648, Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, Leiden, The Netherlands (hereafter DvdM), inventory 538a-117.

  23. 23.

    The letter from Jacob van Sloten to Jan ended up in the hands of Jacques, who sent a copy to Daniel. Jacques della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Haarlem, 20 April 1590, DvdM 538a-132–133.

  24. 24.

    Codicil of Cecile Grammaye, Dordrecht, 17 July 1591, DFL 16.

  25. 25.

    Carlo laconically recorded the date and time of the death of his wife in his memory book, DFL 16.

  26. 26.

    Martha C. Howell, The Marriage Exchange: Property, Social Place, and Gender in Cities of the Low Countries, 1300–1550 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).

  27. 27.

    Testament of Cecile Grammaye, Antwerp, 19 June 1584, 523 Kaerle de la Faille en Cecilia Grammaije, 10 Weeskamer te Dordrecht, Regionaal Archief Dordrecht, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (hereafter DAW), piece 1.

  28. 28.

    Codicil of Cecile Grammaye, Dordrecht, 17 July 1591, DFL 16.

  29. 29.

    One need only look to the example of Carlo’s own father. Brulez, Firma Della Faille; Sadler, “Family in Revolt.”

  30. 30.

    Lucy Underwood, Childhood, Youth and Religious Dissent in post-Reformation England (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); David Warren Sabean, Kinship in Neckarhausen, 1700–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 29–34.

  31. 31.

    Supplication of Jan della Faille to the magistrates of Dordrecht, 31 August 1591, DAW 523-9.

  32. 32.

    Declaration of the magistrates of Dordrecht, 18 April 1592, DAW 523-5.

  33. 33.

    Jacques della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Haarlem, 24 September 1591 and 4-5 November 1591, DvdM 538a-146, DvdM 538a-153.

  34. 34.

    Daniel van der Meulen to Marten della Faille, Leiden, 3 March 1592, DFL 4.

  35. 35.

    Marten della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 21 February 1592, DvdM 275-35.

  36. 36.

    Marten della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 10 December 1591, DvdM 325-7.

  37. 37.

    Declaration of the magistrates of Dordrecht, 18 April 1592, DAW 523-5. Hardwick, Practice of Patriarchy; Pollock, “Rethinking Patriarchy and the Family.”

  38. 38.

    Statement of Thomas Grammaye, Daniel van der Meulen and Nicolas Mandernach against Carlo, 23 April 1592, Dordrecht, DFL 16; Philippe Godding, Le droit privé dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux, du 12e au 18e siècle (Brussels: Académie royale de Belgique, 1987).

  39. 39.

    Protest of Carlo before the Raad van Brabant, 1609, DvdM 65-2.

  40. 40.

    Unsurprisingly, the education of the boys did not proceed without controversy. Carlo was constantly late in paying De Rekenare, leading the teacher to sue Carlo and the guardians for 872 guilders he was owed for the boys’ tuition, room and board by March 1595. DvdM 71-4.

  41. 41.

    Sabean, Property, Production, and Family; Pollock, “Rethinking Patriarchy and the Family”; Underwood, Childhood, Youth and Religious Dissent.

  42. 42.

    Daniel van der Meulen to Marten della Faille, Leiden, 10 November 1592, DFL 4.

  43. 43.

    Daniel van der Meulen to Marten della Faille, Leiden, 10 November 1592, DFL 4.

  44. 44.

    Carolus Battus to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 22 August 1593, DvdM 314-4.

  45. 45.

    Carolus Battus to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 22 August 1593, DvdM 314-4.

  46. 46.

    Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean, “Interest and Emotion in Family and Kinship Studies: A Critique of Social History and Anthropology,” in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).

  47. 47.

    Daniel van der Meulen to Maria della Faille, Dordrecht, 4 March 1594, DvdM 291-2.

  48. 48.

    Daniel van der Meulen to Maria della Faille, Dordrecht, 4 March 1594, DvdM 291-2.

  49. 49.

    Maria della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Rhoon, 7 March 1594, DvdM 273-1.

  50. 50.

    Maria della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Rhoon, 7 March 1594, DvdM 273-1.

  51. 51.

    Hendrick van den Corput to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 29 May 1594, DvdM 401-10.

  52. 52.

    Hendrick van den Corput to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 31 May 1594, DvdM 401-11.

  53. 53.

    News of the marriage of Cecile and Dierick is found in a letter from Jacques della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Haarlem, 22 June 1594, DvdM 538b-94.

  54. 54.

    Hendrick van den Corput to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 29 May 1594, DvdM 401-10.

  55. 55.

    Hendrick van den Corput to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 29 May 1594, DvdM 401-10.

  56. 56.

    Brulez, Firma Della Faille.

  57. 57.

    Hendrick van den Corput to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 19 October 1594, DvdM 401-15.

  58. 58.

    Hendrick van den Corput to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 19 October 1594, DvdM 401-15.

  59. 59.

    Marten later told that he, Robert van Eeckeren, Jan de Carlo and Thomas Grammaye collaborated to bring Carlo’s daughters to Antwerp. Memory of Marten against the children of Carlo, c. 1618, DFL 19.

  60. 60.

    Carlo made a half-hearted attempt to get control of his daughters again in 1596, even claiming that he wanted to raise them as Catholics, but he soon became frustrated with his lack of success in the courts in Brabant and returned to his home in Holland. Request of Carlo against Marten before the Raad van Brabant in Brussels, 2 January 1596, DFL 8.

  61. 61.

    Marten, Jan de Carlo and Cornelia all charged the girls room and board, while Jan Sonnius argued that the girls had acted as servants during their time in Antwerp and so should have been paid. Memory of Marten against the children of Carlo, c. 1619, DFL 19; Account from Jan de Carlo and Cornelia for taking care of their half-siblings, 1619, DFL 16.

  62. 62.

    Hendrick van den Corput to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 8 November 1594, DvdM 401-17.

  63. 63.

    Kaplan, Divided by Faith.

  64. 64.

    Jan de Carlo traveled to Holland in June 1594 after returning from Venice. He visited his uncle Jacques in Haarlem and may have visited his father and half-siblings on his way down to Antwerp. Jacques della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Haarlem, 14 June 1594, DvdM 538b-87. Christopher H. Johnson and David Warren Sabean, “From Siblingship to Siblinghood: Kinship and the Shaping of European Society (1300–1900),” in Sibling Relations and the Transformations of European Kinship, 1300–1900, ed. Christopher H. Johnson and David Warren Sabean (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011).

  65. 65.

    Memory of Marten against the children of Carlo, c. 1619, DFL 19.

  66. 66.

    Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice; Sabean, Kinship in Neckarhausen.

  67. 67.

    Sophie Ruppel, “Subordinates, Patrons, and Most Beloved: Sibling Relationships in Seventeenth-Century German Court Society,” in Sibling Relations and the Transformations of European Kinship, 1300–1900, ed. Christopher H. Johnson and David Warren Sabean (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011).

  68. 68.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 3 April 1595, DvdM 271-1.

  69. 69.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 3 April 1595, DvdM 271-1.

  70. 70.

    Daniel van der Meulen to Marten della Faille, Leiden, 12 August 1595, DFL 4.

  71. 71.

    Jacques della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Haarlem, 27 February 1595, DvdM 538c-56; Brulez, Firma Della Faille.

  72. 72.

    Daniel van der Meulen to Marten della Faille, Leiden, 6 May 1596, DFL 4.

  73. 73.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 7 March 1596, DvdM 271-3.

  74. 74.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 7 March 1596, DvdM 271-3.

  75. 75.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 7 March 1596, DvdM 271-3.

  76. 76.

    Hendrick van den Corput to Daniel van der Meulen, Dordrecht, 19 October 1594, DvdM 401-15; Howell, Marriage Exchange; Martha C. Howell, Commerce before Capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 93–144.

  77. 77.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 6 December 1596, DvdM 271-5.

  78. 78.

    On the issue of cousin marriage, see Sabean, Kinship in Neckarhausen; David Warren Sabean and Simon Teuscher, “Kinship in Europe: A New Approach to Long Term Development,” in Kinship in Europe: Approaches to Long-Term Development, ed. David Warren Sabean, et al. (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007).

  79. 79.

    Piat’s first wife, Catharina Charles, brought £1600 to the marriage and left him a surviving son. Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 1 August 1597, DvdM 271-7; Brulez, Firma Della Faille; Schmitz, Les Della Faille, vol. 1bis, 3–14.

  80. 80.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 10 June 1596, DvdM 271-4.

  81. 81.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 1 August 1597, DvdM 271-7.

  82. 82.

    A document from the Weesmeesterkamer in Dordrecht from 1603 shows Cecile’s estate had invested in land valued at 23,575 guilders. Whether Cecile’s children were ever able to collect the full value of their inheritance is unclear. Accounts of the inheritance of the children of Cecile Grammaye, 1603, DAW 523-8.

  83. 83.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 19 February 1598, DvdM 271-14.

  84. 84.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Jacques della Faille, Antwerp, 28 October 1597, DvdM 271-11; Jan de Carlo della Faille to Steven della Faille, Antwerp, 28 October 1597, DvdM 271-12; Jan de Carlo della Faille to Jan della Faille, Antwerp, 28 October 1597, DvdM 271-13.

  85. 85.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 19 February 1598, DvdM 271-14.

  86. 86.

    Jan de Carlo della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 18 April 1598, DvdM 271-16.

  87. 87.

    Sabean, Kinship in Neckarhausen.

  88. 88.

    For a similar movement of kin across religious boundaries among the aristocracy, see Susan Broomhall and Jacqueline van Gent, “Converted Relationships: Re-negotiating Family Status after Religious Conversion in the Nassau Dynasty,” Journal of Social History 47, no. 3 (2014): 647–672.

  89. 89.

    Maria della Faille to Daniel van der Meulen, Verona, 22 May 1598, DvdM 273-2.

  90. 90.

    Jan van Borne to Daniel van der Meulen, Antwerp, 18 February 1596, DvdM 325-32.

  91. 91.

    Jan de Carlo and Cornelia provided Hester with £200 each and Marten again gave £100. Memory of Marten against the children of Carlo, c. 1618, DFL 19; Account from Jan de Carlo and Cornelia for taking care of their half-siblings, 1619, DFL 16.

  92. 92.

    Schmitz, Les Della Faille, vol. 1bis, 3–14; Schmitz, Les Della Faille, vol. 5, 23–42.

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Sadler, J. (2019). Raising Children Across Religious Boundaries in the Dutch Revolt. In: Berner, T., Underwood, L. (eds) Childhood, Youth and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29199-0_10

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